from Australia to France

Qnstc

—|-»

from Australia to France

COGEMA

Executive

summary

Thefirstmaritimeshipmentofresearchreactorspent fuelfromAustraliato Franceinitiatesanew partnership betweenthe Australian NuclearScienceand TechnologyOrganisation,ANSTO,andtheFrenchCompagnie Généraledes I\/latieresNucléaires,COGEl\/IA.

Thespent fuel elementsthat will betransferred

to

Francearisefrom theHIFAR researchreactor,operated by ANSTO.HlFARisat the heart

of

Australia's nuclearscienceandtechnology program,whichencompassesthefieldsof nuclearmedicine, servingdomestic andforeignmarkets,materials and environmentalresearch.

Spentfuelfromnuclearresearch reactorsmaybemanagedunder three main strategies: long-termstorage, direct disposal oroverseasreprocessing.Given the particular natureofANSTO’sfuel,Australia haschosen theoverseas reprocessingpathduetothewidelyrecognisedadvantages

of

this proven industrialsolution.

Toimplementthis strategy,ANSTO hascontractedwithCOGEIVIA,theWorld leaderin nuclearfuel reprocessing,with morethanthree decadesofsuccessful

andsafeindustrial operation. .

Thereprocessingoperationsaswellasthe associated transportswillbecarried outunderverystringentQualityAssurance/Quality Control policies andvvill be infullcompliancewithall relevantinternationalandnational regulations, particularly those relatedtosafety.

Content

Nuclear activities in Australia o_W ow page4

ANSTO’s spent fuel management _____o pageg

COGEMA, a

^<1

d

§- I‘ M soun an

reliable partners

^{so o_o so s}

us

so

page12

.0

Reprocessing,

^-

a durable

and dependable solution __o-__ ____ **

^o_

page15

COGEMA and the environment _u_7_ page 19

Transport of spent fuel

from Australia to France uwo_u__ Y___ page 22

At a glance

^u

-

^V u ^so

page 27

1?;

'1‘~'\1\;§\»:r

The Lucas Heights Science and Technology Centre,

site of Austra|ia’s nuclear research activities

Flustralia was

one

ofthefirst countries

to

build

a

nuclear

researchreactor. TheHighFlux/Ziustalian Reactor(HIF/ZiR). the

onlyfunctioning

nuclear

reactor

inthe

country.

isoperated by/Zii\lSTO

at

theLucas HeightsScience

and

Technology Centre site. some

forty

kilometerssouth

of

Sydney.

Itis

at

theheart

ofalmost all

/ZiNSTO'sresearch

activities and supports

those

ofseueral

other

organisations

ontheLucas Heightssite.

Nuclear activities

in Australia

J

a

What

is a

nuclear research

and mayhold

iso

tonnes

oituel,

whereasHlFAR

reactor?

nominalmaximum poweroutputis

l0

megawatts,

withatotal fuel loadofonly7 kilograms.

Researchreactors playavital roleinimportant Research reactorsaresmallerthannuclearpower

reactorsUsedtogenerateelectrlclm mtermsof medical,environmental, agricultural,scientic sizeandpoweroutput. Forinstance, commercial

power reactors ottenexceed3,000megawatts

HIFARresearchreactorsteelcontainmentbuilding

and industrialapplications.

l—llFAR, a l<ey

tool in Australian nuclear expertise

HIFAR has operated at Lucas Heights since

i958.

Today, HIFAR irradiates materials and generatesneutron beamsforvariouspurposes

atLucas Heights.

page4

inthe elds ofmedicine andhealth, scientific research,theenvironmentandindustry.

Bytheendof 2005, aftermorethan47yearsof operation, l—llFARwill beshutdownand replaced bya newresearchreactorthat willbeconstructed

I Medical applications:

HIFARgeneratesarangeofradioactive elements called radioisotopes.They are selected for their

Anexpertusingaradioisotope

I Industrial applications:

diffractionor scattering techniques.

Thesestudies permit the development ofstronger, lighter, more

resistant anddetectingequipment to check materialsfor theintegrityofapipeline ind Ustry more usefulchemicalsandadvanced pharmaceuticals.

HIFAR irradiates silicon crystals, transmuting silicon atoms into phosphorus to suit the HNSTO producesalmost Specic

90% ofAustralia’: nuclear

medicine requirements Characterlsncs appropriatefordia- gnostic ortherapeutic applicationssuchas muscularskeletalinjuries, pain palliation, heart disease,andthe detectionandtreatmentofcancer.

itsbiggest customersarethe nuclear medicine departmentsofhospitals and clinicsinAustralia andtheAsian region.

ijuclearmedicineisoneofthefastest growing ^T

needs

of

electronic components manufacturers

from

Japan and

other

countries.

The silicon irradiated

in HIFAR is

fieldsinmodern medicine. Irradiated silicon produced^-

--

returned

to

Oncurrentprojections, nearlyeveryAustralian inHIFARisusedextensively silicon suppliers canexpecttohavea nuclearmedicineprocedure 5"the

ele°"°"i”‘ i"d“$">'

vvhere it is sliced

intheirlifetime.

into vvafers and

supplied to electronics companies.

I Sdentlc aPPll¢atl°n53

It is subsequently used in Charge Coupled Withmorethan 7,000 hoursin neutronbeam Devices (CCDs) in video cameras and fax ma- time providedeach year, HIFARis a major chines, in high povver transistors, diodes, researchtoolforscientistsandstudentsfrom thyristors and Silicon Controlled Rectifiers Australiaand overseas. (SCRs)

for

povver transmission and air Studies

ofthe

chemicalstructuresand magnetic

conditioning

control units, and in computer propertiesofmaterialsaremade using neutron DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory).

lilllllflilllllll lllllillllllill

llll lllllllll lllllllllll llllli Ill lllli llllll

llllllllllliilllllll

Ill

ll@l'I|llllllill

page5

Qpe[(1tQ[ Q1 l:llEZlRl

—the United Nations’ International Atomic EnergyAgency (UN-IAEA) and,

—the Organisation for EconomicCooperation and Development's Nuclear EnergyAgency (OECD-NEA).

vtooperate largenuclearscienceand technology basedfacilitiesin Australiaand overseasforthe benefitofindustryandthe Australian research and development community.

