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MANUFACTURllTG :nrousTRY L_-., FfRTOH : I~S ORIGINS, GR0\;11'!1 AND PRESENT UA'rURE
A T.l;as3.s PMeer;t.rdi in Partial 1'""'1Jlfil~r:t r1f tlie B€q'C.irereents f'o1• too Degree of· Bester of Altt~ in Geotra1:it1y
t Masse Universit1 -a,.
».AVID IAN BER1'Rf..'1
The author wishes to express his apurec1at1on tor the naeiatonoe and co-operation received from many people Rn~
or~n1eot1one 1o the preparation of this theots. 'there are, i l
however, a number whooc rendy oseiet,mce haa been particularly appreciated.
Greatest appreo1et1.;o must be given to Mr. &C.R. Warr, Geography Dcpnrtrnent, Uaaec7 Un1vcl"81ty, tor his helpful
sdV1oc Rnd constructive crttioism.
b .cclol arprcciati ,n 1a P.lso C.,uc to the Mnrton Dcvelvp- ment Council who oomnonded the survey to 1 ta raer.ib.~ro; to the monufacturera vho not only gave v1llingly ot the1r valuable
t ime t o nna\lor tb.e questi >nna1re but who also perm1 ttcd \he
author to 4uestion many ot t hetr em~loyeee; to the manage- ment ot
u . s. o . -
Speirs Ltd., tor pcrrn1seion to cnrry out n caac study.
on their tirm; to the Marton Borough Councilfor making aYailnblo etotiat1col dotft and other 1ntol'DU1t1on;
to the Uart .;o ll1atorical Society for making available their tilee oo tb history ot the to•n; t u the Principal of
B ng1t1ke1 Collese, I••
s.o.
Corter, tor pel'miaa1on to coo- t!uct a survey ot the echool-leayere in 1966 aod ~or mak1og aVi 1lnble certain etot1ettoel 1nrormationJ to tbc Dep rtmentot
Stat1et1ce, olltogto~, tor collattns etatiatice oot otherwiae &Y 1lableJ nd to Wh1te1e AY1at1on, Lt4. tor permiaaion to uee two ot their aerial pho\ograpba ot Marton.P rtioul r
Kit • Tb on,
p oiatiGn ts &l ~ clue to Prof aor
gr pby Dep rtment, e ey Univ rs1ty,
~or saieting with t prepnrr.ition of' the two queationn 1 BJ
to Mr. H.P. elody, di tor of "The Iiangit1 1 M 11", Mart on, ho was nlwave vnilnble to assist me and to eupply leads to lusive historical info t1on; to M • P. Tboop oo, arton,
and M. J. Gould, Oba , tor p miisa1on to u e two e rly photogrrphe; to le E. H tha y and M • D, lull for o
abl y typing t thesis; to Miee A. Horsey for doing the
o rtograph,Y; and• to Mi s D. cott, Photogrnpby Unit, esey University, for the ~ ithful 1~eproduetion of the di gr ms, ma~s 80r photogrn~hu.
To the :-1a.n1 otbc , too DU?r.' ero,·s to mention by nurne, t1ho aeeistod in var1et_y ot 'I! ays the utnor' a pprec1a t 1 on 1e also cxtcndefl.
t:l
~ E O OQl!!fflS
PART
o n
t IN'fRODUCTORY Intl'Oduct1 •JOChapter 1 · artoo : The Induetrlal Setting
PAR TWO t THE GRO'fflt A?m Dl VELOPMENT OP t!A UFACTURiilO
INDUSTRY I MARTvB• 1859-1969 T egirrning : 1859-187'
Expansion ; -tsao--1,19
»ecline : 1920-1944
Rene-c,e-d Expansion : 1945-1969
The Uature of I!aoufae'tu:r1ng Imh1atry in Marton, 1969
P/\R"l' THRF'E : M RT01'l AS A LOC TlON FUR. U,'Ui:.JF,'"TlfilING INDUSTRY
Chapter 7 Location Factors t Raw MRt,eM.al , M ~ket and Pa
11
2 8
Tr nsport. 110
p
s
910 i 1
I.oea t1 .... n P etors t J ... and and Labour 120
Location F etora: Siseellaneou 1,30
Proepoct:s c :.?roapec :a 1c
139 153 160
9'\
1'nble
r Gelcetcd Ststlstice ~ Ina·.ietrir,l flllduet 1 ,n : Con :lri.ao:, of 34 :tct7 Z~,ltitttl towo ,1iih ~ n nt iool!
