A study of some aspects of the problem of replacing 'Yarloop' in 'Yarloop' dominant pastures with 'non-oestrogenic' pasture legumes on Kangaroo Island, South Australia

(ii)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Liet of Figures and Plates iv List of Tables

Summary

Statement

Acknowledgements

I. TNTRODUCTION

II" REVTEI{ OF LTTERATURE

1 ) ^The physiology of 2) ^The occurrence of

Tri follum"

rclover _diseasei in sheep.

Isoflavones in the ^genus

vi

1

4 9 6 13 13 14

3) Subspecíation in Trifolium subterraneun L

4) Competítion (a) General

(b) In clover

IIT" SEED RESERVES OF _'YARLOOP' SUBTERRANEAN CLOVER TN THE SOIL

1 ) Introduction 2) Methods and

15 17 1g 23

23

Materials ^(a) (b)

3)

^Resulte

4)

Discussion

IV.

EXAMINATION OF ALTERNAT]VE SPECIES SUBTERRANEUM

cv

^iYARLOOPt

Levels of seed regerveɡ 0

Pattern of regen-

eration from seed re6erves o

TO TRIT'OLIUM

25 23

28 3o

t2

32

3'

36 59

Introduction

Methods and Materials

Meaeurements

Results ^(a) 1970 pl-ant populations and dry matter production.

1)

2) 7) 4)

(TIÐ

4) i{esulta (b)

Sccd pro,Juo*l,oar

(a)

_19?r

plaat

popuLatl¡¡nce

(d0

_'t971

¡¡t¡tcr

^grorùb a¡d

¡lcrcf'etrßocr

(c)

_{1971 dry ostùcr} Pro<luotioa¡

9I

^]Xesu¡eloa

vr

ÇúÈlPü8r'lIoN Bð'lus6¡t ^f YARIÆoPÇ AD¡Ð PtËP¡iü cLÛvsa

1)

Iatroduotlo¡

2ì

^{l{cÈhod aad l4atcrlal¡}

t'l

þTs¡¡urcøentr

h)

{{e¡ultr Hlr¿t populabioaor

;iar!.y ooapctitlon.

f97O dt'¿r

a¡tter

ploduotioar

P¡rtltto¡¡ of leef

^a¿å ¡teor

$ecd ylcl.tlr

1971 dry

ortter

productlonr 5, ^{illcoutot on}

YI. CüÈiPd8I'ÍIût{ Bllltrd¡iit.I ^f YA}ll,t.'ljpr À{l$ PUHPLî C¿ÆVtÊ YIi'Ài VAiìT¡r:¡L:ù SriJÐ llAT¿li

1)

I¡troduotlon

e)

^Hcthode and l":ai:orieX.a

,)

HceturenenÈa

4) Rcault¡ (rl

PL¡nt populatioaar

(Þ)

Jry ¡¡¡tÈcr prodrrct,iouç

5)

uc.¡cu¡alen

vII.

^OvÍt¡lÀtt Ðrgûf;s,$iül'¡

lfltrI. åt'j'tillÐtrC:Ïi

1)

ilcathsr dete 1955-71

e)

Hc¡ntbly

ratnfrll

!9?O a*d

r*?l t) rleily ralnf¡I1 Aprfl

^{an*å i"ay f9?T}

l+) St¡ttablo¡l

il¡ta

IX.

gIiSI¡IatE:rìAtrÌ¡T

(r)

(b) (o)(a) (e)(f)

P¡gr

4,4t

t+1

9?

,2

96 56

,r

æ

64 67 6rl 77 81

?o 93 99

99 99

10e

f9e

10.2 104 111 1tB

.t 1g

lrg

1t9

lao

'1?9

( rv)

LTST OF T'IGURES AND PLATES

Figure

t

2 3

9 10

11

12

13

14

15 4 70

5

6

7

I

Dry matter production of rYarloopt 19ZO

Dry matter production of purple clover 19TO

Dry matter production of fyaqloop, (l?4 ptants/nz) + purple clover ⁽¹⁸ plants/nt) 19?o

Dry matter production of 'yag1oop, (147 ^ptants/mz) + purple clover ⁽⁶⁹ plants/m') lgZo

Dry matter production of ryarloop, (lB3 ptants/nz) + purple clover ⁽ 164 plants/m') lgZo

Dry matter production of ^tyarJoopt (l4Z ptants/mZ) + purple clover (5j6 plants/m') lgZo

Dry matter production of ^{tyarJoop, (tOB} ptants,/mz)

+ purple ct-over (?to pl-ants/n') 19To

Dry matter production of ryarlgop, (69 pl.ants/m?) + purple clover (llï? plants/n') 19To