Thefacilities operated byANSTO include particularlythe research reactor HIFAR, the Na- tional Medical Cyclotron (NMC) and the TheLucasHeightsScienceand Technology Centre site Australian National Tandem Acceleratorfor

Applied Research (ANTARES).

Established ih April 1987 to tepleee the 0to undertake research on specifictopicsto At,|5tra|iah

Atomic

Energy Commission, the advancethe understanding ofnuclear science Australian Nuclear Science and Technology and The

iieeleeilel

CYele-

Qrganlgatlonl ANSTO, is at the eehtte

of

ANSTO operates in a numberof research areas.

At_|5tra|]ah hueiear eXpett'|5e_» Among themare theapplication ofnuclear ThisAustralian Government agency occupiesa

70-hectaresiteseparatedfrom residences bya

l.6

l<m bufferzone ofpredominantly virgin ^l bushland.

Withastaffofmorethan 800,ANSTOisoneof the largest employersinthe SutherlandShirelocal governmentareaand makesasignificant

economiccontibution to theShireandnearby areas.

TheLucasHeightsScience andTechnology Centre

isalso hometo partofthe Commonvvealth Scientificand IndustrialResearchOrganisation

andotherbusinessesinvolvedinscience and ANS_m,sSm” work technology. Togethervviththeuseofcontractors

andserviceprovidersfrom thelocalarea,some l9l’iY5le5i ad‘/eiieeel Ceiemlei the Pi°¢e55ln9 and 1,109 peepte ate employed atthe Site utilisation of radioactive materials, radioactive

waste management, bio-medicine and health, A[\l§T() pursue;Set/ete| ebjeetit/es; environmental sciences, research in crystal and

0toprovide expert scientificand technical advice meleeillei 5TiUCTUie5i and iedleplieimeeeetleel acrossthe nuclear fuel cycletogovernmentin 5Cleii<Ie5-

support ofnuclear policyissuesofstrategicnatio- 0toapply resulting technologies and otherrele- nal lI’iT€i’8ST andAustralia's international ob|iga- \/ant, UniqueQapabilitiegtofggugged research and

ilOI'iSlit ’EhiSarea developmentand otherscientific activitiesto

ANSTO provides notablythe technical basis for increasethecompetitivenessofAustralian industry AU5Tiella'5leeiilelpeileiilni and improve the qualityoflifeforallAustralians.

page6

F»

»<mr&~

\1 r.

&

é

The HIFAR research reactor.

The top has been removed for routine maintenance

Sincethe

beginning of

its

operations

some

forty

years ago. HIF/ZIRhas

accumulated

an

inventory ofmore than

l.4OO

spentfuel

elements.

ANSTO.

with

the

approval oftheZlustralian

Government, hasselected the overseas reprocessing

path.

To

implement

this strategy.

ANSTO has

contracted with COGEMA

ANSTO’s

spentfuel

management

A

Houz does the reactoc i Qpe[ate7

^l

The HIFAR core contains 25 fuel elements, COOlin9-

Comaining enriched uranium, which is Storing spent nuclear fuel elements

for

alloyed vvith aluminum. All l—llFAR elements several years under Water allows them to were manufactured in the Ul<, vvhile the lOS@

muih

Of their activity.

enriched Uranium W55 gupplied by bgth the \/VlW€l’l ’El’t€ l't€€iT has decreased sufficiently, UK and the USA. After the fuel is placed

llllellm

CW 5tOla9@ l5 made l5>O55lb|€‘-

inside the reactor core, fission - the splitting of uranium atoms - occurs.

After some time, the nuclear fuel is no longer able

to

operate efficiently. Therefore every

four

weeks, three or

four

used or spent fuel elements are removed from the reactor and replaced by nevv fuel elements.

Annually, HIFAR uses around 37 fuel elements.

Once discharged from the reactor core, the

spent fuel elements are stored in pools

for

HIFARfuel element <15PreparedforShipment

page8

m

^{Dependingonthe natureof}the fuel, thelong- maytherefore impairthe development ofthe di- termopt'ions

f

orresearchreactorspentfuelmana- rectdisposaloption for^{' '} researchreactors_Pentfuel gementmayinclude extendedinterimst

directdisposal and overseasreprocessing

Long-term interim storage

orage, formanyyears.

Reprocessing

Theoverseasreprocessingoptionis a reality,as Thelong-term interim storageofspent fuel does demonstrated bydecadesofexperienceinseveral not constitutea reliable solution. Indeed,some countries‘ ' aroundthevvorld. ln France, COGEl\/|A’s researchreactorsoperatorshaveencounteredcor- trackrecord in reprocessing encompassesmore rosionandmaterial' degradation problems' 'in than 30years,mainly' inthe largesca^leLa Hague existingfacilities.Thisoption therefore cannotbe plant.

consideredasanacceptablesolution.

Separatingthe remaining enricheduraniumstill

Directdisposal

contained^{' '}inthe spent fuelfromthevvaste, makes theuranium availablefor furtheruse.Theisolation Thedirect disposalofresearch reactor spent fuel andconditioning

ofthe

ultimate\/vaste^'intoah'ighly elementsoptionfaces severalunsolveddifficulties. stableform providesasafeandsoundsolutionfor Giventhe natureof aluminiumcladfuel, onehas transport,long-termstorage and final disposal.

to

ensurethatthefuelanditsenriched

uranium l\/loreoveritsignificantl, yminim'isesthe ultimate

‘contentvvill remainsafeandstable overalong volumeofthe waste disposedofwhen compared periodoftime. to the other options^' generally availableforRTR Technicalandeconomical risksanduncertainties spentfuelmanagement.