0~ 3000-70
o ,
19666
U ·.tsrtoo Populat • .m : D1str 1but fon by oex
~r Ji)Ortiona, 1956.. 1961 on.d 1966 19 Ill P,:rojeet,*d ;o~ulnt1 ,n Oi.'outh. 1966-1906 :
Scleoto« tfew !leulam !~ l t\'ld ,1:-t.of\O orens 2.1
V Btm[?i t tl:c1 Cm.mt~ : Gl'ftin noreogea.. 1910-1911 nod
19~1939 31
VI ?iortot:J t ffumbci~s ot f oetori"oa• 1579, 1914> 1944 and
1969
v:tI ~f,;-tvo : E1s.,')loymeol to ~he mnuuf:--ct-Jl'ing oce~or,.
1956. 96111 1966 ana 1969 57
VU I Har'tou 1 Uiae of faetortco by ournbere er:., lo:iCd. 1969 59 IX Mort.on t &r.ploymcot 1n nwm~oe-turtog aector bY sex
pz-oryortionn. 1969 6o
X
Manco,
LOC{Jl nod noo-1cerl IZBrlre't areoeor
moom-oetun~s f1~, 1969 61
XI !'ln~OD : Selectatl clc'l!l oc onnufnetur1rtg rtr!:le,
1 969
66III rtoo
a
Dletriwtnon bi, 1.oduatrlal lana-nocaoae&•
1968
t 2\XII1 I l a ~
1956.
1961 1·0·:.lll dd ~1on : 196G lotributloo bi- eez
Bl'OU,• ,~,
Xl'I BnnSitQ<,t
eon;s
~,
~ 1962-1
st.1 t li'lQ
or
aoboolX'f ~ t PnreMocea ~.- plaee
147
D'l .. Opt.? • !, 1o o-t.
1969
187Ftgu
1 2 3 4 5
6 7
Merton - Its Setting
ng1t1k.e1-Tur inn Block Boundaries of r n Borough Borough Of art,,n
Io atr1 l Location in rton - Factory t,1 t
and Industrial Zones
Age-Sex Structu
Gro h of Population - u11, Iluntervill , and 'l 1 pc. 1901-1966
p
9
10
14 16 18
rton
8 Si of nctorie by In4u tri 1 Groups and N be
Employed, H rton> ·i969 67-69
9
Plate 1
Ap nix A
B 0
jo? h i l an Roaa Net or , Rortb Ieland, Ze an
LIS'!' OF ?LJ\TES
Vie ~ ctor1ee in ,. rton
. -
1114
96-106
1 180
Introduction C'.lRptor 1
• • • • • • • •
Un on: It Sett_ng.
•
•
• •
• •
•
•• •
• •
• •
Pa 2 8
2
I TRODUCTION
II arton ean justly claim to be an ideal town tor setting up secondary industries ••••••• " 1
" ••••• The population over recent years has shown a steady increase and there are signs afoot that the potential of this centrally situated, well planned and solidily supported borough is being realised more and more and that a period ot greater industrial development and growth is imminent •••• " 2
" •••• The Borough o.f arton has the fastest gro th rate of any of the towns in the anganui Employment District ••• 11 ;
" •••• For its size, arton must be one
or
the mostprol.ific factory towns in New Zealand •••• 11 4
" •••• Originally the settlemen~s sole purpose was to
service the rich country areas that surround it on all sides, but it has,
in
recent years, developed into a centre that is above average in industrial develop ent ••••• " 5Such state ents, gleaned fro various articles and booklets about the town of Marton, suggest that, 1n terms
or
manufacturing 1.Ddustrr, it is, in certain respects, at7Pical of other NewZea1and town of a similar size and has, in t et, considerabl potentaal a a amall, industrial centre. The arton-born writer, too,• s a are of ·certain oth r di.stinctive features ot the town•a manufacturing industey - tor example, the virtual absence of industries tor processing th produc• of its agri- cultural 811d pastoral hinterland yet the presence ot other industries uaing import draw aateriala with aarket.s ot nationwide importance.
This research on Dlallutacturing induetr"7 1D arton bad
had three obJ ctiYeas
(a) too aid rt with particular reference to the role an4 ~luence ot the developaent of transport, the growth and pre ent n tun ot lll8JlUt'actur1Dg indu try in Marton;
{b) to consider the varying aigniticanoe ot factor
or
1.nd.u trial location 1A the developaent of • rton'a industrial landscape; and,
Cc) to coJ1Sider th role of dee ntralia tion of soae aanutacturing industry fro the ajor urban c ntres in the future conOllic stability ot rural towns, especially- 1n respect of the emplo,-ment opportuniti s o offered.