Seed yíelds of ^rYarÌoopr and purple.sohrn 19?O

Dry matter production of ryarloopr at three seedrates 1971

Dry patter production of purple clover at three seedrates 1971

Dry matter" production of ^rYarloopr clover 25% (numbers of seeds

"ortt) rates 1971

75% + purple

at

three seed- production of ^rYarloopN

(numbers of seeds sown)

Page

6g 6g 7o

7t 7t

72

72

Dry matter clover 50%

rates 1971

Dry matter clovey '75%

rates 1971

roduction of ^tYarloopr

numbers of seeds sown)

50% + purple

at

three seed- 25% + purple

at

three seed-

p (

B6 105

105

106

106

107

Dry matter production

of

^îyarloopa 12"5% 107

clover B?"r% ^(numbers

of

seed.s sãwn)

"l rates

1971

+ purple three seed-

Dry matter production (totat) of ^ryarloo purple clover 25% (numbers of ^{'seeds sor^¡n} seedrates 1971

'75%+

at three

16 p

)

108

(v)

Fi gure

17

1B

1g

Plat ^e

Dry matter production (totat)ot ^tYarloopi purple clover 50% (numbers of seeds sown)

s eed rat es

Dry matter prod.uction (totat) of ^iYarloopr purple clover 75% (numbers of seeds sown)

seedrates 1971

25% +

at three

50% ⁺

at three

Page

108

109

11

37

7t

74 75 76

Dry matter production (totat) of rYarloopt 12"5% + ^1O9 purple clover 82"5% (numbers of seeds sown) at three seedrates 1971

1

2 3

A tYarloopr plant

rYarloopr _damagerl by clover wilt

General view of Alternative Species Trial following defoliati on

General view of Competition Trial showing water- logging

Competition Trial - pure stands August 24 19?O

Competition Trial - pure stands October 28 1970

Competition Trial - 2.1 plants of purple ^clover to one of ^rYarloopr October 28 1970

Competition TriaI -

heads February 1971

purple clover showing seed By

9 Competition Trial - pure stands July 6 1971

8

4

5 6 7

B

10 Purp1e clover damaged by clover wilt

92 117 a

(vi ₎

LTST OF TABLES No.

Page

16 24 Response of leaf isoflavone content to waterlogging

Soil reserves of seed of Trifolium subterraneum on

5 ^{Seedling emergence} from seed reserves

6 .qtternatives to ^eyarloop0 - plant densities ^19?O 7 Alternatíves to ^rYarloopt - ^herbage production, sordn

speciesr l9ZO

8 Rtternatives to iyarloopr - ^herbage production, , ^volunteer plants, 19TO

9 Afternatives to iyarloopr * seed yields 19TO

'10 Alternatives to ^rYarloopr - plant densities ^19?1

11 Alternatives to ^tYarloopo - invasion of ryarloopt 1gT1

12 Alternatives to eYarJ-oopr - plant survival to ^october

197 1

13 Alternatives to ^rYarloopt - ^herbage yield sown species November,1921

14 Alternatives to iYarloopi - ^herbage yieldo volunteer specieso November 1971

15 ^tYarloop0 v purple clover ₌ treatments 16 ^0Yarloop! v purple clover - ^{growth patterne} 17 ^eYarloopr v purple clover - ptant densities 19TO

18 ^rYarloop0 v purple clover - percentages of each species established

tYarloopr _v

JuJ-y 197O

1

2

3

4

Kangaroo Island

Soil reserves of seed of Trifolium subterraneum at 26

Kangaroo Isl and Research Centre

Soil ¡eserves of ^rYarloopr in one

Is1and Research Centre paddock at Kangaroo 27 29 4o

4t

4z

44 46 48 4g

5O

51

5B 59 6S 66

19 purple clover - ^weight of single plants ₆₈

Noo 20 21

rYarloopr v purple fYarloopr v purple stem October 1970

rYarloop I

stem 0cto

I Yarloop ^I 1970

24 ^rYarloopt

(vii

)

clover - relative ^growth clover - fresh ^{weíght of}

rates

1970

Ieaf and

Page

?B 79

8Z 8Z

B8 Bg 9o

101 103 22 v purple clover - dry ^weight of leaf and ^BO

ber 1970

v purple clover - leaf ^area indices October 82 23

25

26 2?

