UCT JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES RESEARCH 2019(03)
Available online at http://journals.researchub.org
* Corresponding author: [email protected] DOI: https://doi.org/10.24200/jsshr.vol7iss03pp37-41
The impact of network of social relationships effective in drug addiction and crime in connection with the it
Mohammad Soleimani
1* , Mehdi Khaghani Esfahani
21Department of Law, Electronic Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
2Department of Law, Electronic Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
ARTICLE INFO
Article history:
Received 08 Jan 2019
Received in revised form 13 Jun 2019 Accepted 23 Aug 2019
Keywords:
Social factors, Chaos, Crime, Drugs, Addiction, Subcultures
ABSTRACT
Objective: The incidence of social disorders, and most important of all drug-related crimes in the city of Kermanshah, the city's major problems at the present time and concern for city managers and those involved in the judicial and police it. On the other hand, the incidence of social disorders, particularly one of the important problems of the country at the present time and concern for judicial and law enforcement authorities of the country. Methodology: In this regard this research tries to introduce the crime of drug offenses in the field of environmental crime prevention steps. Prmsylh marginal urban areas in terms of physical boundaries, population density and high rates with high restrictions in terms of per capita of urban services and equipment and installations, so that many users necessary or, in this region there is severe or deficiency. Results: It seems that in order to increase safety and reduce disparities in the cultural, economic, family in this area from the perspective of criminology and judicial system, without the need to redesign spaces, organizing deserted and abandoned spaces and balance of the per capita land in this area of the city of Kermanshah is most felt. Conclusion: With the police in combating crime prevention and environmental performance of early substance abuse help, and also understanding of the economic, social, cultural and educational, cultural Vkhrdh offenders who are causing constituent elements of crime prevention take.
1. Introduction
Addiction and drug-related crime are two of the most intractable social problems facing the World. The link between drugs and crime has been a topic of sustained interest to scholars and policy makers alike, as is evidenced by a large volume of literature from seminal works such as Terry and Pollens‘ The Opium Problem (1928) to more contemporary works such as Shiner and Newburn (1997).
Although drug abuse is not limited to a particular age group or gender, it is primarily developed by youth. Youth to youth through features such as: risk, pleasure and diversity, more than other social groups are exposed to drug use. Research on the factors influencing this phenomenon, mainly positivist methodology is based on theories such as "anomic situation", "social disorganization", "and preferential association" and "social control" refers. Drug control policies are also identified as a coherent theoretical basis of scientific findings and take advantage of this theory are the fundamental variables involved in the problem of industrialization, individualism and, availability of drugs unemployment effectively control. But many official reports, the effectiveness of control programs using drugs challenge. Reports of the International Centre show that not only uncontrolled drug use among young people, but also a group of young people rather than taking a specific drug substance, a combination of drug use and the spread of drug use and multiple patterns is (EMCDDA, 2009).
Although many drug misusers, particularly in recent years, experience periods of prolonged homelessness, most continue to live in, or be otherwise associated with, their neighborhoods and families of origin. In research on drug misusers in treatment, 66% were living in the parental home while 17%
were living with a partner, 6% were living alone, 4% were homeless and 3% were living alone with children (O‘Brien, 2000). This picture is reflected in an evaluation of a community drug project where most attendees continued to live in their parents' homes and while the majority report positive
relationships with their parents, significant numbers experienced problems associated with conflict, violence and physical abuse (McKeown and Fitzgerald, 1999). Fifty per cent of attendees of the project had siblings who were also drug users and 20% of members of this group had a brother or sister who died as a consequence of their drug problems. Similarly, a health board report on drug-users in treatment also highlights large numbers (60% of 94) who continued to live in the family home, with the majority of these reporting family problems (Dorman and Jones, 1999).
1.1 Foundations and theoretical perspectives
Theories of sociology of deviance (social pathology) on the basis of analysis and approach to the causes of crime can be divided into two approaches: The first approach is sociological approach to the study of crime, in person, motivations, desires, mental, personality characteristics, family background and criminal group membership is concerned. This approach, based on sociological theory, the influence of social factors on the occurrence of deviance and crime emphasizes total. In contrast, the second approach, which we call ecological approach, the objective grounds for crime and situational factors and the opportunities that make crime, more social causes of crime, such as poverty and unemployment is concerned (Sorenson et al., 1998).
