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TOURISM IN NEW ZLALAND
Some observations on the patterns mid processes of a summer recreation pursuit ,
with 'Particular reference to Nr>pier
f, thesis -prEJSe.nt 2d in nartial fulfil ment of the
requirem~nts for the degree of Mnstcr of Arts
in
Geography a.t
Massey University
Russell James Stewart .1973
ABSTRACT
This thesis presents an account of the domestic tourism process in New Zealand, compil ed through the identification and mc8surement of some of the elements that chor 2cterise this particular form of outdoor recreation. While overseas
tourism continues to attract increasing Government attention as en industry with some promise of
diversifyintS New· Zealend's economy, it is a-pparent that holiday-making by New Zealanders h s received practically no attention from gcogrophers or, for that matter, from economic and social planning organisc.tions in this cmm.try.
The first section of this thesis defines tourism and identifies, through the support of survey studies, its general characteristics of seasonality in occurrence, individuality end
spontaneity in expression, and the great range and extent of mobility afforded by the private motor vehicle. Contrasts are drawn between overseas tourism and. domestic tourism, and comments are made on the disparity evident in the degree of attention accorded the two forms, end in the growth of national tourist centres compared to regional. holiday resorts.
Section Two considers the na.ture and
function of three recreation resources - climate, water and location - in providing the framework within which outdoor r ecreation activities are pursued. In this, as in later sections, these resources are related to their role in creating a favourable climate for tourism in NPpier.
The section on recreation amenities describes
in detail the urban amenities and tourist o.ttractions that Napier ~ossesses for recreation. Exercisc's e.re conducted on the provision of vehicle parking spece at amenities, on attendance frequencies e.t
Mrrinel nnd porforrn.ences by Na~isr residents, end on
the nnuel account of the m-wke' s Bay Aquarium and
Planetariv.m Board.
th~ role of holid8y inf orm2tion and tourist publicity si::·rvices, accom..1Il.odation, rmd cssentiol services PS they prevail in the tourism process, is discussed in Section Four. The imµortance of
accoIILmodation services is recognised and com1I1.ents here have been direct ed towards supply rind dem::-ind factors. The distinct seasonality of domestic tourism in New Zeeland increases pressure on the
utilisation of r ecreation services during the summer, and this situation is compounded by the n tional
close-down of many retail, trade and professional services over the peak Christmas-New Year period.
The case study of visitors staying in motels
in Ne.pier over the 1970-71 summer is used a.s a basis
for presenting mat erial in support of observations mede throughout the preceding parts of the thesis
as to the nature of the domestic tourism process in New Zealand, end the extent to which its expression
is typified in Napier.
The concluding section is used to isolat e briefly the problems that have beco~e anpPrent in both the study of touriso ~s a recr~2tion pursuit, and in tha process of touris~ its8lf in New Zealand.
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PREFACE
Al though this thesis is baS()d throughout on individm=il observations ~nd me8surements, Pclmow- l odgemont is ~Pde inprr~icul0r of the moteli ers in
!f epi er who, throu.c;h their good s;rn.ces , permitted tho questionn::iire survey of their businesses to be conducted durin:r, th~::it summer of 1970-71. r,irr-ny
i
oth1;.;rs eossis tc;d, un~·i ttingly by completing c;ucstio!l- nr-:ires, L'1 the production of this work.
1.rh0 st::-tistics, v1her e :~ source hris not b2en
ncknowled~ed, were comniled ei thr_r from. fi el d \'.rorl{, or from ~ cocrbinotion of sources.
Thr'nb'l r-r e 3Xtcnded to Mr J3 .G .R. Sr.mnders of the Geo~r:--phy ;JepDrtmcnt 8t f:1Ps:::iey University for his ini ti8l p;uia.~nce on th;) topic, ~·nd to those whose p8tience, like mine , endured.
R.J.S.
December 1973
. .
