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E F FE C T S OF P O ST U RA L SH I FT S ON COU N SE LL I NG I NT ERA C T I ON : A N E X P E RIME NTA L STUDY
A d i s s e r t a t i o n p re s e n t e d i n p a r t i a l f u l f i lme n t o f t h e re q u i re m e n ts f o r t h e d e gree
of D oc t o r o f P h i l osophy
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T h i s s t udy re c o g n i z e s t h e c ommun ica t i o n a l na ture of h e l p ing a nd t he imp o r t a n c e o f t h e p r oc e s s c o n d i t i o n s o f h e l p e r empa t h i c u nd e rs ta n d ing, r e s p e c t, g e n u i n e n e s s a n d i n te n s i ty a n d t h e h e l p e e b e ha v i o u r o f s e l f
e x p l o ra ti o n, A d d i ti o na l l y , n o n ve rb a l behav i o u r i s rega r d e d a s a c r i t i c a l a s p e c t o f h e l p ing i n te ra c ti o n a nd f o r the h e l p e r t h is c e n tre s on a
c omp o s i te o f va ria b l e s i n c o rp ora t e d wit hin t h e c on c e p t o f a t te n d i ng, Re c e n t ly t ra i n ing and p ra c t i c e h a v e empha s i z e d a s k i l l s a pp r o a c h w i t h t h e H uma n R e s o u r c e Deve l o p me n t mo d e l o f R.R . C a rkh u f f b e ing o n e c omp re h e n s i v e m o d e l w h i c h r e c ogn i z e s t h e p o s i t i v e func t io n s o f p roc e s s c o n d i t i o n s a nd h e l p e r n on v e rba l a t te n d i ng .
T h e t e c h n o l ogy o f t h e s k i l l s a p p r oa c h c a n o f t e n b e ove r-empha s ized , a n d t h i s c a n b e s e e n f o r e xa m p l e ln the ma n n e r o f pre s c r i b i n g a forwa r d - l e a n b e h a v i o ur to e n h a n c e h e l p e r a t tend ing. A l t h o ugh o f t e n r e s i s t e d b y t ra i ne e s , t h i s d e l i b e ra t e l e a n fre q u e n t ly b e c ome s a n a s p e c t o f t h e t ra i n e d h e l p e r ' s i n t egra t e d r e p e r to i r e . Exper i e n c e d h e l pers h a v e a t t ime s
r e p o r t e d t ha t s u c h a d e l ib e ra t e m o v e me n t o f t e n in a n d o f i t s e l f p r o m o t e s h e i g h t e n e d i n v o l veme nt a n d i n c r e a s e d leve l s o f commun i c a t e d p r oc e s s c o n d i t i on s . T h e p re s e n t s t u d y w a s d e s ig n e d t o e xamine t h e rela t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n s u c h a p o s t u ra l s h i f t a n d h e lp ing in t e raction.
T w e l v e tra i n e d ma l e h e l p e rs a n d 12 fema l e vol un t e e r h e l p e e s w e r e t h e s u b j e c t s . E a c h h e l p e r me t t h r e e h e l pe e s i n s e pa ra t e s e s s i on s . T h e s e s s ion s b e g a n w i t h h e l p e r s i n a n u p r i g h t a t t e n d ing p o s t u r e a nd a t a s i g na l t h e y had one min u te d ur i n g w h i c h t o a d op t one o f t h re e d e s i g na t e d b e h a v i o u r s - a p r e s c r i b e d forwa r d lean; a p r e s c r i bed b a c kward l e a n ; o r a c h o i c e o f a n y p o s t u r e . T h e s e a l t e rna t i v e s w e re c o u n t e rb a l a n c e d w i t h i n t h e d e s i g n to c on t r o l for ord e r e f fec ts. T he overa l l d ura t ion o f t h e s e s s io n s w a s 19 min u te s ( n i n e m i n u te s f o r e a c h o f t h e p r e - s i g n a l a n d p o s t - s i g na l p e r i o d s a n d o n e m i n u t e for t h e s ig n a l p e r i o d ) .