RTR spent fu 1‘ eprocessing, main advantages:

I Recovery of valuable and reusable material

I Reduction of volume of ultimate waste

g I I High Safe conditioning stability of the for ultimate transport, long-term storage and residues final disposal

AN STO’s strategy

4» .A

9

i-if,'-If

».;

^§~;-.f,

_D___..._“.._M...__.___

holdmeSpentfuel element ,-m,e,,w,y oConditioning of thevvasteinto^a dedicate

vfe.

.,'Ȥ

. "L ^-.

*5‘

7» . 3»

5

ryunderground storagefacilityatFINSTO used to

-L I 0': ' u0.|0.;'||'|

Thestrategyputin place by ANSTOandapproved bythe AustralianGovernmentinvolvesthe follovvingsuccessive steps:

0 Reprocessing ofspent fuel overseas,as no reprocessing facility has been established nor will be

established

in

Australia

dform

page9

(l<nownaslong-lived intermediate wasteform), 240 spentfuel elements were shipped to the US suitableforfinal storage. DepartmentofEnergy's Savannah River site, in

- 1998. NowasteswillbereturnedtoAustralia

0 Return of thewastetoAustralia.

fromtheseUS-origin fuel elements.

'

^{L099-Term 5TOfa9e}

of

^The eondltlened Wage Soonafter thislastshipment,the United Kingdom in a national intermediate level radioactive Govemmemdecided DounreayWOU|dnot enter Wage5T9fa9e laelll'W- into new fuelreprocessingcontracts.Thismeant

thatANSTO hadtolooktoother commercial ThreeSlllpmemsofSpentfuel lled alreadybeen reprocessorstohandleitsnon-USorigin spent fuel.

sent overseaspriortotheANSTO-COGEIVIAagree- ment,

two

totheUnited Kingdom and onetothe UnitedStates.

Previous shipments to the United Kingdom and the United States

Thefirst shipmentto theUK, in 1963, wasof 150elements,whilethe second,in 1996, was

of

114 elements.The

two

shipments were sentto the United KingdomAtomicEnergyAuthority's Dounreayplantin Scotland.

HIFARhasalso used US-originfuel elements.The

UnitedStates has launcheda programto ANS]-0,5Staffeompletmgp,epa,at,O,efe, repatriatethe spent fuelOfUS-origin, and apreviousshipmentofspent fuel

J

A new PARTNERSHIP

ANSTOandCOGEIVIAcompletednegotiationsand (about^1,3OOfuel elements) and hasprovisions

acontractwas signedinJanuary, 1999. Underthe forthe reprocessingofthe spent fuelfromthe termsofthiscontract,COGEIVIAwillassistANSTO FE-plaC€'men’£FGHCTOF

intheimplementation ofitsstrategyofdurable

andreliableback-end managementforthe The1,300 HIFARspent fuel elements willbe researchreactor gpent fuel, transportedinfourshipmentsfromtheendof The servicesthatCOGEIVIA shall performare, 199910 Z004-

briefly:

Transportofthe {LEI dementsin Theultiimateresiduessfhallbereturnedto dedicated casksonspecially equippedshipsfrom Ausllala’ asplovlded orbylheFrenchlaw’ and Australiato France. bytheterms

of

the commercial agreement. Both theFrenchandAustralian Governmentssupport

o Reprocessing ofthe spent fuel elements at the the principleofthe retem COGEIVIA-La Hagueplant.

Thereturnshipmentsofresidues,whichwill be

9 COFTClltlOl’lll'lgOfll'l€ultimateWGSTQ ll'llO8St<'ilfJl€ encasedinSpecialCanistersContainedin dUa|_

form

purposecasks(fortransportand storage),shall

oReturnof ultimateresiduesforstorage and final takeplace by 2015.Thequantityofresiduesto

disposal inAustralia bereturnedisestimatedtobe36 canisters having

Thecontractcoversall non-USHIFARspent fuel atotalvolumeofaround 6cubic meters.

page 10

The COGEMA Group is active throughout the world

in the nuclear fuel cycle

WW!

Uranium mining

Uranium enrichment

Uranium conversion

La Hague

reprocessing plant

Fuel

assembly manufacturing

Nuclear transport

COGEMA

asound

9

and reliable partner

France is one ofthe leading nuclear technology I

9 9 8

countries in the world

with

58 nuclear power plants in operation. Nuclear provides 76%

of

French electricity output. Several companies and _34.4

research institutes are in charge of running the 30.5

"'7

^31.5

[4.8]

French nuclear technology program. Among them.

COGEM/Fl Group. established in

I976 specialises in the nuclearfuel cycle.

Its main share holders are the French State

consolidated

Sales

revenue

(8/.5%). the Total Fina-Elf Group

(/5%)

and an engineering group, Technip (3.5%).

The COGEM/Zl Group is active throughout the

2&4 iii

Iljl

iI—i

II

[as]

[225]

[0.4/

_ 1.2

world in various fields from uranium mining and if

]

enrichment to spentfuel reprocessing and recycling as well as transport. Outside the nuclearfield. the COGEM/Z1 Group also provides engineering and services to several industries.

With a workforceof I8.700 highly skilled and well-trained persons and a consolidated sales re- ⁱ venue ofmore than

3/ billion

French Francsfor fiscal year /998. COGEA/IA ranks among the foremost French industrial ^groups.

COGEM/Zl provides services to French and foreign customers: 40.5 %

of

the above cited figure was achieved abroad.

COGEM/Zi has subsidiaries and affiliates mainly in the USA. Germany, Belgium, Spain, Ukraine.

japan, Republic of Korea, China. Taiwan and

Australia.

COGEMZl's activities contribute to the optimisation of the use ofenergy resources and the minimisation ^l of ultimate waste volume and toxicity in line

with

the objectives defined at the /992 Earth Summit regarding sustainable development.

page 12

‘\

0.45]

[DA

[D U1

LO CT!