28

3z

v purple v ^purple

clover - ^{E eed} yields 1970

clover - ^seed multiplication

clover - ^aeed in faesces April 1971

clover - ^hard seed determinations clover - soÍ1 ^{seed reserves June}

îYarloop ^I

rates ^19?O

I Yarloop ^I

t Yarloop ⁱ

¡ Yarloop ^I 1971

v ^purple v purple v ^purple

2g rYarloopr v purple clover - winter ^herbage production ₉₁

1971

30 ^rYarloopr v purple clover - ^{seed balance sheet and}

1971 plant densities 31 ^îYarloopo

9B

v ^purple v purple

clover x ^seedrate - clover x ^seedrate -

treatments plant densities

I Yarloop ⁱ 1971 ^:

V/AITE ^INSTITUTE

LIBRARY

(r)

SU i.TT,1ATY

fho

aln of

tho work uee ?a Btudy the ^problsa of, repLaclng

thc

^rYarloopr

oultfvar of i'ritoFpo

aubtemaagqg

!o rtth

lcg;uraeo

of

loser oectrogcu cotüent

rnil to

^evaluatc four ^cpeelec

of th¡

BÇaua

frlfollug ¡¡

alternativea

to

rliarlooBre

SofI r€asrvêa

of

eeod

of

cubtofrsnorg alousr

ïere

meaaur¡d

¡t slx

locatl,oaa ÐE ;iengaroo _,[a].aad antl

ln flvo

pa*l;.toolo of

dfffercnt hlctorloe

en

thc

-rcpartsrent of, A6rfeulture Resoarclr

üøstre

et

l¡arndtaar ^Seed

of the

^rYarloopl

oultlYar

of

¡ubtarreneæ o.!.ovor

r¡ê

preeinnla¡r¡t

at all

þut ^{,)ao atÈ€e}

Êçaorrea

of

lTarloo¡lf

¡etd

^æea6ure4l

to

Jttly

¡f,trr tlte

naln cse¡llsal gcrrninrtlou raa¡ged froæ thrae

to

244 g

p*"

"e.

^l-tf,ff-

.rotro€a

{a

aoed FêsËrver rÈre not correlated

sfth raÍnfal}t eoil

fecüona,

d¡tc of flrqt

eou{ng

gr

_datc

of

l,¡ltrod¡¡ctloa of, tierl.ooprr s¡ad

rracrrer of

2år{ g ^púr

"2 io Juty

1}69 estab}iohed 1¿oo

tYarloopr _B1anta pcr 62

ln

^Èray 19?O an* îZOG ttrlarloo¡lr planta pcr

u' tn

t l-íay

7ri?1.

Qvsr ^gt#.'l

of

thE açe;i!.in6e onorgod ^Ln

Aprll

anil t'1ay

ln

^{boüb gtar6¡}

ft

X.e o';¡üoludGd

that

the lutroduotion

of

elüernatlve

ep€ci€s

to

ropleco tYarl"oopr

vill

^on3.y be auceeeefuL

lf

^mothoda

for

¡roduoing üho re-cat¡blf,ehesnù

of

tYarlor:pr fr$E aceurn¡l,etcð geed reaorvsa are rvailablo¡

iîour ¡oria!.-oeodl.a6 u,nnucl

-irlfolit¡a

_epocloa

(&.g@,.

@¡tgIl.,

l¡¡¡þÞgglg ^8&d lrlølrfÐürouE) verc 8ouü

ta ¡

^prdciook

uttb lsr

sol¡. ¡peaervrc

of

r'farloo¡lf _{eosd an*.i Eöua}

eÍther

2 Hoei"lyr

oonthly

or

once

at

the ^end

of

tbe

sttoiln¡ Ir

^{übe yoar} of

(e)

eEtebllshocnt, tiofeilf,rtloa ¡reducos dry nraùtor ¡)F{rr;t¡€tloB

la

^g1l

epeoLoe¡ but had

ltttlc offeat

^oa

oeturlty

^an'J oeed

yletd

^(de-

fo!,latf.ou oeaaod

at

Èhc one¡t

uf flouerlag),

Plror Fogcncretfou of, thc

loffi

^l¡rcoiaa

var largoly rûtributod to

a btËb pr'tportloa of, h¡rd ¡cedr

¡t

tho brert<

of

the

lsalcür

rad rYarloo¡tl _d'cnln¡Èod

rll plotr ia

^{tbo eeound}

yearr

Ëc6¡ulet ¡:wf.n¡¡ drtrtn*l tl¡o seooqd

ylator

f,æpr'rvod thc pcrel.¡teacø aar{ aprin¡.t prot$uctfoa of,

all

thc aou cpeoloo e.,loï¡ercd vf

tb n¡u-tlcfoltrtod pì.otor

åIEË83X9-E ^wæ

thc aocü produotlre

of

thc ^asu

apccleor ft

roaouütaû f,or ^over

5OÉ

of

the dry

a¡tter

produût¿on

{n

tho f,irsù ^yoar but by

thr

¡nd

of

thE acooad yoar

lt

eostrlbutcd ¡bout ^1rtl6

of

tho totaL dry uaüÈer produotLo¡¡

tonpotitios betrcea ti8F1o,¡Df and Trp}*uregq uee ¡tutlleü

ta Cot¡ll in

u¡dafo}l¡üed

lsa¡'tle.

