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EFFECT OF A¡IIMAL TYPE OR TREJATI\ÍENT ON THE
EE'FICIENCY OF LEJAII MEAT PRODUCTION AÀTD
THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF
MASTER OF AGRICULTURÀL SCTENCE
ABLA ZEHOUR CUTHBERTSON NEE BENHAMMOUCHE
INGENIEUR AGRONOME (ZOOTECHNIE)
INSTITUT NATIONAL AGRONOMIQUE, EL IIARRACH, ALGIERS GRAD. DrP. AG. (R.A.C. )
Department of Ani-mal Scíences Waíte Agricultural Research Institute
The University of Adelaíde
THE FÀTTY ACID COMPOSITION OF MEJAT
BY
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STATEMENT
I certify that this thesis contains no material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma in any University and that, to the best of my knowledge and
belief, the thesis contains no material previously published or written by another person, except when due reference is made in the text.
I
DEDTCATION
I WISH TO DEDICATE THIS WORK TO
A Mamam, a Papa, a Dene
me sont chers, je dedis
et a tous ceux quf ce modeste ouvrage
(To my Mother, Father, Dene
those that are dear to ßê, I this modest work
and al]- dedicate
SUMI{ARY
The consumption of saturated fat is known to be related to the incid.ence of coronary heart disease in humans. Part of the daily intake of fat by Australians arises from the
consumption of red meat from sheep and cattle, but it couLd be recluced by producing leaner animaLs than those raÍsed at present. In addition to the adwantages of human health' there may be agricultural advantages also in terms of
ef f iciency of product j-on.
The study reported in the thesis examines:
(a) the effect of various breed types (x4) on the growth, body composition (fat content), feed intake and
effíciency of conversion of feed to live weight and lean body of grazing sheep.
(b) the effect of androgenic and androgenic plus
oestrogenic aqents on the growth and body composition
of sheep grazíng or pen fed roughage or oil seed
diets.
the effect of the consumption of lean meat or meat with a modified fatty acid composition on the plasma
lipids of other experimental- animals.
(c)
It was necessary to employ and validate a number of methods
and techniques Ín the study and to analyse a number of markers or metabolites in determining body pool, rates of digesta fl-ow and tissue concentrations. These included:
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(e)
(f)
(g) (h)
tritiated water space and calculation of body fat;
azeotropic distillation of hydrogen isotopes;
B-counting of isotopes;
field use of chromic oxide slow release capsules
(SRC) ;
valÍdatíon of use of SRCs in pen experiments;
analysis of chromium by atomic absorption
spect rometry;
muscle biopsy of lambs by needle technique;
thÍn layer and gas liquid chromatography of muscle
lipids.
Fol-lowing an introduction, the thesis presents a literature review which considers the background of the methods and findings of previous studies carried out on growth, body
compositíon, feed intake of grazíng animals, the use of anabol-ic agents, fatty acid composition of ruminants fats
and the effect of saturated fat on human health. The
results are
discussion.
presented in three chapters, each with its own
A general discussion follows.
The experiments carried out in the present study
demonstrated a number of points. They brere:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
( iv)
The lamb breeds used showed differences in growth rate and body composítíon under field conditions.
The most common lamb used in meat production ín Australia (Dorset cross breds) deposited fat at an
earlier aqe than the other breeds, while Suffolk cross breds produced the most lean meat.
The practice of crossing BriËish breeds with common wool producing'MerÍnos l-essens the amount of fat in the carcass by slowing down by body growth rate, not by l-essenj-ng per se fat content at the same body
weight.
Anabol-ic agents altered the natural composition of a
particular breed,' ân oestrogenic agent implanted in wethers increased growth r¡hile an oestroqenic plus androgenic agent j-ncreased growth also but l-essened fat deposition.
(v)
(vi )
Meat from animals of different fat content when incorporated into an omnivore diet, brought about cholesterol levels that r^rere related to fat intake but were unaffected by meat intake.
When lambs
structural additíonaI
were fed lipid to
decrease
oil seed that altered theír a dj-fferent fatty acid tYPe, âr in omnivore cholesterol occurred.
o
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I wish to express my sincere appreciation to Dr B'D'
siebert ror tris guidance and support in the carrying out of the experimental work and preparation of the thesis. Also I wish to thank Dr J.R. sabine for his interest in the work.
In addition I wish to thank support and training in the
animal-s
Dr phj-I Hynd kindly gave friendly advice and helped with surgical procedures. My thanks are exLended to Misses B - epplebee ãnd D. Cox on Dr Hynd''s staff, for being so
néfptuf and. pleasant . I al-so wish to acknowJ-edge Mr B.