Location, the geographical environment, physical properties, architecture and design of spaces and the overall context of a situation can be considered as variables in the second approach. In theory, this approach places emphasis on the deficiencies of focusing solely on incentives criminal offense in understanding and explanation of the compensation (Cohen and Felson, 1979). According to the theory of defensible space in urban design and site selection guilty of committing criminal offense to help (Newman, 1973). Furthermore, the geographical distribution of crime under the influence of variables such as location and time of the offense, the offense and the victims of crime. Research has shown that in some places in the city, especially due to the physical structure and characteristics of the social, economic and cultural residents and users of the Places the possibility and opportunity to photograph crime is higher in some urban areas because of the obstacles hampering conditions, low crime rate.
Therefore demographic and socio-economic characteristics of offenders and criminals where they live in one of the main elements of ecological crime.
Another element in the ecology of crime, including the place where the offense occurs. There are numerous studies on "habitats," "slum" and "places Mhsvrmrgbar (Walter, 1977). And dangerous places have stressed that their crime is flourishing.
Nowadays global studies it has been proved that criminals choose the place and time of the crime, where the crime as well and carefully considered .So it criminologists have concluded that the spatial distribution of crime in different parts of the city is not accidental, therefore, attempt to identify the location of the crime and its causes is important.
What is certain is that all human behaviour occur at a particular place and time. Deviance, including social behavior, which is unique in the context of place and time is formed. It is important that appropriate geographical distribution of crimes affected the location and time of the offense, the offense and the victims of crime. Research shows that in some areas of the city due to the special physical structure and characteristics of the social, economic and cultural residents and users of these places, the greater the chance and opportunity for crime, and to the contrary, in some urban areas because of the obstacles and the barriers, low crime rate (Weinberg, 1968).
Looking at the above definitions, we can show the geographic analysis of crime areas, the identification of areas of density and concentration of crime in the cities and in this way to be the factors of concentration, in order to provide strategies and policies for eliminating or reducing the effects of these actions are done in the area of crime prevention in the future.
The majority of scholars and theorists, including daily activities, due to the concentration distribution of crime in specific geographical areas in the integration and combination of the following three know that crime is the formation of spaces:
A) the existence of a criminal purposes;
B) there are offenders who have motivation, ability and skills are sufficient to do a criminal act;
C) Lack of proper care and control of the people and the authorities to deal with criminal actions.
Another group of experts to clutter the space and lack of social cohesion are major factors shaping crime-prone areas. Including MS and Max field stated conditions (such as building the final deserted and uninhabited, desolate), (and along with it social deviations) such strife, sedition, and various forms of violence or drug and alcohol and vagrancy), increased insecurity and encouraging people to delinquency is higher in these areas.
The Vyzbrd and Eck formation in the following four basic concepts crime areas are:
A) There are appropriate equipment's and facilities delinquency in;
B) Site Features such as easy access, and the guard was not a lack of proper management in place along with some encouraging features of criminals;
C) Crime Targets or criminals property or objects that are desirable;
D) offenders because there is more than enough incentive for crime and criminals, and the ability of other factors in the formation of spaces is crime.3
2. Materials and methods
2.1 Subcultures of delinquency
Formation of a criminal subculture in a school setting and location of residence to the direction that the environment is composed of children of different walks of life. Given that children belonging to the lower and middle class affected by the values and culture of students belonging to the upper-middle class, with Because of the high school class values (such as respect for private property, respect for older, wealthy, ambition and opportunity) to induce and promote and taught. However due to that children belonging to the lower class, values and common dos and don'ts in your group do not see in school and Sometimes the reverse is true in their school environment induced stress and tension in your so dominant values taught and origin and their family values they are sometimes contradictory.