LO

\J

ID

U

Contributions of

each

activity to consolidated

sales revenue

of the

COGEMA

Group in I998

Share

of

sales

abroad in

consolidated

sales revenue

COGEMA

an |'n|.u;a||a|

⁰

{III Ii’ '1 luq ' {'0

⁰

nail '

COGEIVIA is the

world's

largest provider

of

^l\/lOFe specifically. the COGEl\/lA Group ^haS spent fuel reprocessing services,

with

over gained SOunOl eXi>erienCe in RTR Spent fuel

14,500 tonnes

of

Light Water Reactor management, including

transportation,

(Power Reactor) spent fuel reprocessed by reprocessing,

conditioning

and shipment

of

mid-1999.

the related

ultimate

waste.

Controlroomat COGEMA-La Hague

COGEl\/IA has

many years of lh addition

t0

the contract With ANSTO, experience COGEIVIA has spent fuel management reprocessing RTR contracts

with

the Belgian BR2 research spent fuel

from

reactor and the international ILL research French research reactor in France.

reactors.

The

hm Transportation of

RTR

spent

reprocessing

fuel

plant in . . _.

operation in ^{, T}

France was l\/larcoule, which operated from ^l the

mid-1950's

to September 1997.

The La Hague industrial complex, located in Normandy, started up in 1966 and has been reprocessing nuclear spent fuel from French and foreign

utility

customers since then.

COGEl\/IA-La Hague has a nominal capacity of 1,700 tonnes per year and has contracts

to

reprocess nuclear spent fuel

with

about Shipmeneofkmspentfuel

29 utilities from 6 countries (France, Japan, from“-reBe|gianBR2 COGEMA Germany, Switzerland, Belgium and

the

Ft-‘$¢‘1'¢h'¢'1¢f°"

through

ltsi

Netherlands). ^{Subsldlafy .}

TRANSNUCLEAIRE offers optimised ^services The WhO|e pram ^has reached a high degree covering the complete transport chain (cask

of

industrial performance

together with

deslgn and

mamlfactufer transport

outstanding quality, safety,

flexibility

and

pfepafatlon

and

f°ll°W'thf°U9h' malnte'

environmental protection results. fiance)-

La Hague plant evolution has always been TRANSNUCLEAIRE uses several types

of

casks characterised by the implementation

of for

the

transport of

RTR spent fuel.

state-of-the-art

equipment. New units are In 1999, TRANSNUCLEAlRE has introduced a less than 10 years old and will be operational new generation

transport

cask, called the

for

several decades into the next century. ^TN-|\/ITR. This cask has been specially

designed

for

easy handling,

without

COGE|\/IA has set up a unique gathering of sophisticated equipment. it will be used for the most advanced technologies

to

minimise the transport Of ANSTO'S Spent fuel elements.

and manage waste arising from nuclear ^RTR spent fuel

transportation

is routinely

spent fuel processing. made around the

world.

page 13

'0

l993i l6

5lllF>m@0Y5 Were Performed by vvaste

for

storage and final disposal including TRANSNUCLE/\lREr TWO

of

Which We"? from vitrified fission products and compacted

The Belgian BR2 f@5@aT¢h Teacloi structural pieces

that

arise from reprocessing

Reprocessing of spent fuel

UnloadingRTRspentfuel at LaHague

About13,000kg

of aluminide spent fuel arising from 21 research reactors and 5,900 l<g

of

heavy metal of other types of

RTR fuels vvere successfully reprocessed at

the

COGEl\/lA- UPl plant located at l\/larcoule.

UPT vvas shut do\/vn

for

com- mercial reasons in 1997 after

forty

years of satisfactory operation. The knovv-hovv gained

through

this experience has been transferred

to

the

framework

of La Hague

plant activities.

Conditioning ofthevvaste

Glasspouringatthevitrification facilityat COCEMA-La Hague

For the

ultimate

disposed

of

in Australia, COGEl\/IA Wlll use the Universal Canister.

The Universal Canister can

every type of

operations.

As of

mid-i999,

6,600 vitrifed residues canisters have been safely produced at COGEl\/IA-La Hague in full compliance vvith customer requirements and the relevant na- tional regulations.

Transportation of ultimate

residues

Previousreturnshipmentofvitrifiedresidues fromCOQEMA-La Haguetojapan

yesydtles to be The return

of

residues is a vvell-established procedure as 6 overseas transports

of

vitrified residues have already been safely conducted by sea, road and rail (4 to Japan and 2 to Germany).

The

transport of

the conditioned

ultimate

residues as vvell as the reprocessing and conditioning steps abide by the most

accommodate stringent

international and national

regulations and standards.

page14

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The COGEMA-La Hague plant

Thereprocessing

of

HIF/ZlRspentfuel elements

will

^be

performed undertheroutine. well-established

industrial

processinuse

at

COGE/\/l/Zl~LaHague. Reprocessingis a series

ofmechanical and chemical operations which

separatethe

valuable and

reusable

material still contained

in

nuclear

spentfuel (suchasenriched

uranium) from final

wastes

that

haveno

further

use

and cannot

berecycled.

After having

beenseparated,thewastesare

conditioned into

auerystable

and compact form suitable for transport,

storage

and final

disposal.

\

Reprocessing,

O

a durable and

dependable solution

The PROCESS

‘IQ II‘ I’

Reprocessing involvesseveralsuccessive steps. ^In vvill becutintopiecesasnecessaryand dissolved addition,preliminaryoperationsarecarried out intoa nitricacid liquor.Theliquorarisingfrom before actual reprocessing begins. HIFARspent fueldissolutionvvillbeblendeddovvn

vvith liquorsfromdissolutionofcommercial

R€C€pTlOl’l and storage

li’l povverreactorspentfuel.

spent fuel storage pool

ln the

further

process steps, uranium vvill be OnarrivalattheCOGEIVIA-LaHague reprocessing separated

for

storage and subsequent plant,aftercheckingthe transportcasksandtheir recycling. Fission products, the very lovv contents,thefuelelementsvvill beremovedfrom

quantity

of

plutonium,

and structural pieces thetransportcasks, placed in baskets andstored vvill then be conditioned into a very stable undervvaterinadeactivation pool, enabling form suitable

for

transport, storage and final cooling,asnecessary,before thecommencement disposal.

ofreprocessing.

