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FLOWER DEVELOPMENT OF THE
CHINESE GOOSEBERRY (ACTINIDIA CHINENSIS PLANCH.) AND SOME FACTORS INFLUENCING IT
A thesis presented in partial fulf iJ..nent of the require:rrents for the degree of
Ma.ster of Horticultural Science at Ma.ssey University
DAVID JOHN BRUNDELL 1973
Frontispiece
top Hayward shoots, full bloom stage
bottom left Uninitiated flower prirrordium, Hayward bottom right Terminal flower, Hayward
Chapter
1
2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNCWLEDGEMENTS
.ABSTRACT
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
FiaVER DEVEIDPMENT lli TEMPERATE AND SUBTROPICAL FRUIT TREES AND VINES
A. INTRODUCTION
B. 'lHE FI.aVERING PROCESS
c.
GROVVTH AND FI.a\JERING CHARACTERISTICS OFACTINIDIA SPECIES
D. 'lHE RELATIONSHIP BE'IWEEN VEGETATIVE .AND REPRODUCTIVE GRCWI'H AND 'lHE EFFECT OF SHOOT
REMJVAL
E. 'lHE ROLE OF LEAVES AND BUD SCALES AND 'lHE
EFFECT OF DEFOLIATION
F. THE ROLE OF CARBOHYDRATES AND MINERAL NUTRIENTS
G. THE ROLE OF 'IRE REST PERIOD AND THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE
H. 'lHE ROLE OF HORM)NES AND 'lHE EFFECT OF APPLIED
GRCW'IH REGULA'IDRS
I. 'IEE ROLE OF LIGHT AND 'lHE EFFECT OF SHADE J. arHER FAC'IDRS mFLUENClliG FLG\1ER DEVEIDPMENT
I 'I.he effect of water II 'I.he effect of girdling III 'Ihe effect of the crop
IV 'lhe effect of gravity
MATERIAIS AND METHODS
A. INTROIXJCTION
B. EXPERIMENTAL PID'IS AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
I
II
Experimental plantings
Sampling Techniques and Pararreters Recorded (a) Flower developmental studies (1971)
2- 2
4
7 9 11 12 15 17 18 18 18
19
19
20 21 21 21 21
Chapter Page (b) Field experimental studies (1971) 21
(c) Single node hardwood cutting studies 23 (i) Tipping, shading and
defoliation treatrrents (1971) 23 (ii) Chilling treatments (1972) 25 (d) Flower distribution survey (1971) 26
III 'furminology 26
3 'IHE COURSE OF .FLCJNER AND SHOOI' DEVEIDPMENI'
A. INTRODUCTION 28
B. .. EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS AND RESULTS 28
I Bud Growth 28
(a) Bud developrrent 28
(b) The winter bud 30
II Vegetative Growth 32
(a} Bud burst 32
(b) Shoot developrrent 35
(i) Extension growth 35
(ii} Thickening growth 35
(c) D2af development 35
(i) Heteroblastic changes 35
(ii) IJ2af production 39
(d) Internode developrrent 42
(e) Basal bud development 42
(i) Nurrber of basal buds 42
(ii) Post bud burst development 42
III Reproductive Growth 44
(a} FlCMer bud developrrent 44
(i} 'Ihe course of terminal bud
developrrent 44
(ii) Aborted (aberrant} flCJNer
developnent 48
(iii) Lateral f lc:wer bud development 50
(b) FlCMer distribution 53
(i) Nurrber of reproductive axils
per shoot along a lateral 53 (ii) Nurrber of functional flowering
axils per shoot 53
(iii) Variation in f lONer bud
developnent along a shoot 53
Chapter
4
5
IV
(c) Flooer bud grcwth patterns (i) Flooer bud growth (ii) Ovary grcwth
(iii) Grcwth of flc::iv.;er parts over late stages of development (iv) Quantitative differences
between terminal and lateral blooms
Phyllotaxis
(a) Description of the phyllotaxy (b) Direction of the phyllotactic
helix C. DISCUSSION
'IEE EFFECT OF DEFOLIATION, SHADING, AND TIPP1NG
ON FLOWER DEVELOPMENT AND CONCURRENT VEGETATIVE
GROW'IH
A. INTRODUCTION
B. EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS .M1D RESULTS
I Reproductive Grcwth
(a) Number of flc::iv.;ers per shoot
(b) Average ovary or f looer bud size per shoot
II Vegetative Grcwth (a) .leaf gravth
(i} leaf production per shoot (ii) Average leaf size per shoot
(b} Shoot grcwth
(i) Shoot length (ii) Shoot thickness III New Bud Development
c.