Cowãn for his assistance in the fiel-d with special thanks to his sheep dog "Chester".
I must thank David Bohen also for helping me with the gas chromatography.
Beth Howard for her continuous estimation of bodY water in
the CSIRO Division of Mathematics and
assísted me. His f riendJ-y guidance was John Dighton of the CSIRO Division of for introducing me to the azeoLropic
technical asistance in
Ms C. Ween for helPing
the Department in the
support and SaIIy Smith is Dr Ray Correl-I of
Statistics kindlY of great helP. To SoiLs go my thanks distil-l-ation.
-ï also wish to acknowledge the general assisLance gíven by Rex Connol-Iy, Tony Weatherl-y, Henrik Bozik of the
Department of Animal Sciences for their continual support anà friendship. Mr Ray Norton and the farm staff of the waite Agricultural Research Institute are gratefully
acknowledged for their heIP.
Mr G. Le.wis kindly provided skillful' a J-ipíd laboratory. I wish to thank with the care of the animals.
I also wish to acknowledge the assistance of of Agricultural Biochemistry whci assisted me completion of my thesis. In this regard the friendship of Peter and UrsuJ-a Langdrige and gratefully acknowl-edged .
I would l-ike to express my deepest gratítude to the Squires famiJ-y (Vic, Shirley, Courtney and Logan) for acting as my Austrãtian family and supporting me in my absence from my original homeland. Frank Seppelt also supported me in this regard
I wish to thank Peter Hawryszkiewycz for his help with the printing and Patricia Young for her competent typing '
Finally my special thanks go to my famíty in Algeria and to
my husband, Dene, for being so understanding.
supportive and
CHAPTER 1.
CHAPTER 2
SECTION 2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
Prime Lamb Production Introduction
Production
Productíon Systems Growth Of Sheep
Introduction
Growth Curve Lag Phase
Exponential Phase Stationary Phase
Growth Principles
Growth From Birth To MaturitY Postnatal Growth Of Organs And
Tissues
Factors Affecting Chemical Composition Of The Vüho1e BodY
Body Components And Their Evaluation Means (Techniques)
Slaughter Technique
Body Composition In Vivo
Technique
Age And Body Weíght
Sex, Breed And Maturity Nutrition
Concl-usion
Feed Intake In Growj-ng Animals/
Efficiency Of Growth fntroduction
Mechanisms Of Intake Control- Effect of Diet On The VoJ-untarY
Feed Intake
Gastrointestinal- Tract Limitation To Feed Intake
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SECTION 2.2 2.2.L 2.2 -2
2.2.2.3 2.2.3 2.2 .4
2 .2.4 -1-
SECTION 2.3
2.2.4.2 2.2.4.2.L
2.2 "2.L
2.2.2.2
2 .2 .4 .2.L 2.2.4.2.L.
2.2.4.2.2 2.2.4.2.3 2.2.4.2.4
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2.3.L 2.3.2 2-3-3
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38 38 39
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3 4
2.4.L.4
2.4.2 2.4 .2
.t
2.4.2.2
2 .4.2.3 2-4.3
3 3 3 3
Feed Intake Limitatíons Due
To Ruminant Metabolíc Functions Feed Intake Limitati-ons
Associated With The Envíronment
Control Of Food Intake In The Regulatíon of EnergY Balance
Fats In The Ruminant Diet Efficiency Of Production Anabolic Agents
Introduction
Engogenous Hormones
Pítuitary Hormones Insulin
Gonadol Steroids
Exogenous Hormones, Steroid Implants
Testosterone
Trenbol-one Acetate (TBA)
Trenbolone Acetate And Oestradiol-
Anabolic Agents and Their Use in Sheep
Fat Type Introduction Fatty Acids
Biosynthesis Of Fatty Acids Triglycerídes
Phospholipids Cholesterol Meat As Food
Introduction
Meat Consumptíon In Australia Animal Fats And Human Hea1th
"Hard" Fat Or Storage Fat
"Soft" Fat Or Structural Fat
MATERIALS AND METHODS