Waste conditioning Spentfuel reprocessing

Theindustrialprocessappliedtotheconditioning Reprocessingvvill beginwiththe dissolution ofthesevarious categoriesofwastesvvillvary operation. Onceoutofthe pool, the spent fuel accordingtotheir nature.

pagel6

Fissionproducts andplutoniumvvill bevitrified, thenbeencased inastandardstainless steel thatis, incorporatedintoastableglassmatrix, packagereferredtoastheUniversal Canister.

while structural piecesvvill becompacted indiscs.

Afterbeingfilled, the canistersvvill behermetically Almostalltheradioactivityvvillbeencased inthe sealedandvvillundergoaseriesof thorough

glassmatrix. checks.

Boththeglassmatrix and compacteddiscsvvill

ENCAPSULATION

iv H

^{. [}

2

^.

Theconditioned ultimateresiduesthatvvill be Quality Control program (QA/QC)toguarantee returnedtoAustraliaareindustrially proven high thattheconditionedultimateresiduescomply technologyproducts, manufactured under strict withthe abovementioned specications.

Quality AssuranceandQuality Control systems.

l\/lore specifically,adedicatedQADepartmenthas

fe

'_"‘1i"

An industrially pl'OV€i'i hlg

^|’i been setupatl.aHague. ltguarantees thevvhole

cha';:"':l""ft'°5

^°7; T€Cl'i

nology

^{pFOCl UCT.} .. plant QualitySystemwhilemonitoring the quality

canemguizsgs ofproducts delivered bynearly200 suppliers.

follows:

Theindustrialprocesses(vitrification,‘compaction Each year, i00,000 conditionedproductsare Height:

L34

andconditioning instandard packaging)thatvvill checkedaccordingtothis framevvork.

outside beusedtosafelyimmobilisethe various inaddition, on November 26,

i997,

the La Hague diameter: categoriesofresiduesremovedfromHIFARspent plantvvasgrantedtheISO9002certification,

43cm fuelthrough reprocessingatLaHagueresultfrom followingathorough audit

ofthe

site.Thisproves thirtyyearsofextensive researchcarriedoutin the consistency and efficiencyofthe QAsystem in France. TheseR&Dactivitiesvvereaimedat placeatLa Hague.

identifyingthemost stable solid form to immobi-

lisethe resulting long-lived intermediatelevel Ontop of that, foreignCOGEIVIAcustomershave

wastes. contracted the internationallyknovvn Bureau

Veritaswiththe responsibilityof controllingthe Alltheindustrial processes, vvhoseefficiencyhas operations,theindependent checkingoftheQA been internationallyrecognised,arealreadyorwill programs and theability tocertifycomplianceof

beshortlyimplementedon acommercialscaleat eachvitrifiedresiduescanistervvithagreed theCOGEIVIA-La Haguereprocessingplant.l\/lore specifications.

than 6,600 canistersofvitrified residues have beensafelyproduced^asofSeptember i999.

...offering numerous ...manufactured undervery advantages

stringent Quality Assurance

and COmfQ| 5y5tem5

^Thevitrificationandcompaction offinalvvastesas vvell astheuseofastandard packagingto condi- tiontheseultimate residuesprovideseveral

a . Alltheconditioned ultimateresiduestobe re- advantages,

' ^. turnedtoAustraliavvill bemanufactured incom-

pliancevvithspecifications meeting theIAEAcrite- ¢

High stability and safety of the ultimate

riaforlong-lived intermediatelevel vvastesand residues

TheUniversalcanlslef approvedbythe relevantcompetentauthoritiesin

Australia and France.COC-iEi\/|Avvillimplement Theindustrialtechnologies developedandimple- verystringentQuality Assurancesystemsand mented atCOGEl\/lA-l_a Hagueprovideforastable

page 17

and long-term immobilisation ofthe various (cementation)usedtoimmobilise structuralpieces vvastessorted

outthrough

reprocessing.Asforthe thatare novvcompacted.

vitried residues,thehighstabilityofsucha glass matrix^isillustrated byanalogywiththeglass obsidian,a natural mineralthatremainsfor thousandsofyearsvvithout alteration.

Theultimateresidues aretherefore stablefortrans- port, long-term storage and final disposal.

0 Easy

handling and management of the ultimate residues for disposal

Thisadvantageresultsfrom theuseof^astandard package, theUniversal Canister,toaccommodate alltypes

of

long-livedandintermediatelevel 0

Volume reduction of ultimate residues

vvastes,regardless

oftheirform,

activity andfinal

for disposal

destination.

TheRTRspent fuelmanagementpolicyasimple- Thefinalresiduesthatwill bemanufacturedat mentedatLa Hagueoffersanimportantvolume COGEMA-LaHaguevvill bedirectly suitablefor reductionfactorascomparedtotheotheroptions final disposal vvithoutanyfurther conditioning.

generally availableforRTRspent fuel manage- Theconditioning ofvvasteintouniversalcanisters ment. Inaddition,theimprovementovertheyears givesthe abilitytorationalisevvastemanagement

ofthe

techniquesusedatLaHagueallovvs an foronsitehandling,fortransportoperations, and optimisation ofthevvasteconditioning. Forin- forinterim storage and ultimategeological stance,thankstothecompactiontechnique, the disposal. Forthe returnshipment,theUniversal volumeofthe finalresidues has beendivided by4 Canistersvvill beloadedintodual-purpose storage comparedtothe previousconditioningprocess andtransportcasl<s.

Spentfueldeactivation in storagepool

1

Dilution ofthe HIFFlRfueldissolution liquorinthemainflux resultingfrom commercial powerreactors spentfuel dissolution

Chemical

separation

’

Uranium

Plutonium

Structuralpieces

Compaction

page 18

Main steps

of reprocessing

UniversalCanisters ofvitrifiedand compactedresidues

aé

I

\% $

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‘ii

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i

COGE ‘

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if

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Wiaat

is

radioactivitiy?