DISCUSSION'IHE EFFECT OF CHILL1NG ON THE TERMINATION OF REST AND FLOWERING
A. INTRODUCTION
B. EXPERIMEN'l1...AL OBSERVATIONS AND RESULTS
58 58 60 60
60 60 60 64 66
73 76 76 76 80 81 81 81 84 84 84 86 87 88
95 96
Chapter
I
I I
Bud Burst
(a) Days to bud burst (b) Percentage bud burst Flovver Bud D3veloprrent
(a) Number of reproductive axils per shoot
(b) Number of aborted reproductive axils per shoot
( c) Number of fl<::M'er buds per shoot (i) Terminal flCM"er buds (ii) Lateral f l<::M'er buds
(iii) Total number of flower buds (d) Average flovver bud size per shoot
(i) Terminal flovver buds (ii) Lateral fl<::M'er buds
(iii) Average floNer bud size (all buds included)
C. . DISCUSSION
6 . A SURVEY OF THE . FIDWERING CHARZiCTERISTICS OF VARIOUS CULTIVARS AND STAMINATE VINES
A. . Th1TRODUCTION
B. EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS AND RESULTS I
I I
Staminate Vines
(a) Number of flCM"ers and flovvering axils per shoot
(b) Percentage of shoots bursting per lateral
(c) Flovvering index for grouped vines (d) Number of fl<::M'ers per inflorescence (e) Distribution of fl<::M'ers per shoot (f) Flaver opening seqoonce
Pistillate Cultivars
(a) Number of flovvers and flCM"ering axils per shoot
(b) Percentage of shoots bursting :i;er lateral
(c) Nunibo--.r of flovvers per inflorescence
96 96 96 99 99 99 102 102 102 104 104 104 104 110 110
117 117 117 117 118 118 121 121 121 125 125 125 125
Chapter
(d) Distribution of flcwers per shoot
C. DISCUSSION
7 CONCLUSIONS
LITERATURE CITED
Page 125 129
132
Table 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
LIST OF TABLES
'Ihe effect of nodal position along a lateral on the number of basal bud axils per shoot in Hayward.
'Ihe effect of nodal position along a lateral on the number of reproductive axils per shoot in Hayward.
'Ihe grcMth of the flower parts of Hayward over the ten days preceding blc:xxn.
'Ihe relationship between the number of petals in terminal flowers and lateral flowers at each flCMering axil along a shoot in Alpha.
The relationship between the direction of the phyllotactic spiral of the bud (or shoot) and that of the lateral in Hayward.
The relationship between the direction of the phyllotactic spiral of the bud (or shoot) and of the lateral, and that of ti.11e vine in Hayward.
The effects of defoliation, shading, and tipping treatrrents on the number of reproductive axils per shoot, the number of flowering axils per shoot, and the average flower bud (or ovary) size per shoot in Hayward.
(a) Single node cuttings.
(b) Field studies.
The effects of defoliation, shading, and tipping treatrrents on the number of open leaves (or the total number of leaves) per shoot and the average leaf size per shoot in Hayward.
(a) Single node cuttings.
(b) Field studies.
'Ihe effects of defoliation, shading, and tipping treatments on the shoot length and thickness in Hayward.
(a) Single node cuttings.
(b) Field studies.
. 43
54
61
62
65
65
79
82
85
Table 10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
The effects of defoliation, shading, and tipping treat:rrents on the number of leaf prirrordia in the new bud in Hayward.
(a) Single node cuttings.
(b) Field studies.
The effects of the period of chilling and the date of sarrpling on:
(a) The number of days to bud burst.
(b) The percentage bud burst.
The effects of the period of chilling and the date of sampling on:
(a) The number of reproductive axils per shoot.
(b) The number of aborted axils per shoot.
The effects of the period of chilling and the date of sampling on:
(a) '!he number of early aborted axils per shoot.
(b) The number of late aborted axils per shoot.
The effects of the period of chilling and the date of sarrpling on:
(a) The number of tenninal flaver buds per shoot.
(b) The number of lateral fl~r buds per shoot.
The effects of the period of chilling and the date of sampling on:
(a) The total number of flower buds per shoot.
(b) The average fl~r bud size (all buds included) per shoot.
Analysis of variance with orthogonal polynornals on the effects of the period of chilling and the date of sampling on the total number of f laver buds per shoot.
The effects of the period of chilling and the date of sampling on:
{a) The average tenninal flower bud size per shoot.
(b) The average lateral flower bud size per shoot.
88
97
100
101
103
105
108
109
Table 18
19
20
21 22
- 23
24
Analysis of variance with orthcx::roP..al p::ilynOTIB.ls on the effects of the period of chilling and the date of sampling on the average flOiler bud size
(all buds included) per shoot.
The rn.:nnber of flowers per shoot, the number of flOilering axils per shoot, and the perc-entage bud burst for various staminate vines.
'Ihe nurrber of flOilers per shoot, the number of flOVJering axils per shoot, and the percentage bud burst for grouped staminate vines.
A flOVJering index of various staminate clones.
The number of flowers in inflorescences of various staminate clones.
The number of flo.vers per shoot, the number of flowering axils per shoot, and the percentage bud burst for various pistillate cultivars.
The number of flowers in inflorescences of various pistillate cultivars.
112
119
120 121
122
126
127
Figure 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
LIST OF FIGURES
Ni.:nuber of leaf prirrordia in the new bud of Hayward and Alpha.
