Some physiological factors affecting root formation in cuttings of citrus : a thesis presented in part fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Horticultural Science in Massey University

(1)

(2)

..

2 :1 2:2

2 :l1- 2 2 6

3:

3:2 The

./• z •

4:

5

:1 :1 2

5

:1 :

h •

_,/.

.;

I

es

2 2

0 r

8 8

12

4

6

Differe!1ces ¹

of 18

of

(3)

5:

2: 1

5:3

The 5

6:

1 :2

1 : 1 :

1

2

of Scions

1 20 20

(4)

4. -

Effect of Hormone Treatment on each of Variance

5. -

Effect of on

of Variance

1

1 representation the ci

+ _,_.

vO vlme.

from of

extracts in

shoot

(5)

Plate 1.

e 2

3

e

5

6

1 1

(6)

20 on a""fte:r

21. after

after

(7)

t,

occupy an

to

the

in the

(8)

2

It has been that differences exist between varieties between of a genera, in to their to form roots on stem This has been true in relation to fruit trees ( v1here e. wide range of clones may exist in a

ticular but has also been in ornamental

(7

Hibiscus

(22,

Camellia (

),

(

of Citrus ) , and a sim- ilar extensive showed that

easy to root; t and some of the

mediate; and ( Ci

very difficult to root, or did not root at all.

t-to-root

this

These ed across the and the

difficult-to-root

(1

( '

⁽²² ²⁰⁾ have shown

that substances are to adult

(14)

the is

In

i t

from

-'-' ,_,ne to

of

ch

It is

'

(15)

the

This to establish

it did

the

to in area of

This in an e

(16)

root

ions of

(17)

10

All both

taken the same in to eliminate variation

VYith buds

Because of differences in time of it secure

on

a about

thes

into of

The non shoots in each divided into 2

,

treated

all This

treatment,,

(18)

1 ..

lemcn Control

lemon Non

Non Control

mandarin

Control

di

5

¹

above

for

to

u.is-^~.

roots

(19)

12.

latter are referred to as

the of the routine spray in

the shouse vrnre ed to all of the of the all of the leaves retained on the

root and root inhibi substances: These

s made use of the Hess for this

modified.

the

methanol

minut decanted into a fresh of

blender. The mixture of tissue and methanol was left to stand for

hours then The filtrate

film the residue taken up in a small (2 cc) of methanol.

extract was then s out 111ea:ns of paper

No. 3 paper. mixture of ed as the solvent

10.5 inches in each case

The then divided into

15

, each

1 of the relative ascent of the Eacl1

of per tube. s

i.11dicative of the int of root t tl1at

on

(20)

1

s

1 1

in 1

8 2

(21)

Care t£L1<:en to ensure between each treatment this

The method of out the mung bean at as

a result of a series of aimed at the tech-

ve the most consistent results. To extent dif'f- erences from the detailed method used Hess, and ( , are the result of differences e

for cutt th

to those ⁱ¹¹the v1ere

in

onto ^-'-'_vlllS

.

a r:ith

the same

conditions were treated

the

used

n varieties were established.

lemon on lemon

1 on Cl

Clementine Clementine

on Navel orange

on lemon

(22)

orange

on

The first

4-

nine

eacl1

(23)

Details of data and variance of the results are pre- sented in summary in

3, 4

^ancl

5.

The resu1ts the show clear that

dif':t'erences exist bet•;rnen varieties :1n their to form roots on cutt-

Dif:t'erences betrreen varieties in the number and of

roots were (Table

1).

dif:E-

erences also varieties in the number of roots !'ormed

(TabJ.e

c.)

of roots ^{i i l} (Table )

Because of correlation which existed between the

n _,_ •

OI vime to :t'orm roots • 1 ) the number of roots dev-

=

^-~ ^{and the} co:i:Te.lation between the

of time to !~orrn roots a11.Cl the 'o:f roots it is

to assume that in :!:'act, in this case the number o:r roots per

roots are both of the of root rormat-

ion rather tha:ri. o :f some f'actore

~tarted to show roots 14 a.nd at

that time most of the

(24)

7

3 ^to

but took one week to root. the o:f the third

had roots, but most had root init- ia1s and callus. the end of the ixth of the cut-

1 Table 1 The Lisbon lemon also

ties of roots numerous roots

6 t difficult to count t11e roots both

ieties but lemon of

2

3)@

veJ:;/ to a

the

5, 6 7

^$

to

some cutt-

form

ea.