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82 83 85 85 86 B7 88 88
9l- 9L 9L
92 92 93 96
2.3.3.s 2.3.3.6
SECTION 2
2 .4 .3 .1-
2.4.3.2 2.4.3.3 2.4.4
SECTION 2.5
2.5.r 2.5.2 2.5.3
SECTION 2.6
2 .6.L 2.6.2 2.6.3
2 -5.3.L 2.5.3.2 2.5.3.3
2.6.3.L 2-6-3.2
of
ir
Diio ofay CHAPTER 3
SECTION 3.1
3.1- . l-
3.1.1.1-
3.L.L.2 3.L.2
3.1_.3
Body Compos
Extraction Lyophilizat Azeotropic
Tritium Ass Prediction
ionTritiated Water
n Method
stillation Method
Body Composition
SECTION 3.2 3.2.L
3 -2.'J-.L
3.2.L.2
3 -2.3 3.2.3.L
SECTION 3.3
CHAPTER 4
4.4.L
4.4.2.2
Feed Intake
Estimation Of Faecal DrY Matter Output Of Grazíng SheeP
Measured Dry Matter FaecaÌ Outputs Versus Estímated DrY Matter OutPuts
Determination Of Chromíum In
Faeces Samples
In Vitro Dry Matter Digestibility AnaIYSIS Procedure
Fatty Acid Extraction From Muscle Samples
Samplingr Procedure
Procedure Of FattY Acíd
EXPERIMENT 1 : EFFECT OF BREED TYPE ON GROWTH AND LEAN MEAT PRODUCTION IN GRAZING LAMBS
Introduction
Experimental Procedure AnimalsSite
Measurements
Results Live Weight
Body Composition
Feed Intake And EfficiencY Of
Feed Conversion
Voluntary Feed Intake And Metabol-izable EnergY Intake Efficiences Of Feed Conversion
Efficiency Of Feed Conversion
Into Growth
Efficiency Of Feed Conversion
Into Lean Tissues Gross Efficiency
Discussíon
3.3.r 3.3.2
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4.2.2 4.2.3 4.34.3.r_
4.3.2 4.4
4.4.2 4.4.2.L 4.4.2.3
4.5
CHAPTER 5
CHAPTER 6 5.1_5.2
5.2.t
5.2.2 5.35.3 . r_
s.3.2
s .3.3
EXPERIMENT2:EFFECTOF
ANDROGENIC AND ANDROGENIC PLUS OESTROGENIC AGENTS ON THE GROWTH AND BODY COMPOSITION OF SHEEP
GRAZING OR PEN-FED ROUGHAGE OR
OIL SEED DTETS
Introduction
Experimental Procedure Diets
Measurements Results
Live Vùeight
Body Composition
Feed Intake And Efficiency Of Feed Conversíon
Feed Intake
Efficiency Of Feed Conversion And Gross Efficíency
Discussion
EXPERTMENT 3 : THE EFFECTS OF
THE FATS OF RED MEAT ON PLASMA CHOLESTEROL
Introduction
Experiment 3a : Effects Of
Meat Of Different Fat Content On The Plasma Lipids
Experimental Procedure Diets
AnímaIs
Measurements
Results
Carcass And Fat Depth
Eatty Acid Composition Of
Intramuscul-ar Lípid
TotaI Cholesterol- And High
Density Lipoprotein (HDL) Cholesterol Of Pigs Fed Meat Diets Of Different Fat Content Discussion
Experiment 3b : Effects Of W-3 And W-6 Meats On The Pl-asma
Cholesterol Of Pigs
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5.3.3 . 1
5.3.3.2
5.4
6.26-L
6.2.L 6.2.r.L 6.2.L.2 6.2.L.3 6.2.2
6.2.2.r
6 -2.2.2 6.2.2.3 6.2.3 6.3
1_7 I
6.3.1- 6.3. r- . l_
6 -3.1 -2
6.3.1-.3 6.3.2.1, 6.3 .L.4 6.3.2
Experímental Procedure
Fatty Acid Composition of
Musc1e Samples Of Sheep Fed Línseed/Lucerne Diet And Lucerne/Oat Diet
Diets Animals
Measurements
Results
Fatty Acid Composition
Of Sheep Fed Different Diets
Total Plasma Cholesterol Of Pigs Fed Different Diets
Total PLasma Cholesterol And Fat Intake
Discussion
GENERAL DISCUSSTON
BIBLIOGRÃPHY
PÀGE
178
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196
6.3.2.2 6.3.2.3
6.4
CTIAPTER 7
CHAPTER 8
TABLE 1
TABLE 2
TABLE 3
TABLE 4
TABLE 5
TABLE 6
TABLE 7
INDEX OF TABLES
Effect Of Maturatj-on On The Composition And On Voluntary Intake Of Phal-aris And
Sub-Clover V{hen Offered To Adul-t Meri-no
Wethers
Mean Values Of Total Body Water Of Each
Sheep Determíned By Dilution Of Tritiated
Water Extracted By Either Azeotropic Distillation Or Lyophilisation
Relationship Between Estimated And Measured Faecal- Dry Matter Outputs
Of Sheep Fitted With Chromic Oxyde Sl-ow Release Device And Individually
Pen Fed
Dry Matter Digestibilities Of Pasture Samples Taken From Oesophageal
Fistulated Sheep