Radioactivityisthe propertyofcertain atomsto emitradiation.Theatomsconstitutingallmatter

Natural radioactivity nowadays originates mainly fromfoursources:

-cosmicraysfromthesunandthe outerspace, -radiation emitted bynumerous radioactive aremade upofanucleusaroundwhichelectrons elementssuchasuranium andthoriumnaturally gravitate.Thenucleiarethemselves made upof presentintheEarth'scrust,

two

kindsofparticles: protonsand neutrons.The -air,containingemanations

of

radon,aradioac- nuclei maybestableor unstable,thelatter change tivegasproducedbythedecayof uraniumand spontaneously andturn intonew atomsof thoriumcontainedinthe Earth's crust,

differentchemical elements,whileemittingone or -naturalradioactivity contained infoodand moreradiation.They are saidto^beradioactive.

Theradiationconsistsofthe emissionof different kindsofparticles carryingmoreorlessenergy.

Where does radioactivity some from?

Radioactivityisanintegral partofthe lifeof the universe. Itispresent everywhere,even

without

anyhuman contribution.

~ 65%oftheradiation dosereceived bymanis

natural.

AirTravel-1%'

drinlcs.

0 35 O/Oof the radiation dose received is man- made.Thisradioactivity comesfrom:

-medicalirradiation whichisthe greatest source

of

exposureowingtothedevelopmentofradio- therapy, nuclearmedicine andthermal cures (somemineralwatersarerich inradium andtho- rium),

-technical and industrial activitiessuchasair travel, TV setsorcomputerscreensalsobringtheir contri- bution ona more daily basis.

How

is

radioactivity measured?

altitude(8-l1kmi sustain increased exposurewith _ ^{. .} . .

doses betweeno.oo1~o.oosmiiiisievertper hour.

We-W

^~ac oact^T.eactivityismeasured in becquerels

Rooks and Soil-20%

Allrocks and soilcontainradioactive material.Thiscontributestoexposure bothdirectlybygamma radiationand indirectlybybeingincorporatedinto the food andwater we consume.

Cosmic Rays-10%

Thedosefromcosmicradiation ishighlyvariable tromone

‘-'l'ieaveiagectcsetrori*'*etxzrr:1z:i.:ar

‘ Ai.:§iaiasaoot.r‘~ribe»etoe'a»as:rw.ear

1!]

l.)

ice number of disintegrations

of

nuclei

;::-"

^{pg eachsecond ina sample.Theamount}

3"

é’&'gy

impartedtotissuesfromexposureto

'2:

^{aton isreferred}toasabsorbeddose,theunit use: $T"€ gray(Gy).

"

^{2" effects}of radiationonan exposed

(

() ()

kt) f‘i

W

o"ca" 5"”. 'e"'e"ed toaseffective dose equivalent,

locationtoanotheranddepends --MRadmnmy inAn, 25% -

onaltitude.latitude.and.very ~ Fqgd and Drink.10» R G Hh- ' ff b k ‘- /'\-. ^A -'_ ,. - ^,

occasionally,onsunspotactivity. Anumberofradmacmfe asdZgiiswrggioigyeegezayy '°':^{5 b} M

:c

^>.1':C " ^>i

:

^.

: '

^tSlS\), bUT‘lll'i€tl'lOUSGl"lCltl'l elémenisfe ¢°"YlW°U$l‘/ productswhich. wheninhaled.

Pfvdwed"Yme im°$P"EF@ contributetointernalexposure.

by cosmic rayinteractions withmatterand are eventually incorporatedinto thefood chain.

ofa Siettert,I."€ miiislevert(mSv) ^iscurrently used.Amodern chestX-rayresultsinan approximatedoseof0.03 mSv.Throughoutthe world theannual average equivalent dose dueto Distributionofaverageannualradiationdose natUra|exposure15around2_4mgvl

page 19

R

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Re

Q 112 1.I

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t\eh‘i§\Qi:,iiiii“\ii _he

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gut. eta;

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aw;-5;

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conforming withtheISO9000 standard.

TheQualityAssuranceandQuality Control programs areauditedbyanindependent thirdparty,the Fromtheverybeginningthe nuclear industryhas internationallyknovvn Bureau Veritas,makingsure been particularly carefultominimiseharmtothe thattheseprograms set-upbyCOGEl\/l/-\are environment.COGEl\AA'scarefortheenvironment appropriateand consistently applied.

isoneofthe mostimportant components ofits

generalpolicy. COGEl\/IA hasfora longtimebeen Tits;

asignatory

ofthe

"Companies charterfora

sustainabledevelopment”and hasmadeevery

effort tointegratethe spiritof^thisCharterintoits -io assesstheehi/iiohmehtei iihheciOi:the ovvnstructureand intoitsdailymanagement activitiesperformed atLe Hague,COGEMA methods. Thishasbeendonebycontrollingthe eihhioysheimehehiiy24heohieehd 5Sheciaiized undesirable effectsofradiation andofby-products Vehieie5_

asWellastomakethe best possibleuseofravv materials and rehabilitationofsites.

Samplingisdone onthe atmosphere, rainwater, vvatertables,vvater used in homesorinagricul-

ture,seavvater,streams, plants,meat and milk

Monitoring

Intheimplementationofthis polic ,COGEl\AA_V fromcattleraisedinthe surroundings, fish, theenvironment

ovvesagreatdealto the totalcommitment of^its ihoiiusesiCiiisiaceahs ehdeigee

employees.Thecareof environment^isplaced Eachyeah 25,000Saihhies areiakehiOhWhich underthe responsibilityofthe Direction

of

ihoie ihah

80000

ehaiyses arecaiiied

out

Quality-Safety-Environment at headquarters,with

ateamofenvironmentaladvisersateach site. In 1997theimpactofCOGEl\/IA-La Hague releases

forthe

“criticalgroup”(i.e.the more Thiscommitment to environment protection has theoreticallyexposedpeople)vvas0.017mSvper led tosettingupanenvironmentalmanagement year,i.e. eighttimeslovverthantheimpactfrom system basedon theISO 14000 standard oneach the maximum authorized releasesset by decrees ofCOGEl\/lA’s sites.Thisinitiativeispartofa

ofthree

Ministries(0.l5mSv), andonehundred

muchwiderQualitymanagementprocessthathas timeslo\/verthanthe impactofnatural

M°"iif>Ti"8

the been setupinthemajorityofCOGEl\/lAplants radioactivityinthe region,vvhich is2.6 mSvper

e"””°"me"t

andsites.Aboutthirty ofthesearecertifiedas personperyear.

page20

_

J

/

‘

__%

\'

_‘\

T

HIF/Z1lRspentfuel elements

will

be

transported

by sea

from

/Zlustralia to Francein

specially

designed

transport

containers, orcasks, on

board

a

dedicated

uessel.

