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EDITORIAL

COT - ENVIRONMENTAL FLAG

CARRIER There is little doubt that we are trying to use

COT plagues as a catalyst to create increased concern and awareness about the fragile nature of the marine environment. The coral devastation caused by a COT plague is all too evident at a resort like Ari Angaga, but of equal concern are what caused the plague in the first place, and whether the reef will recover. We pointed out, in the last newsletter, that Crown-Of-Thorns infestations have probably occurred on the Great Barrier Reef over the past several thousand years. Obvi- ously these pre-historic infestations cannot have been due to human impacts. It follows from this that the fact that COT infestations occur today is not necessarily a sign of human interference and pollution. However, the rate, and extent, of recovery may be. Reefs have survived COT infestations in the past. The only way to ensure that they do so today is

to protect the environment! PROTECTING THE ENVIRONMENT

How can we protect the environment? Well there are those who see no point in even trying to do something. They say that the Maldives will disappear under the sea in the next fifty years anyway. Some even suggest that the sea-temperature will rise by 2-3°C as a result of the greenhouse effect and corals will not be able to survive. Fortunately these people are in the minority in the Maldives! For those who do have a concern for the fu- ture and for what they will be handing the next generation there are two fundamentally different philosophical approaches to coping with the consequences of human development. The two approaches are subject to very strong debate in the scientific commu- nity. The answer, as is so often the case, is a

combination of both approaches.

REACTIVE APPROACH The first approach is to see what happens when you do something and then manage the situation accordingly. In other words `react' to things once they occur. This approach is the one used for testing drugs and chemicals or setting the quality for drinking or bathing water. If the substance, or activity, is seen to be harmful then limit it to a level where it

cannot cause harm.

CAUTIONARY APPROACH The second approach is to assume that any change is likely to do damage and so should not be allowed. This can be considered a `cautionary' approach. This approach is, for example, used in nature reserves where you put a fence round the area and allow the

`natural' process to continue undisturbed.

ACHIEVING THE RIGHT BALANCE So where is this balance to be achieved in the Maldives? Well, each case has to be considered on its own merits. Not allowing coral collecting and spearfishing, except for research, is cautionary and appropriate.

Throwing pollutants onto the reefs and seeing whether the reefs are affected is reactive and inappropriate. We simply do not know enough about the effects of human activities on coral reefs to allow them to be

damaged.

THE DEVELOPMENT DILEMMA When development needs arise - for example using coral for building materials - there is a real dilemma and a need for compromise.

All non-coral derived building materials have to be imported to Maldives so, at first sight, the choice would appear to be between de- stroying reefs or spending valuable foreign exchange revenues on imported aggregate.

On second sight compromise is possible.

The cautionary approach requires that coral be collected from the least sensitive areas well away from islands. Use of alternative sources of building materials like lagoon sand, quarried coral, and imported aggregate are encouraged. The reactive approach is to see

whether the mined reefs recover and, indeed, how that recovery can be enhanced.

Government of Maldives is following both approaches. There is a project underway to look at the feasibility of mining a single complete ring-reef (faro) in south Male' atoll to meet all building material needs for North and South Male' for the next twenty-five years. The idea is that only a small area of living coral will be destroyed using this method. In the existing method much of the coral is live and is stripped from the surface of

the reef over much larger areas.

In addition a project will start shortly to look at how reefs recover following coral mining and how the rate of recovery can be enhanced.

WHAT ARE COT Some readers of the first COT newsletter

have expressed an interest in learning a bit

more about these starfish.

THE ADULT The Crown-Of-Thorns starfish, locally called

"Kashi Boa" (thorn head) has 15-18 arms.

The adult starfish normally ranges in size from 25-35 cm. The upper surface has hundreds of extremely sharp spines reaching a length of between 3 and 5 cm. These spines are sharp and are known to produce a severe toxic reaction in some humans. The under- side of the starfish has hundreds of tube feet starting from the mouth in the centre and running in pairs to the tip of each arm. The tube feet are used for moving, feeding,

holding, and sensing.

When feeding, the Crown-Of-Thorns starfish everts its stomach through its mouth.

The everted stomach then spreads-out over the coral surface. Digestive enzymes are then secreted which break down the tissue of the coral so that it can be absorbed by the

stomach.

REPRODUCTION A Crown-Of-Thorns starfish is either male or

female. The starfish reach maturity and

start to spawn at about the end of their second year of life. The eggs and sperm are released into the water column where fertili- sation takes place. To synchronise the release of eggs and sperm the starfish secrete a chemical which induces nearby starfish to spawn. It is said that one adult starfish re-

leases millions of eggs.

TIME IN THE PLANKTON The fertilised eggs do not immediately land on coral reefs but spend several weeks floating about in the plankton. They are only 0.2mm in diameter at this stage and hatch after about a day to produce a tiny transparent bag which gradually developes into a tiny bipinnaria larva (fig. 1) and looks nothing like an Fig- 1 LIFE CYCLE OF COT

settling larva OtrnOrph05.5

Pawn, Oar'Y Star ish

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adult starfish. It consists of a simple gut and some bands of beating hairs called cilia which

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(2)

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EDITORIAL

COT - ENVIRONMENTAL FLAG CARRIER

There is little doubt that we are trying to use COT plagues as a catalyst to create increased concern and awareness about the fragile nature of the marine environment. The coral devastation caused by a COT plague is all too evident at a resort like Ari Angaga, but of equal concern are what caused the plague in the first place, and whether the reef will re

cover. We pointed out, in the last newsletter, that Crown-Of-Thorns infestations have probably occurred on the GreatBarrier Reef over the past several thousand years. Obvi

ously these pre-historic infestations cannot have been due to human impacts. It follows from this that the fact that COT infestations occur today is not necessarily a sign of human interference and pollution. However, the rate, and extent, of recovery may be. Reefs have survived COT infestations in the past.