Da ta we re c o l l e c te d from s e ve ra l s o u rc e s . T he p r i mary da ta w e r e a ud io ta p e d segme n t s w i th i n t h e s e s s i o n s w h i c h w e re g iv e n in ra n d o m o r d e r
to trai n e d ra t e r s u s i n g C a r k h u f f ' s (1969) s c a l e s o f Empa t hic U n d e r s ta n d i n g , R e s pe c t , G e n u i n e n e s s a n d h e
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pe e S e l f-E x p l o ra t io n , a nd T r u a x ' s (1962 )s c a l e o f I n te n s i t y . F o r e a c h s c a l e the ra t i n g s were p o o l e d in to
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p re-s igna l and post-signa l sc o res and ana l yse d using ana lysis o f
v a r iance w i t h r e p e a ted me a s ur es, S u p p l e menta ry d a ta were o b ta ine d f r om t h e h e l p e es, t he h e l p e rs and from v i d e o ta p es o f t he sess i ons, foc ussing on simi la r c r i t e r ia to t h e ra t ing sca l es, T hese d a ta were ana l yse d i n d e pend e n t l y.
A na lyses were d one in rega rd t o p ostura l-sh i f t c ond i t i ons for t h e t o ta l h e l p e r sam p le t h en f o r h e l p e r s u b -sa m p l es b a s e d o n d is t inc t i ons o f f o rwa rd o r b a c kwa rd p ost u r a l pre fe renc es, Res u l ts from t h e h e l p ing i n t e ra c t i on d a ta revea l e d s igni ficant d i ffe rences on l e v e ls o f I n tens i ty and Resp e c t in re la t ion t o t h e b a c k wa rd lean moveme n t a wa y from the ini t ia l u p r ig h t p ost ure . An o v e r a l l pa t t e rn o f d i f ferenc es b e tw e en and w i th in t h e p o s t u ra l c ond i t i ons emerged o n the sca l e s , w h i c h suggest e d a c o mpensa t o ry r e l a t i onsh ip b e tw e en v e r b a l and nonv e r b a l b e haviours. O n t h e w h o l e , ma k i n g a forwa r d lean was assoc ia t e d w i th d e c reased l e ve ls o n t h e sca les a n d a bac kwa rd l e an w i th i n creased l e v e ls . T h is was mos t e v i d e n t on t h e I n tensity a n d Respe c t sc a l es a nd in pa r t i c u l a r f o r t h os e h e l p e rs w h o s e p re fe renc e w a s to move f o rwa rd . T h e pa tte rn o f d i ffere n c e s w a s c onsi d e r e d i n r e l a t i on t o A rgyle a nd Dea n ' s t h e ory o f c omp ensa t i on ln
t h e ma intenance of an e q u il i b r i u m l e v e l of inte r p e rsona l intima c y .
T h e re were esse n t ia l ly n o d i ffe rences , based on t h e v a r i ous
p ostures, in t h e h e l p e es ' a ssessments of t h e h e l p e rs ' c o mmun i c a t i ons nor ln t h e he l p e rs ' e x p e rien c e s o f t h e sessi ons . T h ese find i ngs were r e la t e d t o t h e e q u i l i b r i um l e v e l o f t h e h e l p e rs' o v e ra l l c ommu n i c a t i on , t o t h e p e rspe c t ive o f pa r t ic ipa t ing in t h e sessions, a nd t o t h e l i kelihood o f t h e ini t ia l u p r ig h t a t tend ing p os i t i on b e i ng an esp e c ia l l y powe r f u l pre
h e l p ing b e ha v i o u r ,
A s t rong and c onsi s t ent f ind ing w a s tha t h e l p e rs w h ose pre fe rence when g iven t h e c h o i c e was t o l e a n forwa rd , c ommunica t e d a t h ighe r l e v e ls on a l l o f t h e sca l es and we re rega rd e d as m o r e c ompe te n t c o unse l l o rs b y t h e i r tra i ne rs than t h ose w h ose p r e fe renc e w a s t o move b a c kwa rd ,
T h e c onte x t o f t h e int e ra c t i on is imp o r tant in c ons i d e r ing t h e meaning o f t h e f ind ings o f t h is s t u d y , T h e r esu l ts ma y re p resent t h e h e l p e rs ' ma intenance o f a s u b t l e ba lance o f v e rb a l and nonve rba l c ommunica t i on a p prop r i a t e to t h e e x p e r imenta l se t t ing , T h is w o u l d
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s u g gest a tra n s c e n d e n ce o f me c h a n i c a l te c hniques in l i ne w i t h t h e i n te n t ions o f Ca r k h u f f a n d o t h e rs u s i n g sk i l ls me t h o d o l o g y . T h e r e l a t io nsh i p b e t w e e n a torso l e a n a n d l e v e l s o f c ommu n ic a t i o n o n t h e p r o c ess c o n d i t i o ns se ems more c o mp l e x t han h a s b e e n prev iously
c onsi d e red.
