Its regular inclusion in the diet tends to prevent and relieve morning sickness; helps to form regular bowel movements; and provides enough calories for adequate milk flow from the breast without causing digestive upset. 693" and other preparations in the medical field; and it is useful to remember that the company are also major manufacturers of pharmaceutical, technical, photographic and laboratory chemicals.
Speculum
THE JOURNAL OF THE
BOARD OF MANAGEMENT
REPRESENTATIVES
CONTENTS
SPECULUM 1 1
Professor Frank MacFarlane Burnet
Winning the Stewart Prize in 1935 for his work on infectious diseases Professor Burnet's work was officially
We congratulate Professor Burnet on his latest appointment. We are fortunate to have so capable a
Rubbo was appointed as the Chair of Bacteriology at the University of Melbourne in succession to Professor H. In the same year he was appointed as Senior Lecturer in Bacteriology, the University of Melbourne.
PROFESSOR S. DATTILO-RUBBO
SPECULUM 13
EDITORIAL
S.S. NOTES
Following the successful establishment of a National Union of Medical Students in the United Kingdom, Sydney University Medical Students' Society contacted Britain with the aim of obtaining information about the new body. Sydney contacted Melbourne, who wished to form an Australian Union, and presently the M.S.S. Melbourne) hopes to send a representative to a conference in Sydney to discuss the matter. In the field of sports our team in the Interfaculty Hockey were runners-up in the competition, while in the field of entertainment the revival of the Medical Medleys should have the approval of all.
THE M.S.S COMMITTEE PERSONNEL FOR 1945
SPECULUM 1 5
The Position of the Acridines in Chemotherapy
Acridine
16 SPECULUM
By 1918, when it was possible to sum up the wartime experiences with various antiseptics, as was done in the official medical History of the Great
In the next fifteen years, no real progress was made in the application of acridine compounds to human medicine, but in 1932 electrifying news
And now a personal note may be introduced. When the discovery of
This work was carried out during four years in England and during the last seven years in Australia. Some of the high lights of the work will now
34;Because of its constancy of composition and of its minimal toxicity
At the same time, Russell and Falconer published the results of their search to discover the antiseptic that could most safely be applied to the
34;We therefore feel that in recommending proflavine sulphate (0.1
SPECULUM 17
One of the early fruits of this work was the systematic study of the mono-aminoacridines (6► Reference to the structural formula of acridine shows that there are five possible different mono-aminoacridines. This has led us to the point where we can definitely put forward a rational explanation of the way in which acridines act on bacteria.. Inhibited in this way by chemotherapeutic substances, bacteria become ready prey for the body's natural defense forces.
SPECULUM 19 Whatever the treatment selected, the initial surgical toilet must be carried
ACRIDINE
RESEARCH AND THE MEDICAL SCHOOL
SPECULUM 2 1
He who learns from one who has already learned all there is to learn drinks from the green mantle of a stagnant pool" (quoted from Truscott, "Red Brick University"). I have tried to show that these expressions are essential to the education of a physician , if it is to play its part in the practice of scientific medicine.The achievements of the Faculty of Medicine would have already given Melbourne a precarious foothold in its last popular category, but these achievements.
SPECULUM 23 are due to the heroic efforts of a few in the face of great difficulties. The
A STAFF - STUDENT COMMITTEE
THE WALTER AND ELIZA HALL INSTITUTE OF RESEARCH IN PATHOLOGY AND MEDICINE
SPECULUM 25 during the war years has been rickettsial infections, of which the most
In 1945, the Institute, like much of the rest of the world, is in transition, still primarily focused on war purposes, but with a more real interest in the developments that can bring peace. With the move of the Royal Melbourne Hospital to the new buildings and the development of a more direct link to the University through my appointment as Professor of Experimental Medicine, the relationship of the Institute to the hospital and the University has changed significantly. It is a characteristic of medical research, as of any other type of scientific research, that its conclusions today must be supported by an adequate statistical treatment of the facts used to reach these conclusions.