llethodolog
The chief aources of infol'llatiOD for the chapter cone rned with the growth and development of industry- in
art0.11 ince its e tabli baent 1n the 1850' were the recollec- tions ot re ident who ere often able to support their claims with old photograph and ne spaper clip1)ing , th we kl.7 new paper, ' The Rangitikei Mail", which regul rly carries
feat;urea of historical 1ntere t. Three works which proved to
be p rtioularly- uaeful 1n thi a ction er ana • '' A HiatOrJ' ot Agricultur l oc1 oti.on keting in 11 aland 1,
1.laon • a " 17 81181 tlkei" and "A atOrJ' · of arton and Ita P le which w a published in 1954 to eel• rate arton • a
aeve '7-fitth year a a borough.
chi.et aourcea ot into tion tort ~1ader of the theaia, which ia conoe:nl w1 th the present 1D4uatrial landao pe, were atall cbanan•a "Indu trial otirlt7 and cmoaio
Geography', Gree ut•a lant Location
a
heory and 1D ot1-ae",4
BooYer'• "The Looation of Eccm.Ollic Activit7" and two queat- ionna1rea (Appen4b: A).
Questionnaire A, which deal• aainl7 with the present nature of indu.atr., in Marton, was tbe baaia of the aajor part of the theaia. It waa taken personally to all the factory managers ill the area during ROTeal»er, 1968 and January, 1969.
eationna1:re B was giYell to 151 atudenta of Rangitike1 College who at the tiae (Boveaber, 1968) had ind.1cated that they aight be leaving at the end of the year. Thie quest- ionna.ire yielded, troa a 7outhtul viewpoint, intormation re-
garding the advantages and disadvantages of life 1n a rural town aa collll)8red with that 1n a city. This 1nt~:r11ation was uaed in Chapter 10 which deals with the reaaons for the
lligration of young people from Marton.
One complication arose in the selection of the factories tor studying. The Department of Jtatiatica' definition of a
"factory", 6 which ia used in their statistics, did not seem appropriate for the writer's research which was concerned with aanu.tacturing industrJ" onl7. It was thus decided to include
al l f actoriea in the 41atr1ct which aanutactured eiiher a product or a coaponent 1D. the nrYe7. Of the total of th1rt7-aix ao de.filled, two were l~tecl aoae distance outside the borough bowadariea. n.ae two were 1nolll4ed beoauae aoat of their labour toro• o01111Utea dail7 froa Kartoa.. It ahou.ld be noted that the total 1Aollldea •owner-operated' taotoriea (which the Departaent of s,atiatioa exoludea) aa well a• aeYeral whioh
are not aolel7 concerned with aanufacturi.Dg.
5
As a preliminary investigation before commencing the 11l8Jor part of the research, the industrial sector of Marton was
compared with that of thirty-three other New Zealand towna, with populations ranging between 3000 and '7000, to see to what extent th0 town, and especially its industry, was characteristic.
As it was not intended that this should form a major part of the thesis the towns were compared only on the basis of the current statistics of industrlal production - numbers of factories, total factory employment, salaries paid, cost of materials, value of production, value added 6 , and employment in the manufacturing and transport sectors 7 (Table I) .
It can be seen that Marton, with the exception of dtratford, contains a greater number ot factories than any other town 1n the group. In respect of the other categories, the proportion per capita in Marton in each category is, with one exception
(employment in the transport sector), in excess of that for over half
or
the other towns. Seventeen towns have a higher proportion of their population than Martone::pl01'ed in the transport sector.It is doubt:t-'11, ho-.-.ever, whether MartQn can be actually
described aa typical or at7Pical - for, what are the distinguishing features of a characteristic lfei! Zealand town in the group? Bew Zealand•a 811811, rural towns show great diTersity in all aspects and to anaqae a "tn>ieal character" would, apart from being ver17 ooaplex, probabl.7 prove of doubtful validity. It could be noted, however, and this is not apparent fro• Table I, that
priaar7
processing il'ldustriea are relat1Tel7 uni.llportant in Marton'•
industrial struc·ture by aarked contrast 1fi th most other to,ma 1n the group. In ita own way, then, industr., in Marton has ita distinctive oharaoteriatica, and it ia this distinctiYe character ri th which this thesis 1a priaaril.7 concerned.