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P R E FA C E A ND A C KNOWLEDGEMENTS
T h e question t ha t t h is s t u d y a d d resses eme r g e d as a result o f m y e x pe r ie n c es in c o u nse l l in g p ra c t ic e a n d t h e n more rec e n t l y in t h e t ra i n i n g o f c o u nse l l o rs . I t sp r i n gs from a l o n g stand i n g i n terest in n o n ve r ba l b e ha v i o u r a n d a b e l ie f i n t he i mp o r ta nc e of t h e
r e la tio nsh i p i n h e l p in g , a nd c r ysta l l i z e d a t t h e p o int o f t r y i n g t o a ssess t h e v a l u e o f s k i l ls a p p l ie d in i n te n t i o n a l wa ys .
Ove r t h e l e n g t h y p e ri o d o f t h e proj e c t I h a v e b e n e f i te d in a v a r i e t y o f wa ys from t h e a ssista n c e o f a la r g e n umber o f pe o p le . T ha n ks e x p ress e d a t t h e t ime o ft e n se emed somewha t ina d e q ua te and I w o u l d l i k e t o record my g ra t i t u d e h e r e to s e ve ra l p e o p l e w h o have b e en o f p a r t ic u la r h e l p t o me . I n d oi n g s o , I r e c o g n i z e tha t t h e list e x t e n ds be y o n d t hose a c k n ow l e d g e d a nd not n a m i n g p e op l e in n o wa y d im i n ishes my appre c ia t i o n o f t h e ir a ssista n c e .
to t h a n k : -
I n pa r t i c u la r I w ish
P r o fesso r C l e m Hill - a u n i q u e ma n w h o comb i n e d e x c e l l e n c e a nd h um i l i t y i n a rare a n d s t im u la t i n g wa y a n d w h o p r o v ided s u p p o r t a n d
e n c o u ra geme n t t ha t e x te n d e d w e l l b e y o n d t h is p r o j e c t . sa d l y misse d b y a l l o f us w h o knew h im .
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Dr A la n W e bs t e r - w h o h a s p l a y e d a n impor ta n t pa rt in my d e v e l opme n t a s a c o u nse l l o r a n d c o u nse l l or-tra iner a n d w h ose p e rso n a l qua l i t i es a n d sc h o la rsh i p w e r e a lwa ys e v i d e n t i n t he supe rv is i o n a nd
s u p p o r t he p r o v i d e d ov e r t h e d u ra t i o n o f t his wo rk .
D r K e n M c Fa r la n d - who rea d il y g a v e o f h is v a l ua ble t ime a n d vast e x p e rt ise a n d w h o was a lwa y s prepa r e d to re c o g n i z e a d espe ra t e p l e a for h e l p a n d g u id a n c e .
D r G ra h a m H u nt - w h o was a b l e t o p u t aside ma j or proj e c ts a n d g ive me the bene f i t o f h is k n owl e d g e and s k i l l in some t h in g w h ic h for him must h a v e seemed re la t i v e l y m i n o r i n sc o p e .