Thecasks

and

shipused, as

well

as the

organisation

o/‘the

transport

meetthe latest requirements

of

the enforceable

international and national

regulations.

Transport

ofspentfuel

from Australia

to France

TRANSPORTATION

Tl'l€

CllTT€l’€|’lTSTQDS o Loading ofthe casksonto a dedicated ship.

TheshipmentofHIFARspent fuel elementsvvill ANSTO hascontractedanexperiencedtransport involveseveral successive steps. agenttoberesponsibleforalltransport

preparationandimplementation between the

0 Loading fuel elements atthe reactorsiteinto reactor andthe ship,including loadingof^casks

the dedicated casks. ontothevessel.

Thespentfuelelementsvvillbeloaded undervva- v Sea transportation from the Australian port to terintothetransportcasksatANSTO’s site,tol- theFrench portofCherbourg (l\/lanche).

lo\/vingestablishedandpractised procedures.The

casksvvillthenbedrained, vacuum dried and Thisseatransportationvvill becarriedoutona

hermeticallysealed. dedicated shipmeeting the requirementsofthe INF-2classificationsetdovvn bytheInternational

oTransfer ofthetransportcasks byroadfrom the l\/laritimeOrganisation(|l\/IO). TheINFcode Lucas Heightssitetoa port in New South Wales. appliestotheshipscarrying Irradiated Nuclear

Fuel. Suchships have beenoperated by Theloaded caskswill betieddovvn in specially TRANSNUCLEAIREsince 1995.

strengthened steelshipping ISOcontainersand COGEl\/lA is responsible

for

all transport transported by road to the port. preparation and implementation from the time

page 22

--r

thecasksare loaded onto the ship until their transportation.

arrivalatthe reprocessing site,and hassubcon- Theywillthenbetransported byroadtothe^La tractedall therelated transportservicesto Hague reprocessing plant where the shippingcon

TRANSNUCLEAIRE. tainersvvill beunloadedfromthetrailer.

Later,the spentfuelelementswillbeunloadedun-

0AtCherbourg transfer of the transport casks den/vaterfromthetransportcasks,placedin basket<

fromthevesseltotheCOGEIVIA-La Hague and stored unden/vaterinadeactivation pool.

c; z Specially

Q O \\

t

designed

‘z.

‘

^{Y‘ :}

. ,,,

tra nsport casks

“ " 33__“.£/"~12?”** ^S

. _/.

if

;; ^A

.5’

Lidsecurelybolted Special sealinlid

/

ANSTO'sspent fuel elementswillbe

Heavy steel

ThickleadShim transported inspecially

Fireand im act deslgned casks

Metalbasketscontaining^_

/

fuel ^Trresistant^ans”nShffd^{°ask j Three}similarsafetycharacteristics^{- - typesofcasks}' ^vvith-

s <1 <1 h' ^{" *1 -}

..... . ./C§§Qa,?,',,,s 'pp'“g; Wlllbeused.Thesecasks,

so named Ll-lRL 120,TN 7-2

f. we

^{'_ _. . . A and}TN-l\/lTR,are cylindrica

.. .. *

“A

^is

’

istructuresandWeigh

‘ around 20 tonneseach.Th

$°"e'"““" °f

‘he LHRL' '20

"""‘P°" "‘“"

l_l—lRl_-120vvasdesigned and builtpurposelyfor the carriageofHIFARspent fuel andhas

reprocessing plant by roadtransport. performed previous shipmentsvvith anexemplary Oncearrivedatthe Cherbourg port,the shipping safetyrecord.

containersvvillbetransferred, byusinga harbour

crane, fromthevesselto^atrailervvitha maximum TheTN 7-2 and TN-l\/ITR casks have been grossvveightof40metrictonnes, meeting_all designed by TRANSNUCLEAIREfor

domestic regulations regarding hazardous material accommodating differenttypesofRTRspent fuel,

i

§ i

i i .

LEAD /g ^»_-_.___ ^2CONCENTRIC

COOUNG FINS

1"

= is-It-*==‘?a‘.’a-’..;., i 5

TIE-DOWN '

4-I;-'

STNNLESS

mes r ^{‘~ _'} Q5’-“i STEEL

i LEAD theirsecurityand reliabilityhave been

K L carefully tested.Theyhavebeenfully

ll E:

^{, t*=} P"°TE¢“°" ^- licensed

forthetransportof

RTRspent includingtheHIFARfuel elements.

TRANSNUCLEAIRE hasdesigned more iv ^{fl L;}i ^{-ts I} thanonehundredshipping casksand

J '

\\

^{l SHOCK}

.. ’ “ii'1 requirements.

ABSORBER containersmeetingall regulatory

,//, \\

¹

S W°°°

“T”

^{~.}\ ‘K '_} The TN-l\/ITR cask,thelatestdesignedo

@

vzmoninca = t

^if TRANSNUCLEAIRE,incorporates state0

1 the art features, high capacity and^easy

handling.

l

.

mi VI

‘§_:<-._._A.-—__—_?..Y__,Y.*-...,

‘\

~'I-'-‘Z-‘J-“.--.-.,.----ea-»»~i..a.-.‘

1.

R-—V

ik

U“

_._.

V“.