~ABLE I
AC USTRIAL PllODVCBJI I
ID POPULATIONS B . Em 3000 and 2000:11 1966
Popul.atiou uaber ot Pactor., Salary Cost ot I Value
or
(1966 Census) Factories Employment (
•ooo•s)
aterials oduction($'OOO's) ( 'OOO's)
Kaitaia 3056 2? 171 317 388 909
Paeroa 3129 29 :,64• 615• 4396• 5653•
Kaikohe 3134 20 167 326 464 1022
aJ.hi 3169 21 5()8• 912• 1985
3595•
Te Aroha 3212
25
297• 358 }725* 4336·Holdtika 3258 16 175 298 1433* 1928
Blurt 32?9 8 58 140 183 390
aimate 3,00 18 129 213 441 819
Kai poi 3528 16
752•
1,2a• 2498* 4820*Oarterton 3536 21 155 268 417 874
Waipukurau
3569
24 219 365 ?43 1861Motueka 3748 21 254 354- 99Q 1849
Ngaruawahia 3?69 12 86 149 165 411
Matamata 3810 36 3:,4• 596 1640 2603
Dargaville 3902 32 314 603 5346* 6611·
Rangiora 411? 21 224 ,18 654 1424
Balelutha 4419 24 244 560 817 1623
Putaruru 4435
,s
455• 991• 4097• 6531·'orrinsville
4497
38 413* a71• 12492* 14831*arton 42~1 40 406 808 2068
tiaitara 4790 13 788*
Te Kuiti 4864 ~ 189 340 454 1080
, airoa 5100 21 400 846• 2882* 4318·
'iestport 52?0 2".'5 206 334 728 1,13
Huntly 5401 20 276 531 828 1926
Stratford 5441 45 599• 1137• 6271* 8400•
Havelock North 5472 8 52 118 168 362
Thames 5599 29 686· 13a5• 2094 4474•
Dannevirke 5728 34 2?9 479 591 I 1358
Kawerau 5826 12 1a15• 5812·
104-85·
32029~.Taumarunui 5864 32 212 475 896 1766
Cambridge 5962 30 324 679 1502 2680
Taradale 6253 17
98
208 370 771'le Aw tu 6719 38 615· 1203• 15275• 8611·
•Towns with a hi er proportion per capita hall arton Sources: Dept. of St t.iatic, 1967, Census
or
Popul t1on .and DwelliDp ( ployment 1n UDuf ct;uri.ng nd port ctora
only).
Dept. ot St'atistic•, 1969,
.z.
IndustJ!'ial Produot;io 196§::19619 46-47.{ 11 other c tegoriea)
Value Emploplent in Manufacturing ploymen.t in
Added Male Feaale Total Transport
( 'OOO's) (Total)
415 143 16 159 119•
811* 209 s2• 291• 147•
445
183 11 1 C)II,. 124•1253• 320• 131• 451• 95
443 22, 46 269 93
371 209 42 251 123•
157 222 33 255 413•
303 184 50• 2,4 99
1721• 592• 154• 7?6* 69
364 366· 107• 473• Sit,
929•
160 43• 203 142*574 253 46 299 102
181 506* 46 552• 70
735 242 77• 319 128*
?21 2?5
41 315 130•621 273 128* IJ.Q1 • 169*
583 4;1• 35 466• 159•
1921• 466• 42 508· 210•
1542• 426· 47 473• 132
1180 1 2 42 1 1
725• 127• 852* 104
468
259
22 381 210•1102 328 25 353 161
455 355 40 ;95 330•
?41 '338 81 419 165
1571• 411· 91• 502 219•
162 352 46 398 77
1933• 503• 65 568· 1'54
591 266 67 ,33 194•
12s93• 632 1477• 103• 1580* 87
24? 29 276 355•
910 416:e 64 480 164
32? 401 85 486 209•
2281* 551•
95
646• 1911 ·
1.
2.
4.
6.
Marton Developaent Council, n.d. , 5.
llarton Developaent Council, n.d. , 7.
Marton DeYelopaent Oounoil, n.d., 7.
Marton Ja,-oee (Inc.), 1967, 31.
Young, 1966, 67.
7
It ahould be noted that these atatiatica "record ODl.7 thoae factories engaged in aanutacture, aaaeabl7, repair or treataent of articles ll'hich an clasaitied 1dth1D the Kanutacturing .D1Yiaion of the Bew Zealand Industrial Olasaitication of all Econoraic Actirltiea
•••• The coverage applies to regiatere4 factories engagiDg two or more persons (including the working proprietor) w1 tb the exception of : cake and pastr"7 Jd..toheJla; bespoke tailors, dreasaakers and milliners;
boat repairers; abattoirs; railwa,- workshops; the naval doclqard." (Departaent of ~tat1et1cs,
1969,
New Zealand lDduatrial Produ tion 1 1 , 7.) Aa such, these gures are not so e concerned with manufacturing iD.duatr.r.
These two categories of atatiatica, from another source (the 1966 Census), are not exactl.7 comparable with thoae of the other categories being deriYed on a different l>asia.