(a) From bud burst to full bloom.
(b) For the 1971/72 season.
Leaf prirrordia dissected from the winter buds of Hayward and Alpha.
Shoot bud development, from the 'donnant' stage to the 'advanced open cluster' stage.
Non-determinate and determinate shoot growth in Hayward and Alpha.
Thickening of the shoot in Hayward and Alpha.
Non-determinate and determinate shoots of Hayward (38 dabb.) and Alpha (47 dabb.).
Heteroblastic leaf development in Hayward and Alpha.
Changes in leaf lamina grcwth at each axil along a shoot up to bloom (Hayward) .
Changes in shoot length to each axil along a shoot up to bloom (Hayward) •
Rate of leaf opening up to bloom in Hayward and Alpha.
Flower bud develop:rent stages in Hayward and Alpha.
Late flower bud developnent ('split calyx' stage to full bloom), Hayward.
Abnormal flower developrrent.
(a) Aberrant flower bud development, Hayward and Alpha.
(b) Fasciated flower, Hayward.
(c) Fasciated fruit, Hayward.
29
31
33
36 36
37
38
40
40
41
45
47 49
Figure 14 15
16
17
18 19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
Late shoot develop:nent, Hayward.
Stimulation of a basal bud into growth in Hayward.
The tenninal portion of a donmnt Hayward shoot (lateral) •
DiagranB.tic representation of a Chinese
gooseberry inflorescence (canpound dichasium).
lateral flcwer bud developrrent, Hayward.
The number of nonnal flo,.,iering axils per shoot, the number of aborted (aberrant) fla1.iering axils per shoot, and the number of reproductive axils per shoot.
(a) Hayward.
(b) Alpha.
Flc:Mer bud gro;vth at each reproductive axil along a shoot in Hayward.
Flc:Mer bud grcwth per shoot ip Hayw%d and Alpha tenninal flower buds, Alpha 2v and 3 lateral
flo;ver buds, and the change in the Hayward tenninal flo;·;rer bud breadth:width ratio with gro;·rth.
Early (up to 15 dabb.) flo;..,>er bud gro:.vth and the
change in the flower bud breadth:width ratio in Hayward as related to the external shoot bud stage and to the flcwer bud developrrent stage.
ovary grcwth per shoot and the change in the nean ovary breadth:width ratio per shoot in Hayward.
Characterisation of the phyllotactic spiral of the dissected winter bud of Hayward.
Defoliation, shading and tipping treatrrents on Hayward single node cuttings.
The shading treatrrent (50% shade) applied to Hayward shoots in the field.
51
51
51
52 52
55
57
57
59
59
63
75
75
Figure Page 27 The effects of defoliation, shading and tipping
on the growth and develoµ-rent of Hayward single
node cuttings, sampled 25 dabb. 77
28 The effects of defoliation, shading and tipping on the growth and develoµnent of field grcwn
shoots of Hayward, sampled close to bloom. 78 29 The effect of defoliation treat:rrents on leaf
production in Hayward. 83
(a} Single node cuttings.
(b) Field gro;vn shoots.
30 The effect of the period of chilling and the date of sampling on the number of days to bud
burst. 98
31 The effect of the period of chilling and the date of sampling on the total nmnber of flower
buds per shoot. 106
32 The effect of the period of chilling on f lc:wer
bud developrrent in different cultivars. 107 (a} The forcing of unchilled Ha:yward, Alpha
and J.bnty buds at sample date 3 (June).
(b) The effect of chilling at sample date 3 (June) in J.bnty.
33 The effect of the period of chilling treat:rrents and the date of sampling on the average flONer
bud size (all buds included) per shoot. 111 34 Number of flCN1ers at each flowering axil along
a shoot in various staminate clones. 123
35 The flONer opening sequence of various staminate
cultivars compared with that in Hayward. 124 36 Number of flowers at each flo;vering axil along a
shoot in various pistillate cultivars. 128
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I wish to gratefully acknavledge Mr D.A. Slade, Departrrent of Horticulture, Massey University and Dr R.M. Davison, Plant Diseases Division, D.S.I.R., for their guidance and constructive criticism throughout this study and in the preparation of the rranuscript.
I wish to express Irfi appreciation to Mr I.M.W. McEwen on whose property the bulk of the experimental work was carried out.
I would also like to thank: The Director of Plant Diseases
Division, D.S.I.R., Mt. Albert for making laboratory space and equiprrent available; M.s A.M. Marshall and Mr S.A.D. Tucker for advice and help on statistical matters; Mr A.P. Underhill and Mr D.M. McVicker for
photographic assistance; Irfi mother and sister for typing this thesis;
Mr W.S. Bertaud, Physics and Engineering Laboratory for the Scanning Electron Microphotograph in Figure 11; and to any persons rema.ining unnamed who gave advice and assistance on this work.
Finally, I wish to thank the Kiwi Fruit Export Prorrotion Corrmittee and the New Zealand Citrus and Subtropical Council for their generous financial assistance.