The causes of crime in the light of the interaction of culture and mass results in cultural diversity rather than a single larger culture That subcultures are becoming more growth in the military community from a variety of cultures. It has its own characteristics.
The continuation of a subculture among young people of the lower classes and in the area of cultural differences does accomplish its citizens of a community In this approach, the cultural conflict as a result of the interaction of different cultures or ethnic mixing of people that due to cultural differences, are able to live together are not normative. Cultural conflict in these circumstances indicates two or two commands learned that rather than together, to reject their actions Citizen culture and culture of the community doctrine that the heterogeneity of people with each other and peaceful coexistence impossible for them to make. In this case, that part of the population because of the inferiority of his culture against culture have become disillusioned society seeking the collective solutions to cope with integration in each other, in opposition to the culture of the dominant culture, to address gaps in form of such a conflict.
Subculture, a subset of a culture that values and norms of its own, and when it emerged that a number of people in a similar situation, apart from the mainstream of society and forgotten to know and Form a group so that the group will achieve mutual support of each other, with attributes such as criminalsubculture, non-beneficial trend-oriented, adventure, desire for violence and destruction, negative, freedom and independence and the integrity of the behavioural diversity group are (Pedersen and Skrondal, 1999).
According to Cohen believes, criminal subculture, a collective response to this frustration and nature of criminal activities, from a "reaction formation" is achieved. Acceptability criteria can be found in this subculture, funded by the boys downstairs, where criminal groups in accordance with the value of
"malicious" and "negative measures" instead of conventional standards, the position achieved there. If lack of aggressiveness in the middle class are favorable, the criminal subculture, reputation for violence and aggression, the way to obtain the position. If Polite behavior in class and get good grades for individual teachers in the higher position provides, in both the classroom and hate criminal subculture of academic success, will create a higher position.
Cognitive studies of drug crime, traditionally, normalized to a rival theory to the theory of crime subculture is because the normal theory of the crime rather than the criminal subculture of drugs, drug use is becoming marginal emphasizes world-wide (Sandberg, 2013). But it seems ordinary concepts and theoretical developments in culture, these two concepts together is made. Normalization theory in no way seeks to generalize the use of alternative drugs to all young people and even most of them do not, But to change the status of some types of drugs in the world refers to a group of youths (Redhead, 1997). The traditional conception of subculture as a "group of persons" is replaced by "a set of rituals and the only validity and symbols" is (Sandberg, 2013). As a result, we can say that taking a variety of drugs in youth culture, its own means is that necessarily means that the official discourse is based on the concept of public health is not the same.
1-2 Ravages familial
Affection and love of important human needs. With the expansion of the nuclear family is no longer the sole purpose of reproduction and labor supply does not take place, Men and women can choose their favorite based on your spouse. The parties cannot love each other, what they loved or hated unless it is to be congenial. When this is affection, Sense of respect, trust and confidence will follow as well and all this can be put under psychological factors family. Couples who live together with love, relationships and emotional ties are established, they are happy to live together, a sense of confidence in their children And can form a family that in the community to prevent future damage. Also, children need their parents to know the most intimate. If the parents of children who are angry and hostile cannot have an intimate relationship with them and your private stuff they say and share your problems with them If the parents of children who are angry and hostile cannot have an intimate relationship with them and your private stuff they say and share your problems with them Requires intimacy in the family, there is understanding and love between the parents, apathy, ignorance or hatred of one party or both, destroys the family. No doubt the family does not hold familiarity among its members, mental and physical health is endangered members and the risk of emotional and behavioral disorders in children increases (Shiner and Newburn, 1997).
A sense of love and understanding, and therefore in terms of mutual respect and trust between couples or families studied there and was very pale and Relations between spouses are based on humiliation and resentment of each other was formed, which in many cases also led to fights and arguments. This potentially traumatic difficulties for spouses and children are created.
When a man shows his love to his wife feelings, she feels that one to him and here are the basic needs of a family, the need to love and love be fulfilled.
Empathetic approach shows that the parties each message received and understood. The natural reaction of people to love and respect, appreciation, and this cycle is repeated due to avoid the problems. Thus, if people show interest and his wife understand and respect his disturbing family background is reduced.