^Ihe

rolatlvc

prc!¡ortisnc of

a¡Cb opcglee

in

seod nf.cturoe uag tho Alaiu f,eoÈor ,.ietorminin6 tbø oorn¡roeltl.oa of, the re¡ulÈ.¡¡t averCg. ^{JEte eatablla}rodt the cooporftion

of

tbs o*ar;Ìa cÌlnngad

lf tÈlo

^{dr¡r:n¡.; tbe fLraù glrouiog}

8ôßEsllr

Âlth*ugh the ^gnonùh habit

af

t,he tuo apecÅoe I'e nar'":etlly

rllffcrent¡ thc dirtribr¡tlos of leaf

^area

vlthin

the oan,;py flaã

etctlcr

^{1¡¡ botþ}

rpoofcar In

_¡runo Brarrlt ^dr:¡ rsrttgr ^{prr) iueti,oa}

la

^{t?re yûar}

cf

¡,:ufnß waø

aiçtl¡r in

both epeoioa¡ cad 1a

alrod eua:pÈo cquel

dr¡ natter

pr+ductioo

re¡ulted

fr+ø soulng 15 kg por ha

af rïrrloopr

^and 5 kg pcr ha

of .&.gury,.

Pl,ots uore Èndlvitlually ¡rared 'lerttry ^the sun¡¡err ^Secd

(5)

rreturu.d

la

the facoec wrs fr¡uod

to

bc lnporta¿È

la

^tha

rÇgtorratlo¡

of, purplc clsver ln. Èhe otcsad _f,oar¡

Ðry

nrttcr

produotlou

sf

rÌ{erluopl _{J.a tb¡,} Eêor,&d

vt¡tcr

^uan

7Aç# higlrer

tbe¡ la thr yrar

of, aeedlng rlrareæ

&.ÊfIltES,

^grefl

¡lalla¡ly

tD ^boüb

f,earte frt¡

flndtn6; süüld

¡ot

bo erplelncd

¡¡d 1¡

oonstdored

to ralr¡nÈ furthel

oxaatnettoar

tht

Li,nfÈatloao

of

the cethodc u¡ed

la thit rork

are ,.lt¡-

ou6sad¡

Ðoth rYul.on¡l¡ rnd Tlnurrurogì

urrc

drnr6od _Þy olovcr

rllt

(Kqbatiel,te

oaullvoÎr)

and

thlc

^{m¡ot hrvg} h¡d n ^çsrt.red lnflueaoe oa

th¡

praotLoe.l

ol,:alflcracr of

tbo

trl,ala.

!r.ÊËjëgg.år

FroÞerlof{ ^¡nd 3rgågÞgg, ^{ahoyed no cynpÈonc}

of th¡

cllce¡ter

(4)

gTAfEMENT

Thle theeiE containe no naterial rhlch hee baen

acceptcd

for

the award

of

any othor degrcc

or

diplona

iu

any

uuívcrsity

and,

to

the beet

of

my knowledge and

bcrioft ft

contafns _no materlar prevlouely publlshed _or

wrlttcn

by anothor

pêr'on,

except when due roference ie

nade Ln the

text of

tha th,asis.

PhlliB E" Bcal-e

$)

ACKNOT'ILEDGEMENTS

I an grateful for the opportunity to complete this study

whilst serving as an officer within the Research Centres Branch

of the South Auetralian Department of Agriculture.

Dr. H.V. Chamberlain, Superintendent of Research Centreo, has

givun support and encouragement at all times, and Mr" B"A. Ninnee,

Officer-in-Charge of Kangaroo Island Reeearch Centre, has

willing1y provicled. facilities.

I an grateful for assistance wíth the field work

províded by the staff of the ^Kangaroo Island Research Centra and in particular thank F[r" Ao Bianchi for the many hours he

epent cutting ^plote"

I wish to thank Dr" uT.Ii, Silsbury for guidance and

constructive críticlsm throughoqt the preparation of this theeis _"

Thanks are also due to Mr. T. ^Hancock for his assistance with the statistical analyses.