___

t‘

l h mu mull‘

.1._.

1'

,

'°"""“°$ All casksvveredesigned and built to

"munmous .~.__~-. _— <

‘M

t ' ~ -....a.~. BASKETeon

l \ - _{\ 4}

"=LE"e"*

.= ii'@1¢ 2

>

l

l

it-ff"

^{~. standardsforType B(U)Fpackagingset}

byinternationalexpertsrepresentingthe 127member countries

ofthe

lnternatio nalAtomicEnergyAgency(IAEA)and

1 l fuelbytherelevantcompetent

'1’ authoritiesinAustraliaand France.

Schematic ofthe TN-MTR transport cask

page 23

D€CllCE3T€Cl V€SS€l equipmenton board, including the abilityto protect the casks by spraying water

A specificpurposevesselwill be usedtotransport 0 Duplicated electrical systems Al\lSTO’sspent fuel elementsfromAustraliato ⁰ Radiological monitoring equipment

France. 0 Modern communication and tracking system.

ThisEuropean registered shipis90 meterslong and 16meterswide and carriessufficientfuelto completeajourney

without

any port-call.

lthasregularlybeen usedto transportradioactive materials between Europe,UnitedStatesandAsia.

Itmeetsthe international standardsand

requirementsoftheINF-2classificationsetdown bythe InternationalMaritimeOrganisation (IMO).

Accordingto theINF-2classification,theshipis

equipped with:

0 Lateral reinforcement tanksfor minimising A TR7lN5NUcl5/MR5 ‘Peel/ic P'"P°$e

""°'e‘"

damage and

for

safetyin caseof accident materialstransportvessel

Q Additional fire detection and fire

fighting

The INF-2 classification requirementsalso include systems.The shipiscovered byafiredetection a radiation protectiontraining program forthe systemandhassophisticatedfireextinguishing crewand a specificshipboard emergencyplan.

A

ll

TRANSPORTATION '1

^{. 0. 0 0.}

u '

^{. 0}

.

Thecasl<sandship used,aswell^astheorganisa- Australia, these rules includethe Australian tion

ofthetransport

meetthe latest requirements Dangerous Goods code. In France, the current ofthe enforceable internationalandnational regu- regulation

for

road transport isbased onthe

lations. following European Union Directive:

thetransportofradioactive material.

0 Dangerous goodstransportation isregulated by

- the order relativetothe carriage of dangerous Theobjectiveofthe regulationsis

t0

protectthe goodsbyroad based onthe EuropeanAgreement public,transportworkersandpropertyfromboth concerning the international carriageof

the direct and indirect effectsofradiationduring Dangerous goodsby Road(orADR).

Seatransportationcomplieswiththeruleofthe

Inparticular, thetransportation ofresearchreactor International MaritimeDangerousGoods (lMDG) spent fuel complieswith

two

typesof stringent code,adopted bythe InternationalMaritime andwell-established regulations: dangerous goods Organization (IMO).Thiscodeoffers guidanceto andradioactive materials. personsinvolvedin handling andtransport

ofall

hazardousmaterialin portsand onboardships.

variousrulesdepending onthe modeof transport o In thecaseof radioactive material transporta- (road, railand sea)andthe countries involved. ln tion, the International Atomic EnergyAgency, a

page24

,__ - _

- I-

I - _

_,_t.

^— l

_-_-_-c .-_.___

,..-_--_'__,.--,. vvtv .'

^:><v

.-::-

^3- - ^—~- ^- -^{— __}

"€Qu5:.O"5 C€' "‘€Y."’E€ 35C<5g "Q C5'.€§C'

:: 3'-

_\

.-

^{_ _ _ _ _ _} \

design

criteria,tal<ingintoaccountthe

^{. . .}

OT‘\.‘v‘&I:"Oi 5

Ci’

CC L‘

"-.

^:E§

7-

-

'-_

^-

radioactivityaswellastheform

ofthe

material andatZOOmetersforat

transported. ^.

the transportcasksmustcomplywith thehighly

Aftertheseteststhecaskmust remainleal<tight

‘

andretain enough

of

itsshieldingtoensurethat

Inor

erto

transportresearchreactorSpent we’ anyradiationdoseis\/vithin internationallyagreed

i-

limits.

stringentIAEATypeB(U)FSpecications‘ A“Stof Compliancewithregulationsresultsin certifica-

verystringenttestsmustbeperformedtocheck . _

theresistanceandsafetyofthe package.

Thesetests include notably:

tionbytherelevantnuclear safetyautho"'._. *2 casksthatare usedfortheshipmentca^.e :>e"

licensed bythe relevant Austra‘ac 2"

:

1

-' '

authorities.

oTwo punishing droptests. Moreover, in

i993,

1"-3 ‘SC es".=_

'-- '-

^I

In one, thecask isdropped from a height ofone code,vvhich

'eco"r~e":s Mt:

-

-

-s

r;

^se

meterontoasteel punch bar. safety

oftne

.esses

:5" ' --

~' -

t

²

inanothertest,the caskis dropped nine meters coxer"g ice ce: gs

.:e:

‘ - - ~

t

onto^an unyielding surface- asurfacemorelr~.flex‘-

co"ce'"e:

blethan anyfoundin

nature-to

stimulaterea

'*e

esse

': 2:

^{w e-}

:1“

^{s —} ‘ _ —

'

impactsfrom fargreater heights.

:a'.:*

OZ

ormal s l

Waterspray averin Drop from0.3to1.2 m ': Stacxin;511'55 :9-§¢-;3- '55- the nacxage we

;r'

^». ~ . :a' ^3-5

.;

/> nr¢\|\I\;'II-¢ ‘UH-u -.-.--.4 ^-

-

Accident Q Y '

conditions

^.

s?

‘of transport

_i “

Drugsfrom9m Dropfrom1m Fire atBWC,30mn immersion under ⁵

heights(5) onapunch bar 15m

and 200m

l

'

On anunyielding surface

MaintestsforTypeBpackages

m

Thesafetyarrangements—thespeciallydes