D r J o h n K i r k l a n d - who ha s h i s own s t yle o f m o t iva t i o n , w h i c h a l t h o u g h a t t ime s h e i g h t e n i n g my frus t r a t ion a lways ma na g e d t o s t i mu la te m e i n t o s o m e p r o d u c tive a c ti o n . A lso f o r
tea c hi n g m e t h e b i b l i o g ra p h ic comp u te r p r o g ra mme F a mu l u s a n d h o w t o i n t e ra c t s e n s i b l y w i t h a c o mp u t e r te rmina l .
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Ca t h y Smi t h - a p e r s o n i n h i g h d e ma n d w i t h i mme n s e te c h n i c a l s k i l l a n d pe rs ona l q u a l i t y . S h e a lways mana g e d t o tra n s la te
n o n s e n s i c a l e rror me ssa g e s from the c om p uter a n d h e l p e d mod i fy f i l e s tr u c t u r e s w i t h a s t y l e tha t wa s a lwa ys t o l e ra n t , k i n d ly, i n te re s te d a n d e n c o u ra g in g .
Se lwyn C a t h c a r t - for h i s h e l p w i th the a ud i o v i s ua l te c h n i c a l i t i e s i n t h e b u s i n e s s o f c o l le c t i n g da ta , a n d w h o pa t ien t l y wa i t s f o r t h e r e c yc l i n g o f n um e r o u s vid e o ta p es.
Gwe n B a rn e s - w hose te c h n ic a l a n d c l e ri c a l a s s i s t a n c e 1n t h e
ma i n t e n a n c e o f t h e Famu lus l i tera ture h o l d in g a n d a s s oc i a t e d ta s k s wa s g re a t ly a p p re cia t e d a n d w h o se pre s e n c e e na b l e d m e t o a d va n c e the c o mp l e t i on o f t h e s udy a t a c r i tica l t ime.
Jea n n e t t e C o ok e - w h o h a s c a r r i e d t h e we i g h t o f add i t i o n a l
r e s p o n s ib i l i t ie s i n th e c oun s e l l o r t r a i n i n g p r o g ra mme wh i l s t
I h a v e a t t i m e s b e e n pre-occup i e d , w h o a lways k n e w w h a t w e n e e d e d to d o n e x t , a n d w h o h e l p e d imme n s e ly b y typ i n g d r a f t s o f t he d is s e r ta t i o n .
J i l l C h e e r - w h o i s a l s o more t h a n a typ i s t , d i s p l a y i n g a n e a g e r i n te re s t in t h e ma t er ia l , a nd w h o s e j ud geme n t a n d g u i d a n c e h a ve b e e n i n s tr u me n ta l i n e n ha n c i n g t he fina l ma n us c r i p t .
I w o u l d a l s o l i k e t o t ha n k the h e l pe r s , h e l p e e s a n d ra te rs w h o p a r t i c i p a te d i n the s t u d y . I h ope t h a t t h e y g a ined some t h i n g from t he e x pe r ie n c e t ha t w i l l be h e l p f u l i n the ir own l e a r n i n g a n d h e l p i n g p r a c t i c e , O v e r the yea rs th e v a r i o us tra i n e e gro u p s o n t h e Ma s s e y C o u r s e h a v e p e r io d ic a l l y s u f fe re d from m y d i s t ra c ti o n s w i t h t h i s p r o j e c t . I w i s h t o a c k n ow l e d g e t h e ir i n v o l v e me n t i n my own l ea r n i n g
a n d p r o fessi o n a l d e v e l o pme n t a nd l o o k forwa r d t o l e s s pre s s u re d p e rson a l a nd p r o fess i o n a l c o n ta c ts .
