T E C H N I C A L A N C E M E N T A N D E F F I C I E N C Y Australia is at the forefront of technological innovation in the global sugar industry in all areas of the industry's operations viz. Another facet of the challenge facing the Australian sugar industry is remaining competitive despite continued cost pressures. Employment in the agricultural sector has declined due to competition from other sectors of the economy.
During the last two decades, only 4 0% of sugarcane produced in the country was used to manufacture centrifugal sugar. This peculiar feature of the Indian sugar industry has a tremendous effect on the net production of centrifugal sugar. The Indian sugar industry needs varieties that mature quickly early in the season (October/November) and deteriorate less late in the season (summer months).
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Climatic, biological, economic and social limits
4 Net financial return for various varieties and crop classes in the Currajong/St Kilda zone in the Bingera mill area in 1995. 1 Cane and sugar production of the MZC 74-275 variety at the Mayaguez mill in relation to processable sugar. The choice of probability level depends on the decision maker's attitude to risk.
The period from June 18 to July 8 is normally the first three weeks of the harvest in the Herbert region. 1 indicate that precipitation in the second half of the year was significantly lower than in the first six months. These results are preliminary estimates that provide a broad indication of the potential extent of acid sulfate soils.
Opportunities for improved plant performance
Breeding/breeding efficiency
In the current evaluation of BLUP applicability, NMG plant yield (first harvest) data for the 1988-1994 batch seedlings from the Mackay and Bundaberg breeding programs were used for analysis. A second set of two replicates of 192 clones remained in the outdoor growing area until 23 March 1995. A simpler set of data for the natural regime consisted of the number of panicles produced and the number of stems per pot.
This, combined with the nature of the controlled regime, is believed to be responsible for the successful outcome. The 5s primers (D'Hont et al. 1995) were used to assess the quality of the DNA for PCR amplification. We thank William Burnquist and Eugenio Ulian (Copersucar-Brazil) for providing DNA samples from the cross Bamboo Cristalina x IK 76-422, Nils Berding (BSES, Australia) for the plant material of the Erianthus cultivar.
Growth physiology and sucrose metabolism
Special (high) rooms were included in the design of the facility which could accommodate sugar cane and horticultural species. 1 Sucrose (W), glucose (3) and fructose (O) as % dry matter for internodes of sugarcane variety Ql 17 grown in CEF. Consistent trends were observed in internode development of sugarcane varieties Ql 17 and Q138 grown in CEF and in pots.
Respiration then declined to a relatively constant level over the next six hours, with a slight upward trend in the last four hours of the dark cycle. In this paper, we extend the analyzes by considering the stability of the relationship between stem sucrose accumulation and stem biomass, and stem sucrose concentration on a dry weight basis. The phenotype (thin, fibrous, lightweight stems versus thick, heavy stems) was not a good indicator of sucrose concentration in the stem, i.e.
Consequently, the supply of sucrose from the phloem must be symplastic, probably in the form of sucrose. Jacobsen KR, Fisher D, MareUki A, Moore P (1992) Developmental changes in sugarcane stem anatomy in relation to phloem unloading and sucrose storage. In the immature internodes (2 and 3), the water-insoluble component (fiber) and the non-sucrose component represented almost 90% of the total dry matter.
3 Changes in total activity of (a) hexokinase and fructokinase, (b) acid and neutral invertase, (c) PFK and PFP, (d) SS and aldolase, (e) PK and (f) UDPGPPase for internodes 2 (youngest) . The measured activities of invertase (acidic and neutral) and sucrose synthase activity exceed the maximum level of sucrose accumulation in the internodes. The net difference between synthetic and hydrolytic activity is reflected in the rate of sucrose accumulation.
Some workers (Moore 1995 and references therein) claim that the apoplast also contains a soluble acid invertase.
- Molecular modification of metabolic processes
About 50% of the vascular bundles in the internodes were within 3 mm of the outer side of the petiole. Phloem transport was assessed by monitoring the movement of a phloem-mobile, membrane-impermeable dye, 5,6 carboxyfluorescein (CF), used in a membrane-permeable diacetate form. The frequency of pitting in fiber cells at the interface of the phloem shoulder and storage parenchyma was measured on resin sections using.
We conclude that the VBs in the peripheral region of the stem strengthened the stem (Wilson 1990) but were not active in long-distance phloem transport. All cells in the path from phloem to storage parenchyma in VBs of the central region were alive and connected by plasmodesmata, as reported by W e l b a u m et al. In the years ahead, development and successful commercialization of the new technology will be important worldwide.