WELCOME TO EX - SERVICEMEN
When the opportunity presents itself to obtain the adequate personnel, its essential task will be to work out the techniques by which factual knowledge can be obtained of the prevalence of disease in our own society and of the real effectiveness of present methods of prevention. and treatment. If in Australia we are to have teachers of medicine and surgery who are at the forefront of progress in their own fields and who can in one way or another break new ground themselves, it is essential that the clinical schools where they have their undergraduate and postgraduate. education should be in contact with research activity. Accurate diagnosis and effective treatment of sick people must remain at the heart of clinical work, but only a tradition of research within hospital departments will provide the enthusiasm and drive that will keep the work at the highest possible level.
THE REGULATION OF THE FUNCTIONAL ACTIVITY OF THE THYROID GLAND
Thyroid-Pituitary Interaction
SPECULUM 27 Conversely, ablation of the hypophysis leads to reduced respiration of thyroid
The action of thyrotrophic hormone (or thyroid-stimulating hormone ("T.S.H.") is directly on the thyroid gland and is not mediated by the nerve supply of this body. Given the frequent persistence of the exophthalmic component of Graves' disease after subtotal thyroidectomy and reported worsening of the thyroidectomized condition in thyrotrophic hormone-injected guinea pigs (9-10) a direct action on the orbital contents has been attributed to the anterior pituitary principle. Furthermore, there is some evidence that thyroid hormone (thyroxine) acts antagonistic by inhibiting the influence of thyrotrophic hormone on the orbital tissue".
Iodine-Thyroid-Pituitary Relationships
Ref orzo-Membrives (12) crucially demonstrated such inhibition of pituitary function by circulating thyroid hormone. Long-term administration of desiccated thyroid to rats resulted in a change in pituitary function from thyroid-stimulating to thyroid-inhibitory, as judged by the effects of pituitary injection into the guinea pig. Therefore, when interpreting the results of hormone tests, it is necessary to take into account the possibility that the hormones of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland can circulate in an active and inactive form.
34;Chemical Thyroidectomy"
SPECULUM 29 would appear to act in the thyrotoxic human in a manner qualitatively similar
Some patients (about 10%) show toxic symptoms which disappear on withdrawal of the drug, and it is therefore desirable to have the patient under frequent observation, especially in the early stages of treatment. By limiting the production of thyrotrophic hormone, the desiccated thyroid gland would tend to reduce the size of the gland and moderate the ophthalmic component of the condition where it is present. The results of "chemical" thyroidectomy have been striking, but it must be emphasized in conclusion that a further period must elapse before a fair assessment can be made of the advantages or otherwise of the newer therapy over subtotal surgical thyroidectomy.
Astwood (36) and others have stated that the iodine-thiouracil combination is contraindicated, but two of his cases who had received iodine before thiouracil responded normally, and only in these two the administration of iodine was continued with the other drug. Maxwell (39) has used both drugs together and has received favorable and rapid responses in most cases. Further investigation may support the contention that the most appropriate course of treatment would initially include iodine plus thiouracil (or equivalent drug) until the stage of surgery, or until the symptoms of hyperthyroidism have been sufficiently limited to warrant ligation of the desiccated thyroid in small amounts. with continuous administration of thiouracil (cf.
30 SPECULUM
THE PETULANT COCCUS
SPECULUM 31 RETRIBUTION
The characteristic grim and ominous atmosphere was enhanced by the waterfalls cascading down the cold red brick walls and by the eerie patter of the raindrops on the long gray windows. And then - well, perhaps it was the extraordinary gust of wind which, fleeing from the chemistry school, burst upon me in all its fury, or the awesome flash of lightning, but I know that the climax of the thunder's subsequent roll coincided with slamming the Prof's door behind me. He reclined luxuriously on a tonsil bed stretched between two hamuli, and for the next few minutes he idly sketched the lateral wall of the pelvis on the reserve sheet of the fascia, his calamus scriptorius finally protruding into the floor of the fourth ventricle and Winslow's foramen. .