Another psychological factors involved in family turmoil, the possibility of divorce. Divorce may be called to break the bond that has been built from scratch on unpopular or link that has led to neglect. Raising the possibility of divorce and divorce in the family, for any reason, either psychological problems in the family, the field of violence and force to provide family and children is severely deplete morale.
There are many conflicts that increase the likelihood of divorce. Besides the lack of understanding that we have only discussed earlier, Expectations of each Member displaced due to conflict and controversy and even violence may be in the family. This is due to the differences in age and education or greed is one of the parties (Price, 2000).
Dispute and conflict in families and (studied) can be seen this quarter. Contention occurs for many different reasons, but the results are more or less similar and usually leads to the possibility of divorce, divorce or threats leads to divorce. Most of the damage is also noticed children.
Disregard for the couple to each one of the factors in people's willingness to end the marriage, and Various factors such as unemployment, poverty, extravagance, low levels of literacy, cultural differences of the parties, religious differences, ethnic differences, infertility and sterility, face and body condition and health issues, addiction, sexual problems and the involvement of relatives and acquaintances the following economic factors, social, cultural and biological fall. The following are three other psychological factors can be cited. First, the lack of family support by relatives and acquaintances, about two-thirds of the rejection of marriage and drowning in the role.
When the young couple base your life upon offer, expect the parties to the families, relatives of first and second degree relatives and acquaintances away and finally spiritual and psychological support them. If a son or daughter or both of their families who have been married, have opposed the possibility of new problems and turmoil in the family increases. Disregard of first-degree relatives of the new family and the young couple has a negative impact, But best of a situation in which one of the parties or both of their families are involved in the lives of the young couple. Interference in private relationships between couples can be difficult to bring to life.
Second, to the rejection of marriage is concerned. The rejection of marriage as husband or wife or both mental and emotional frustration is that the mismatch between expectations and reality caused them. How many women and their husbands who know the root of the problems in the marriage removing them from each other. The rejection of marriage, mainly because of physical problems, sexual problems and lack of adequate notice of the sexual needs of the parties or the parties to the conflicts and disputes with each other (Adib Rad and Scholar, 2004). Another social-psychological factors that can lead to family turmoil, the drowning woman or man in a field of particular role. The situation for women may arise after the birth of a child or children. The women all the time or most of their time and attention to children spends his wife is unaware.
3. Discussion and results
3.1 economic Ravages
Economic the ravages of in areas of drugs, including consumption, production, transportation and sales, are an important part of the social pathology of addiction. Although this disorder has increased its multilateral dimension should be examined as a whole should be analysed Nevertheless, some aspects of it separately the value of their own research. Economic issues, including Economic conditions and drug class, including economic structures – political Economic, social and especially the economic sphere but also includes a review of the drug.
Many families have numerous economic problems. Economic problems stems from two factors: internal factors and external factors. The most important internal factor irresponsibility of parents and unemployment. In such circumstances, the head of the family (the custom in man) is able-bodied, But because of the lack of accountability of the work refuses to complain about the conditions of unemployment to distract from their own irresponsibility. His family is poor and therefore due to economic constraints, the knowledge and consumption of cultural goods among family members is reduced. Many parents appeal economic constraints of a family are settled in his job (Zinberg, 1984).
Undue costs to the splurge cause economic problems in the family. The order of extravagance here, no family planning or planning for revenues and expenses is wrong. This sometimes leads to poverty in a family succession. When spending exceeds its income families and couples are faced with economic pressures may increase tension in the relations between them. She was married to her insufficient income and man blames his wife for Prtvqysh.
Children who witness these differences are, perhaps taking a cue from their families at a later age, to repeat the same behaviour in their families and because of the sequence of poverty. If you also consider inflation in the community, perhaps with the problem of unemployment and inflation have families or do not splurge Damage and bring into turmoil and it is precisely external factors are concerned. If the economy is not in good condition and inflation is high and rising, Families with insufficient income to meet the needs of the family, the lack of benefit from insurance protection and social welfare and lack of at least face life. However, organizations such as Social Welfare, Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare and Relief Committee are still families who are in severe economic difficulties and live in a state of turmoil.