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Pref ace
Table of Contents List of Te.blos List of Figures
i
ii v viii
Tourism in New Zenland: An Introduction 1
St:CTION ONE: The ·rourism Process Identified Introduction
Overseas Tourisn Domestic rourism
A Study of SUlllI:ler Hol idF1y Movement from NrpiGr
SECTION TWO: Recre£ltion Resources Introduction
The Climate Resource The Water Resource The Location Resource
SECTION THREE: Recreation Amenities Introduction
Urban Amenities
a) parks and reserves
b) recreation end entertainment centres
6 11
14 20
29 32 43 54
59
67 74
11
Tourist Attrections
Locel Tourist Attractions 80 Nnpi er• s Mririnel.and 89 Naui er• s Aquarium 96 The HPwke's Bey Aquarium and
Planetarium Board 98
Other Urban Attroctions 103 RegionPl Tourist AttrPctions 106
SECTION FOUR: Recrea.tion Services Introduction
Holide.y Information and Publicity Services AccoI!l!lOd8tion Services
110 112
Introduction 117
Hotel Accomnodction 122 Motel Accommodrtion 127
Priv~·t0 Hotels rnd Gu< st Houses 135 Motor CPm~s ~nd Ccmping Grounds 138 Aocom..i:i.odation in Summ.rry 142 Ret ail, Tr ade and Professionol
Services
Introduction 151
Survey of Eeting-Houso Service 154 A Summery of Recre~tion Services 161 SECTION FIVE: A Case Study of Tourism
Introduction 165
some Initial Considerations 168 A Summary of Results Obtained 177 Group Number and Composition 179 Particulars of Journey 186
111
Perticulnra of Visit Subjective Ren.king of
Tourist Attractions The Case Study in Summary SECTION SIX: Conclusion
Problems in tho Study of Tourism
l~
200 205
208
in New Zerl~nd 210
Problems in tho Process of Tourism
in New ie~l~nd 213
Appendices 215
Bibl iography 231
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iv
LIST OF TABLES
I Temporary TrAvel Arrivals in
New Zealand 11
II Comparative Expenditure of Selected Overseas and Domestic Tourist Groups
in New Zealand, 1970-71 Summer 16 III Climate Statistics for Napier as
Published by the Nepier Development
Association 34
IV Distribution of Rainfall in Napier
for Throe Months of 1970-71 Summer 35 V Distribution of Summer D8y Types in
Napier for Th.rGe Consecutive Summer
Periods, 1968-69 to 1970-71 39 VI Ad.mission Charges to Mr.irine Pr<rade
Amenities for n Visitin~ Frnily
Group, 1971-72 Summer 88 VII Annual AttPndance Figures and Tekings
for Marincl e.nd, 1966-70 89
VIII Summer Statistics for Me.rineland,
1969-70 to 1970-71 91
IX Frequency of Attendances et MPrineland
by Students and P~rents for Summer
1970-71 and Autumn 1971 93 X Annual Attendance Figures and Receipts
for Aquarium, 1966-70 96
XI Expenditure/Recei~t Accomit for the
Hawke' s Bay Aquarium. and Planet ium.
Board, November 31 1970 to November
31 1971 99
v
LIST OF TABLES (continued)
XII Tot~l Cost of Required Room
vi
Development for NationGJ. Tourism 120 XIII Number of Beds per Hotel in Napier 124
XIV Number and Size of Hotel s in Sel ected North Island Cities, 1972 125 XV CompPrative Size of ~otels in Napier 129 XVI Number and Size of Motels in Selected
North Island Cities, 1972 130 XVII Comparative Distribution of Medium
to L8rge Motels in Sel ected North
Island Cities 131
XVIII Chenges in Number of Private Hotels and Guest Houses L~ Selected Cities,
September 1969 to September 197? 136 XIX Distribution by Season of CoRch Tours
in New Zealand, JlIDe 1972 to Mey 1973 145
XX Frequency Distribution of Food Service Type, rnd Frequency of Service for
Ch.ristm~s Day and New Year's Dr-iy for 21 ~ating-houses in N2pier over the
Summer of 1970-71 156
XXI Distribution of Hours of Service for Eating-houses in Napier over the period December 23 (1970) to January 5 (1971) with Nonna1 Service Hours in
a non-Holiday week shown 158 XXII Distribution of Visiting Groups per
Region of Normal Residence for
otel Survey (1970-71) 179
XXIII
XXIV
xxv
XXVI
XXVII
XX.VIII
LIST OF TABLES (continued)
Distribution of Groups per Assigned Week of Collection, showing Numbers end Composition,
visiting N8ui er (1970-71) 183 Distribution of Holidry Journeys
directly to and from Napi er by Week of ~uestionnsire Collection,
and by Region of Residence 187 Percentogc of Total Groups per
North Island Regi on that made a
Direct-Return Journey to Napier 189 Distribution of Groups making
First Visits to Napier, by Region
of Residence 194
Freauency of Visits to Napier by Region of Residence of Visiting
Group 196
Rel rtive Ranking of Tourist
~ttractions showing Percent age 201 Distribution for Sel ected Positions
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Vii
viii
LIST OF FIG ORES
Page
1 Plan map of Marine Perade 81
2 Marine PPrade 8?
3 rAc.rine ParadJ b3
4 Mrrine Parade 84
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