^roots 8 - 12 "

of all to form roots, and gave

roots Roots vrere on

the of the few

at of the seventh week@ the end of the

the had roots 1, Table 1 Plates 13, 1

15 "

(25)

(

(26)

1

to

2

of'

)

( )

7

(27)

(28)

of s any effect

scio11s

(29)

+

(

1

(30)

1 +

7

¹

1

+ +

(31)

1

(32)

(33)

Lisbon lemon after

after

(34)

Clementine mandarin control, after

Clementine after

Clementine mandarin + after

(35)

Navel control, after

a:fter

(36)

e 1

after

12:

after

(37)

Scarlet

Scarlet af'ter

(38)

6 -

^different

(39)

lemon on after

Clementine on Clementine er

(40)

lemon on Navel orange; after

after

(41)

(42)

(43)

p

l.JJ

I-

0

p:: 100

(fl (!'J

z 80

t- t- 60

::;,

u

LL

40

0

UJ

1.0

CJ

15 0

w

2

LI

er:

w 90

p..

60 40

A. NON FLOWER\NG NO HO'RMONE

B. NON FLOWE.RI NG +HORMONE

c. FLOWERING +HORMONE

1

I I I

I

I I I I

I I

,,, ....

/

\,..\//

. /

.,..

/ / /

.,,---

~0.-·-,.;.

. - • --:".-.<:r'

• ,,,,,,,,.""'_.,.,r-ti.,,,.

-·-·- :asM

.._..,...~ • • t • • • • • • • • .. ••I

--- .... - ... ---

I I I I I I I

...

..,,

I

I ~

--

,,..

...

-

JME IN WEEKS

(44)

261 231

20

18 16

-

I

14

-t---'----'-~~~-~.1··-~-J--~L~---·L---L___lL___L--L---'---1---L---L----L--'---L---

• J ·1 ·3 '4 ·5 ·6 ·7 ·8 ·9

f-()

1\j. value

MEYER LEMON (NF)

(45)

85

30

25'

20

·t '.2. ·:! ·4 ·5" ·6 ·7

^-8

9

^f·O

Rf..

_~

vatue 15

I

LISBON LEMON (NF')

(46)

4

39

2S

2.1 19

17

~-~~__.__;__,__,__,__,__.___.__~~-~_.__._-±-~.J____

O·

·1 ·2 ·3 ·4 ·5 ·6 ·7 ·0 ·9 1·0

~ Rf V<llue

11 ~ CLEMENTINE MANDARIN (NF)

I

l

(47)

2.0

I I I I I I Î I Î Î Î Î Î Î I

·I ·2 ·3 ·4 ·5 ·6 ·7 ·8 ·9 f ·O

R/. vdue

1 CLEMENTINE MANDARIN (P')

(48)

19-+-~~~~~~~~~~---'=~__.__~~~

·J ·.2. ·3 ·4 ·5 ·6 ·7 ·B •9 l·O

Rf v4hte

NAVEL ORANGE (NF)

(49)

201----'--'---"'--'~:--'---'7--'--'--'--L--'--'---'-_,__-'--'--'-~

·J ·2 .g ·4 ·5" ·6 .7

·8

·9 1·0

Rf vctlue

NAVE'L ORANG~ (F)

(50)

·I ·1 ·'3 ·4 ·5 ·6 ·7 ·8 ·9 1·o

·Rf. v<Jlue

GRAPEFRUIT WHE'ENY (NF)

(51)

19

16 ·2 ·3 ·4 ·5' ·6 ·7 ·B ·9 J·O

Rf value

BURGESS SCARLET MANDARIN (NF)

(52)

23

19

15'

U ·I ·2 ·3 ·4 ·5 ·6 ·7 ·B ·9 l·O

Rf· Vfllue

BURGESS SCAllLET MANDARIN ( F)

(53)

. '

Number of Total Total

Treatments root root

number roots

H'

... 10 10 2cm too and

H 10 ^.,}^z 6

7 3

0 10 too

H 10

3 5

10 7

3

10 10 too many and

too

0 1 1 0

'U l.L

10 0 too

H 10 1 2 0

0 6 7 ¹

10 10 19 too and

H 10 1 1 0.,1 cm

1 of roots counted at the of 7th

later the roots

in roots.,

(54)

(1

( '1

(55)

in the ence absence of fact- nevertheless

icular clone. The auxin content of

could have

to

root formation from control root

( i

other

(1

ex-

(56)

of

(57)

The

or

of

root all

t

(58)

to

(59)

to cutt-

(60)

conducted to the which to exist between varieties of' ^"_Vl

.

_their _to

roots on

clones t

e to

or absence of cefactors

for the to

evidence

(61)

sincere to Ricb.ards the

this ect, and for his of

1.

of the Central

sistance of studies

,

v:i

(62)

III

10 1 1

0 10 10

8 6 0

7

¹⁰

8

2 8

7

1 1 0 2

0 ./ ^h 10

1 0 2 2 0

'

1

0 0

2

after

(63)

Treat-

( br.i..