32 SPECULUM
SPECULUM 33
THE EARLY PRINTED ANATOMICAL ILLUSTRATIONS
SPECULUM 35 The first record of a human dissection that we have is one done in 1316
After this, dissection of the human body became more common and used for the formal education of students - in fact, such dissections were done in public. Four days were taken to demonstrate the anatomy, the body was placed on a table and the professor, sitting in a high chair, lectured on the parts as dissected by a prosector. On the first day the digestive tract would be examined, on the second the respiration and heart, on the third the brain and special senses, and on the fourth the limbs and bones.
These rather cursory descriptions of anatomy, although an advancement, did little to really add to the student's knowledge, especially as he had few
With the invention of printing and production of books, the earlier descriptions of anatomy began to be more widely circulated and available
SPECULUM 37
They were published in 1898, and form a monument to a great anatomist, a great painter, and an extremely versatile personality. They were crude woodcuts, but were a definite improvement on the earlier illustrations, and showed evidence of having been taken from actual dissections. This was a book on the muscles of the upper extremities, and was the first to appear, in which it was clear that they were all drawn from actual dissections.
ELEMENTARY NOTES ON ANAESTHESIA
If it falls on an open mask, it evaporates into the gauze and is inhaled diluted with air; if sprayed, some of the vapor may pass through the gauze and reach the patient in high concentration. Then there is only one reason that the level of anesthesia does not increase. the vapor is not reaching the alveoli of the lungs. If the patient has been "full" before the surgeon begins, it will be easy enough to change the depth, but stay slightly ahead of the surgeon.
NO GUTS AT ALL
The most reliable and constant eye signs are the lateral oscillation of the eyes or the eccentric fixation at the end of phase II.
Alfred Hospital Notes
SPECULUM 43 that, its no wonder he can't even afford a three-penny section ! (Is he
And to finish up with a little ditty
There was a nice little chap called Russel, Who had a thick hide, and no muscle;
A lot of good books—
No hope of fish-hooks—
And a ng resembling a pust(u)le
Fifth Year Notes
Since you last heard of us we have been Fourth Year and Fifth Year;
To tell you the comings (mainly short variety) and goings (mainly of the out variety) of our members, I thought to revert to childhood days and
D is for Derry—his love life's prodigious
E's for Elaine—she was one of the lads
But the strain was too much, and, anyway, we don't like to be personal
44 SPECULUM
Third Year Notes
SPECULUM 45
Second Year Notes
Medical Medleys
Anaesthetist's Lament
Personal
SPECULUM 4 7
SPECULUM 49 From the Nurses' Exams
Ode for Pruritis
Her dad said "Rose,
34;Crabs, I suppose I"
Dr. Malthus wrote this one
A maternally-minded Miss Myrtle Ecstactically became Mrs. Turtle
After fruitless attempts to conceive, Her medico said believe
You are hopelessly and permanently infertile."
Seen in Holt and McIntosh 'Diseases of Infancy and Childhood'Y'We once saw a child who had been fed exclusively on milk of magnesia in the belief that this was a food.
THE QUIZ KID MAKES A CLEAN BREAST OF IT
POEMS
The announcer was commenting on the action of the vigilantes in seizing a home in Hawthorn for a returned soldier and his wife. His work as a neurophysiologist led him to the directorship of the Kanomatsu Institute in Sydney, from where he recently moved to New Zealand as Professor of Physiology at the University of Otago. His article is especially welcome given the neglected state of anesthesia in our curriculum.
Old Boys' Column
RUSSELL is a senior lecturer in anatomy and as such he is a familiar and sometimes depressing feature of student life - the latter, of course, only in exams.
34;Speculum."
The Editors' regret they are unable in this issue to continue the column, but would like to see it appear again in the next issue
Sutures for every surgical procedure
Walter Ponsford
SIGHT TESTING OPTICIAN
When a non-corrosive, economical and extremely powerful germicide is needed, use-
CYLLIN
Rideal-Walker Co-Efficient (Bacillus Typhosus) 18-20
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