In mature leaves of C4 plants, Rubisco appears in the BSC, but not in the MC, nor in any non-photosynthetic tissue of the plant. The positive control expression plasmid consisted of the maize polyubiquitin (Ubi) promoter fused to the GUS gene and the NOS terminator (pAHC27 of Christensen et al 1992). DD7 DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION OF B-GLUCURONIDASE IN SUGAR UNDER THE CONTROL OF THE RICE RUBISCO SMALL SUBUNIT PROMOTER.
The first is the manipulation of the synthetic process of sucrose, to increase the amount of sucrose produced in the leaves. This paper describes the successful transformation of the commercial sugarcane variety Q l 1 7, and preliminary screening for foreign SPS protein in the transformants. Bands corresponding to the spinach SPS appeared in the extracts of three of the transgenic lines (306, 65 and 73) shortly after the band developed in the spinach control.
Based on sequence comparisons (Fig. 1) the scinv3'2 invertase fragment most likely represents the vacuolar form of the enzyme.
Disease and insect resistance
The antimicrobial activity is strongly reduced in the presence of the divalent cation (Ca2*). Increased branching and swelling of the hyphae was typically seen in the presence of the proteins. Both peptides have been shown to be potent inhibitors of the growth of many microbial phytopathogens in vitro.
Clark JM, Shukla DD, Ward CW (1991) Unexpected sequence diversity in the amino-terminal ends of the coat proteins of strains of sugarcane mosaic. Transient e x p r e s s i o n of the coat protein of s u g a r c a n e m o s a i c virus in sugarcane protoplasts and expression in Escherichia coli. Bouhida M, Lockhart BEL, Olszewski NE (1993) An analysis of the complete sequence of a sugarcane bacilliform virus infective to banana and rice.
The average of agronomic characters for both populations were close to each other (Table 3). District surveys for Pachymetra root rot showed that the Fairymead mill site in the Bundaberg district, and parts of the Herbert River district, had moderate levels of the disease. All species of the Saccharum complex evaluated had a range of resistance to Pachymetra root rot (Table 2).
Glagah, the parent of many of the first sugarcane hybrid cultivars, was the most susceptible S.spontaneum clone tested. EganBT, HurneyAP.RyanCC, Matthews AA (1984) A review of northern poor root syndrome of sugarcane in northern Queensland. Seven days after inoculation, vesicles formed in the outer layers of the cortex bounded by cell walls.
Egan BT, Hurney AP, Ryan CC, Matthews AA (1984 ) A review of poor northern roots syndrome of sugarcane in northern Queensland.
Opportunities for improved crop management
- Crop agronomy and yield improvement
- Fertiliser use and soil nutrient problems
Since the current position of the base station is known, the errors in the satellite signals can be accurately calculated. Installation would be a matter of mounting an antenna to the harvester cabin and securing the receiver to the cabin. The cost of planting material, which can amount to 2 0 % to 4 0 % of the total cost of production in the Philippines, is one of the main items of ex p e n s e .
Variations in cane quality can be attributed mainly to differences in the inherent sweetness of varieties (Ocampo & Tianco 1994), taking into account crop age and planting season. The soil properties used in the simulation were those of a Swartland soil similar to that of the La Mercy experiments. A period of falling world sugar prices from 1983-1985 provided a catalyst for the rapid adoption of this system in the far north of the state.
In the case of the RB treatment, temperatures measured in this way provide an indication of the soil environment immediately surrounding the P V C microplots. Nitrogen mineralization in surface horizons was consistently and significantly greater (50%) in TB than RB (Table 1). 2 Comparison of the effect of green manure cover (TB) and dug-and-burned cane (RB) management systems on soil temperature (°C) at Abergowrie measured at 50 mm depth for fluctuations in year J, so that diurnal extremes are not as pronounced in mulch-covered soils as they are in bare soils (Horton et al 1994).
Foliar application of glycine betaine could provide new opportunities for yield improvement in the Australian sugarcane industry. For years, fertilizer recommendations in the South African sugar industry have been based on the NCo376 variety. M e y e r JH, Wood R A, Leibbrandt NB Recent developments in determining the N requirements of sugarcane in the South African sugar industry.
This paper describes the results from a detailed soil survey of sugar cane soils in the Herbert River district. Fertilizer N utilization by a sugarcane crop is typically low with 20-4 0 % of applied N used by the crop in the year of application (Chapman et al 1994; Vallis et al 1995). Total N in the crop was divided by cane yield at harvest to give a measure of N use efficiency.