The only way to ensure that they do so today is to protect the environment!

PROTECTING THE ENVIRONMENT How can we protect the environment? Well there are those who see no point in even trying to do something. They say that the Maldives will disappear under the sea in the next fifty years anyway. Some even suggest that the sea-temperature will rise by 2-3 °C as a result of the greenhouse effect and corals will not be able to survive. Fortunately these people are in the minority in the Maldives!

For those who do have a concern for the fu

ture and for what they will be handing the next generation there are two fnndamentally different philosophical approaches to coping with the consequences of human de

velopment. The two approaches are subject to very strong debate in the scientific commu

nity. The answer, as is so often the case, is a combination of both approaches.

REACTIVE APPROACH The first approach is to see what happens when you do something and then manage the situation accordingly. In other words 'react' to things once they occur. This approach is the one used for testing drugs and chemicals or setting the quality for drinking or bathing water. If the substance, or activity, is seen to be harmful then limit it to a level where it cannot cause harm.

CAUTIONARY APPROACH The second approach is to assume that any change is likely to do damage and so should not be allowed. This can be considered a 'cau

tionary' approach. This approach is, for ex

ample, used in nature reserves where you put a fence round the area and allow the 'natural' process to continue undisturbed.

ACHIEVING THE RIGHT BALANCE So where is this balance to be achieved in the Maldives? Well, each case has to be consid

ered on its own merits. Not allowing coral collecting and spearfishing, except for research, is cautionary and appropriate.

Throwing pollutants onto the reefs and seeing whether the reefs are affected is re

active and inappropriate. We simply do not know enough about the effects of human activities on coral reefs to allow them to be damaged.

THE DEVELOPMENT DILEMMA When development needs arise - for example using coral for building materials - there is a real dilemma and a need for compromise.

All non-coral derived building materials have to be imported to Maldives so, at first sight, the choice would appear to be between de

stroying reefs or spending valuable foreign exchange revenues on imported aggregate.

On second sight compromise is possible.

The cautionary approach requires that coral be collected from the least sensitive areas well away from islands. Use of alternative sources of building ·materials like lagoon sand, quarried coral, and imported aggregate are encouraged. The reactive approach is to see

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whether the mined reefs recover and, indeed, how that recovery can be enhanced.

Government of Maldives is following both approaches. There is a project underway to look at the feasibility of mining a single complete ring-reef (faro) in south Male' atoll to meet all building material needs for North and South Male' for the next twenty-five years. The idea is that only a small area of living coral will be destroyed using this method. In the existing method much of the coral is live and is stripped from the surf ace of the reef over much larger areas.

In addition a project will st.art shortly to look at how reefs recover following coral mining and how the rate of recovery can be enhanced.

WHAT ARE COT

Some readers of the first COT newsletter have expressed an interest in learning a bit more about these starfish.

THE ADULT

The Crown-Of-Thorns starfish, locally called

"Kashi Boa" (thorn head) has 15-18 arms.

The adult starfish normally ranges in size from 25-35 cm. The upper surface has hun

dreds of extremely sharp spines reaching a length of between 3 and 5 cm. These spines are sharp and are known to produce a severe toxic reaction in some humans. The under

side of the starfish has hundreds of tube feet starting from the mouth in the centre and running in pairs to the tip of each arm. The tube feet are used for moving, feeding, holding, and sensing.

When feeding, the Crown-Of-Thorns star

fish everts its stomach through its mouth.

The everted stomach then spreads-out over the coral surf ace. Digestive enzymes are then secreted which break down the tissue of the coral so that it can be absorbed by the stomach.

REPRODUCTION

A Crown-Of-Thorns starfish is either male or female. The starfish reach maturity and 2

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start to spawn at about the end of their second year of life. The eggs and sperm are released into the water column where fertili

sation takes place. To synchronise the release of eggs and sperm the starfish secrete a chemical which induces nearby starfish to spawn. It is said that one adult starfish re

leases millions of eggs.

TIME IN THE PLANKTON The fertilised eggs do not immediately land on coral reefs but spend several weeks floating about in the plankton. They are only 0.2mm in diameter at this stage and hatch after about a day to produce a tiny transparent bag which gradually developes into a tiny bipin

naria larva (fig. 1) and looks nothing like an Fig- 1 LIFE CYCLE OF COT

adult starfish. It consists of a simple gut and some bands of beating hairs called cilia which it uses for swimming and feeding. It takes the larva several weeks to develop to the next stage called the brachiolaria larval stage. At this point the embryonic starfish has two distinct parts. The front part resembles the bipinnaria stage and the back part starts to look like a starfish. The larva settles-out of the plankton onto the reef at this stage. The back 'starfish' part of the larva absorbs the

(3)

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