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F i na l l y , I w is h t o a c k n ow l e d g e se vera l pe o p le in a more pe rso na l sphe re o f my l i fe . F irstl y , my p a r e n ts , wh o , in the face o f w e l l m e a n i n g s u g g e s t i o n s t o t h e c on tra r y , g a v e me f u l l o p p o r t u n i ty t o ta k e a d va n ta g e o f f o rma l e d uca tion a l e x pe r i e n c e s , P a u l ine , w h o s u ffe r e d ma n y o f t h e a g o n ie s a n d f e w o f t h e p l e asures o f t h e p r o j e c t � S u e w h o d i d l i k ewise a nd wh ose s u p p or t , u n d e r s ta n d i n g a n d h e l p h a v e ma d e the ta s k ma na g e a b l e . T o C a s i e , R h ys a n d L e a n I w ish t o s a y tha t t h e i r s a c r i f i c es ha ve b e e n k n ow n a n d a p p r e c i a t e d a n d t h a t t ime g i ven t o t h i s work h a s n o t be e n g i v e n i n p r e fere n c e t o t ime w i t h t h e m .
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P re fa c e a n d A c k n owl e d g eme n ts T a bl e o f C o n te n t s
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I n t r od uc t i o n - Ra t i on a l e for t h e Study A C ommun ica t i o n s C o n t e x t for H e l p ing Proc e s s C on d it i o n s of H e l p i n g I n te ra c t io n C ommu n ica t io n Mod e l s for H e l p e r T ra in i n g
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S k i l l s E m p ha s i s a n d I n t e n t i o n a l Beha v i o ur s N on v e rb a l B e h a v i o u r i n H e l p i n g C ommu n i ca t i on V e r b a l a n d N o nv er b a l S y s t e m s
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Fea t ur e s o f t h i s S t udy
R e v i ew of L i te ra t u re H e l p e r Proc e s s C o n d i t i on s
O th e r D oma i n s o f H e lp i n g H e l p e e P r oc e s s B e h a v i o urs
S umma ry and C r i t ique of R o g e r ia n Proc e s s S t ud ie s
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N o n v e r b a l C ommu n i ca t io n i n H e l p i n g H e l p e r N o n v e r b a l C ommun ica t i on A t t e n d in g
D i s ta nee P os t ur e E ye C on ta c t
C omb i n e d A t t e nd in g Va r i a b l e s A dd r e s s e e E ffe c ts
A t t e nd i n g B e h a v i o u rs A n d P r oc e s s C o n d i t i o n s A n H o l i s t ic S ta nc e
T he I n te ra c t ion of V e rba l a n d N o n v e rba l B e ha v i o ur s
N o n v e r ba l C ommu n ica t i on o f P ro c e s s C o n d i t i on s
N o n ve rba l I ma g e s in D esc r ip t io n s of V e r b a l Proce s s C o n d it i o n s
I n te n s i t y o f I n te ra c t i on
D e l i b e ra te Ma n i p u l a t io n s of A t t e nd i n g B e ha vio ur (T or s o L e a n)
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7 3 P o s t u ra l -S h i f t C o n d i t i on s /I n te n s i ty L e v e l s 7 3 P o st u ra l -S h i f t C o n d i t io n s /E mp a t h i c
U n d e r s ta nd i n g L e v e l s 74
P o s t ura l - S h i f t C o n d i t ion s/Re s p e c t L e ve l s 7 5 P o s t ura l - S h i f t C o n d i t i ons/H e l p e e -
S e l f-E x p l ora ti o n L eve l s 7 5
S y n t h e s i s o f Po stu ral-S h i f t C o n d i t i ons R e s u l t s 7 6 F�e e -C h o i c e ( P re fe r e n c e ) C om p a r i s ons 78 C h o i c e-G r o u p s / I n te n s i t y L e v e l s 7 8 C h o i c e -G r o u p s /E mpa t h i c U n d e rs ta nd i n g L e v e l s 8 2
Ch oi c e-G ro up s/Resp e ct L e v e l s 84
C h o i c e -G ro u p s /H e l pee S e l f- E x pl o ra t ion L e ve l s 87 Syn the s i s o f C ho i c e -G ro u p s R e s u l t s 9 0
I n t e r i m D i sc ussion 9 5
R e la t i o n s h i p s A mo n g the P r o c e s s S c a l e s 9 7
Re s u l t s - S uppl e me n t a ry D a ta H e l p e e P e r c e p t i o n s o f H e l p e r s H e l p e r E x p e r ie n c e s o f t h e S e s s io n s V i d e o ta p= O b s e rva t i o n s
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