Live Íteíght And Body Composition Of The Different Breeds
Voluntary Feed Intake And Efficiencj-es Of Feed Conversion
Live Vüeight and Liveweight Gains Of
Torelor, Finaplix Treated Vüethers And
Control Wethers
Body Composition Of Torelor, Finaplix Treated And Control Wethers
PAGE
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103
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TABLE B L46
TABLE 9
TABLE ].0
TABLE 1-1
TABLE 1-2
TABLE ].3
TABLE L4
TABLE 15
TABLE 1"6
Feed Intake And Effíciences Of Feed
Conversion Of Torelor, Finaplix And Control Wethers
The Composition Of Low And High Fat Meat Based DÍets And A Low Fat Cereal-
Diet Fed To Pigs (ø/50k9 Liveweight/Day) Carcass Weights And Fat Dept.hs Of Dorset X Romeny Merino And South Australian
Merino Breeds
Body Composition Data And Intramuscular Lipid Of Dorset Cross Bred And South
Australian Merino Breeds Prior to
Slaughter
Means Of Cholesterol And High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol- In Plasma Of
Pigs Fed Diets Based On Lean Or Fat Or
Cereal Diets
Fat Intake Of Pigs Fed Different Dj-ets
(a) And Major Fatty Acids Of t/ù-3 Meat Based Diets And W-6 Meat Based Diets (b) Fatty Acid Composition Of Muscle SampJ_es
Taken From Wethers Fed Linseed/Lucerne
Diet And Lucerne/Oat Diet Total Plasma Cholesterol Of
Different. Diets Pigs Fed
PAGE
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184
rNDEX OF FIGURES
FIGURE l- Tissue Growth Patterns In Steers FIGURE 2
PAGE
25
Comparison Of The Physiotogical
And Metabolic Changes That Accompany Destructive Lesions Of The Ventro-Medial Hypothalamus (V.M-H) And Lateral
Hypothalamus (Ltt¡
Rel-ationship Between The Digestible Energy (DE) Content Of The Diet and DE Intake, Feed Intake And Faeces
Output For Concentrate Based Diets Predicted Voluntary Intakes Of Three
Feeds By Fattening Mature Sheep,
a) Predicted Empty Body Weights, and
b) Food Intake
Rel-ationship Of The Measured Counts Of
Radioactivity Of Various Concentrations Of Tritium When Extracted By Distillation
(. ) Or Sublimation (X) Techníque
44
FIGURE 3 46
FIGURE 4
FIGURE 5
FIGURE 6
FIGURE 7
Relationship Between Estimated Dry Matter Output And Measured
Dry Matter Output
Faecal-
Faecal
52
99
r-04
Live Vüeight And Body Composition Of )-L7
South Austral-ian Merino, Peppin Merino, Dorset Cross and Suffolk Cross Animals,
a) Live Weight (kg) ; b) Fat (kq) ;
c) Lean Body Mass, and d) Energy (MJ) Voluntary Feed fntake Of The Four Experimental Breeds Over Three
Experimental Periods, a) Voluntary Feed Intake, and b) Metabolízab1e Energy Intake (MJlDay)
FTGURE B 124
FIGURE 9
FIGURE 1O
FIGURE 1]-
FIGURE L2
FIGURE 13
FIGURE T4
FIGURE ]-5
Efficiency Of Feed Conversíon, a)
LiveweÍght Gain/Feed Intake; b) Lean Body Mass Gain/Feed Intake, and c) Gross Efficiency (ME Gain/ME rntake) Live Weight (kg), (a) and Liveweight Gaíns (ø/Day¡, (b) Of Torelor, Finaplix Treated And Control- Wethers
Body Composition Of Torelor And
Finaplix Treated And Control Wethers, a) Lean Body Mass (kg) ; b) Fat (kg) ,
and c) Energry (MJ)
Feed Intake Of Torelor, Finaplix Treated And Control Wethers, a) Feed fntake
(kglDay) , and b) Metabol-izabl-e Energy
Intake (MJlDay)
Efficiency Of Feed Conversion Of
Torelor, Finaplix Treated And Control Wethers, Expressed In Terms Of, a)
Liveweíght Gain/Feed Intake; b) Lean
Body Mass Gain/Feed Intake, and c) Gross Efficiency ¡Æ Gain/Mn rntake Carcass Weight And Fat Depths Of
Dorset Cross Breds And South Australian Merino Lambs At SJ-aughter, a) Carcass Vüeight (kg) , and b) Fat Depth (mm) The Pl-asma Cholesterol Of Pigs Fed
Meat Diets From Animals Fed W-6 Or W-3 Fatty Acids
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