\ u. v

10 1

9 10

7 6

1

:;;

.,/

2

0

1

H 1 10 10

10 1

7

8

5 3

0

0 0

root eel

10 10 10 1

10 10 1

.,, ^I 10 10 1

8

6

8 0

5 7

2 0 2 10

2

7 5

²⁰

1 2 2 9

:;; 1 B

. /

3

^b^/

0 0 0 1

0 0 1

on

(64)

II III

6

15

^A^I

2

"

⁰

. /

0

3

⁸

r

3

¹³

?

0 0 2 0

2 2 0 1 2 16 0

-l 0 2 2 ·12

'

0

0 ⁷ 0

'

0

iJ 0 0 0

3

(65)

I

Treat-

2

3 ¹ ²

0 0 0

6

2 2

0 1

!J:otal roots

200 21

1

3

8

0 0 0

0 0

(66)

Total root

in cm.

6

5.,2·1 ·1

Clementine 0

1

A r-, A

VmC u

2 2

0 Oe 1

0

0 0

0,.0 0

0

after 2 Obser11"ttions after of

of

(67)

0 0

1 1 10 1 1

10 1

1 1

1

.j I

10 1

second- roots

1

(68)

10 too

3

^b^/ ^b^/' ^l+

0

4

0

6

^2.,

10 10 too many

1

1 1 ¹ 1

0 10

10

(69)

of

3:

:1

of

DF

F

5

¹⁹ ⁺

1 l;. 0 0

.,20

5

+

4- _{1 "'}

8.,13 8

14

(70)

3 :2 :1

Source of error

Block

:2:2

of error

Block

3:2:3

Source of error

Block

auxin

- rri th auxin

with auxin

DF

5 4

5

20

2

1+

8

7 8

"11

19 17 1

1 1

0

F Result

+ + +

NS

Result

+ + +

(71)

3: :

1

of Result

1

5

+

4

¹

1

3:3:

error

SS DF

^F ^.J..^u

1

5 6.

14 +

1 -1

" ^"+ ^'

~11

3

:3

of

2 2.

1 0

11 8 1

11+

(72)

0 1

'

Lf..

4

1

0 1

(73)

4:1

Blo Residual

1 :

Block

4: : 6

of

7

.. o

,..

0

DF

1

4 4-

1 li-

F Result

10.0 1

1 ..

o.

5

6

0 0

2 15

F

0

o .. 5 o .. 6

(74)

4:2:

F

$ 0

5

0

4 l

10 0

l+ 1

DF

0

(75)

of

1 1 ^-1

6

'

Block 5e0

4 3. o.

L1-

6

a ./

4:2

16 6 1

12

4

1

4-: :6

error Result

0 0

Blo

3

⁰

4

Total 8

9

(76)

4

3 :1

DP

F Result

4

^0.,

Total

9

of' ^.l..^v

Treatment 1 2

4 6

₊

).

kl·

a ./

4: :3

t

Treatm 1 ₀

1

(77)

4:3

of F

1 0

1

9

1 1.,10

0

4:3:6

0 0

(78)

of flower buds on

2

6 17

5

:1: 2

error

bud 12

Block 10

6

otal

5: :3

Source of' error

Flower bud 0

0 1

4

1

4

9

1

4 4

0 /

of variarice.

Result

2

1

5

0

F

2 1 12 1

2.6

^2.,6

1 6

F Result

0 0

0

(79)

:2:

6

7 4

¹

.6

1 1

1 4

0

(80)

5:3:1

1

:2

1

• -z •

• .J.

0

(81)

..

1

1 D.G and time sca .. le fo1~

ential in Rhododendron Sci. 1

factors of cit-

' 11 (1)

3 ..

Biale, J .. B. The of

Soc Hort 1

5

^The ^{of root} ^{sub st-}

ances in rootstocks,.

for 1 1 the effect

shoots of

t 1

Hort er.

effect tirn.e of the

of t:Ciree tivers of .~~erican

..

c ..

1

8 to root

stem

(82)

9

^of Hormone in

Plant 1

11

c.

and root formatio11 Botan. Gaz

1

11 Crescimanno Studies citru~s

1 12

1 D

1 Doorenbos, J. of in

The of'

l

( 1

H.T

1

1 characterizat-

factor

1

(83)

18.

ci clones

9 ^cutt

c

c 1

1

difficult-to-root

( )

J

(84)

tlet to

s

c

of

1

(85)

"

1

"

c

(official

s ) • 1

1 1

J

1

(86)

and

adt1lts of 1

1

c

1

" 'l

1

(87)

"

® Frolic11 factors G-rafted

1

Root of citrus leaf

21

o:f~ ci to air

(

i

(

1 )

of trees

effect of

c 1

(88)

influence

tio:n :Hort

cutt

in

of

0