3.2 The ravages of Cultural and Educational
Family, a person familiar with the life and culture and morals of children within the family is founded. The child's behaviour, parents and the community at home with family law and regulations are met. Family children's social heritage, but what's a shaken family legacy can be children (Farjad, 2003).
Many factors can be noted in the field of cultural education for family conflicts. If we consider religion as a culture, we could have religious differences, the tendency to adhere to the rituals of superstition and we talked. The fatalism of the role played by human effort and attention will be the fate of the poor condition will be accepted as fate. As a result, there is an attempt to fix the mess. Misinterpretations of religious texts and religious ceremonies lap comes to this situation. Women more families are at risk of fatalism.
Other cultural factors are causing family problems such as differences in looking at life, ethnic differences or climate (urban / village), cultural poverty of each family, couple or cultural poverty in general and the differences in education levels. Ethnic differences or differences in climate among the most important factors of family turmoil. People who have grown up in different cultural backgrounds, different ways are sociable. Cultural difference is not an issue that can be easily passed around it. Even environmental conditions cause change and cultural differences. For example, the lifestyle and behaviour of people in desert areas like Yazd and Kerman, Mashhad and Tabriz in the north of the country or the people are different.
Cultural capital, the power of knowledge and the availability of cultural goods that flow through the farming community and family and informal education appear in person and makes the structural requirements of everyday life separate itself from arbitrary Vgzynsh do in the field of culture. This type of education, cultural resources at home, the amount and type of cultural consumption (of study and research resources) and consumption of media (music, movies) depends.
The problem of transmission of cultural values and cultural skills for later life, most families were surveyed. Usually parents have not seen the necessary training and rarely from others (social workers, school teachers and educational consultants) to promote social and cultural skills will help children. It is important to teach children to different roles in different environments assumes that a human being, not because they know very little or in the field, or do not care about the future of their children and think that children should everything experience and learn. If the socialization process of children and learning important social role limited or disrupted for any reason, and not the way to achieve their desired goals approved by society may Negative attitude towards themselves and express this through a challenge to established norms. However, it is possible that people who are suffering from this situation and the deprivation, and certain new forms of culture to create. In fact, human beings cannot be considered entirely passive, even people who are
not socially properly cope with their own problems and their own specific objectives, despite a result of the content of their culture in the different dimensions have learned, They use their experiences and build new cultural formats. Despite the dynamic of the process, should always bear in mind that this new cultural framework of the dominant culture is different.
4. Conclusion
Motivated individual and job characteristics of the crime, both in the criminal matter, however, the analysis of each of these two factors is equally simple.
In general, all social ills and corruption against the values of the society as a crime victim or known to any man who would have the time and the place.
The most important difference in terms of location and behaviour characteristics, in addition to the time factor, the unequal distribution of crime in urban areas and this would be followed up in the same place, social ills are not distributed equally.
Substance abuse is a common problem in all social groups and many nations, but what distinguishes this group of young people, as youth culture of this behavior. No matter how subcultural theories are challenged, whether by a normalization perspective of drug use or by postmodern discourse that envisions a fracturing and fragmenting of youth culture, the subcultural perspective helps us to understand ecstasy use in contemporary society. The subcultural perspective may not provide a complete understanding of illicit drug use in modern times, but it does present useful guidelines for research and investigation. Refer to the normalization of drug use, youth culture, this behavior is not justifiable means to achieve an understanding of the sociological current that can be answered by the criminal justice system and social policies in the field of drug control infrastructure to transform youth does.
Acceptance or non-acceptance of the fact that the types of drug use among groups of people, cultural issues, and economic family is the most important points of departure that approach gives the consumer control policies and programs. Dominated by populist rhetoric and media such as the fight against drugs and show zero tolerance for the criminal justice system officials, as uncertainty about the lack of understanding of criminological and criminal subculture of drug use that would lead to contempt and consumer and attendant stigma of substance abuse and crime is knowing.
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