Supplementary Information for The influence of water-rock interactions on household well water in an area of high prevalence chronic kidney disease of unknown aetiology (CKDu)

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Supplementary Information for

The influence of water-rock interactions on household well water in an area of high prevalence chronic kidney

disease of unknown aetiology (CKDu)

Liza K. McDonough 1,2,* , Karina T. Meredith 1 , Chandima Nikagolla 3 , Richard B. Banati 1,4

1

Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), New Illawarra Rd, Lucas Heights, NSW, 2234, Australia

2

School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia

3

School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia

4

Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia

Correspondence to: Liza K. McDonough ( [email protected] )

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2

Supplementary Figure 1: a) EC vs Ca concentrations. Data shows low Ca/EC ratios in samples 27, 16 and 18. b)

Fluoride concentration with Ca/Na and Mg/Na ratios. Data shows higher fluoride concentrations at lower Ca/Na and

Mg/Na ratios suggesting fluoride input from silicate weathering.

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Supplementary Table 1: Raw water chemistry data

ID Temp

(ᵒC)

pH DO

(mg L^-1) EC (µS cm^-

1)

Alkalini ty (mg L^-1)

Ca (mg L^-1)

Mg (mg L^-1)

K (mg L^-1)

Na (mg L^-1)

Cl (mg L^-1)

Si (mg L^-1)

Sr (mg L^-1)

Li (mg L-¹)

F (mg L^-1)

Rb (mg L^-1)

U (mg L^-1)

δ¹³CDIC

(‰) 𝛿⁷Li (‰)

87Sr/⁸⁶S r ratio

CKDU-2-01 29.00 7.00 2.31 1358 460.4 106.0 34.4 54.00 84.0 108 45.6 0.954 0.004 0.52 0.016 <0.001 -14.4 NA 0.7101

CKDU-2-02 30.33 7.02 1.19 1646 375.4 135.0 66.8 6.22 81.4 230.0 53.4 1.27 0.005 0.59 0.007 <0.001 -14.8 11.9 0.7100

CKDU-2-03 28.56 6.63 2.99 739 294.2 74.7 28.8 0.80 38.9 26.5 54.8 0.421 0.004 0.65 <0.001 <0.001 -17.8 12.0 0.7072

CKDU-2-04 29.82 7.33 5.31 947 363.7 65.7 54.8 1.02 43.5 78.9 47.4 1.2 0.004 0.75 <0.001 <0.001 -13.8 17.3 0.7081

CKDU-2-05 27.16 7.33 0.58 1086 426.6 79.6 41.2 2.05 95.7 102 51.2 0.808 0.004 1.81 <0.001 <0.001 -13.7 NA 0.7097

CKDU-2-06 29.96 6.89 3.09 1030 211.7 90.8 32.2 1.94 69.2 67.6 51.9 0.478 0.016 1.91 0.001 0.001 -16.5 8.6 0.7231

CKDU-2-07 28.58 7.16 2.42 1311 350.8 92.0 50.8 1.33 97.3 183.0 44.2 1.1 0.004 0.94 0.001 <0.001 -13.9 NA 0.7094

CKDU-2-08 27.99 6.80 1.31 774 306.0 65.5 30.9 0.77 59.8 25.4 53.4 0.576 0.003 1.35 <0.001 <0.001 -16.5 15 0.7072

CKDU-2-09 28.25 6.99 0.54 939 392.4 84.7 31.8 1.16 51.6 59.7 51.1 0.767 0.004 0.62 <0.001 <0.001 -16.3 19.5 0.7152

CKDU-2-10 27.18 7.08 1.2 1124 336.2 74.0 33.3 2.53 111.0 111 53.2 0.523 0.007 1.81 0.003 <0.001 -16.6 11.3 0.7152

CKDU-2-11 31.00 6.82 NA 818 307.5 94.1 23.8 2.03 32.6 34.7 42.3 0.652 0.003 1.12 <0.001 <0.001 -15.2 NA 0.7116

CKDU-2-12 29.13 7.40 NA 1499 342.2 129.0 49.0 1.06 87.6 221.0 49.5 0.888 0.014 1.10 <0.001 <0.001 -16.0 19.1 0.7143

CKDU-2-13 29.47 6.48 3.03 467 150.0 39.7 16.1 0.74 29.3 17.7 50.8 0.228 0.008 0.79 0.002 <0.001 -18.9 15.3 0.7150

CKDU-2-14 28.13 7.06 5.66 938 335.8 86.9 28.1 2.52 75.8 73.4 46.8 0.566 0.005 1.34 0.002 <0.001 -14.1 20.5 0.7126

CKDU-2-15 28.04 7.29 3.28 875 279.6 81.2 30.2 3.41 60.7 63.2 48.5 0.366 0.011 1.01 0.003 <0.001 -15.0 13 0.7170

CKDU-2-16 29.32 7.21 1.36 1877 361.9 58.7 69.9 0.82 191.0 310.0 37.3 0.935 0.011 1.93 0.001 0.003 -15.6 26.8 0.7316

CKDU-2-17 28.30 6.51 1.50 878 345.5 69.3 36.5 2.56 67.6 47.9 58.4 0.436 0.004 1.19 0.001 <0.001 -17.4 NA 0.7085

CKDU-2-18 27.42 7.58 3.52 1617 641.9 57.8 88.9 1.60 176 104.0 43.9 1.03 0.012 3.70 0.002 0.006 -16.5 19.0 0.7257

CKDU-2-19 28.37 7.29 1.65 869 257.0 55.6 25.0 1.07 93.2 54.5 42.7 0.489 0.002 2.01 <0.001 <0.001 -15.6 NA 0.7082

CKDU-2-20 29.64 7.72 6.09 778 273.7 50.4 38.9 0.95 49.6 46.2 33.5 1.2 0.002 0.98 0.001 <0.001 -14.0 19.5 0.7068

CKDU-2-21 28.35 7.38 0.80 934 438.2 38.4 30.7 1.50 120.0 29.4 35.8 0.362 0.009 1.68 0.002 <0.001 -15.8 10.4 0.7221

CKDU-2-22 29.88 7.38 4.21 940 339.0 58.8 35.7 4.20 72.9 96.2 17.4 0.57 0.002 0.53 0.003 <0.001 -11.8 NA 0.7131

CKDU-2-23 29.50 7.26 8.26 1556 352.2 140.0 46.4 1.09 82.8 264 52.8 1.52 0.002 0.58 <0.001 <0.001 -14.4 17.9 0.7071

CKDU-2-24 28.42 7.14 2.35 1091 769.7 88.2 54.0 2.00 69.4 58.3 53.2 0.686 0.016 1.45 0.001 0.002 -15.9 11.4 0.7250

CKDU-2-25 30.60 7.60 10.52 1042 321.5 57.8 34.4 0.92 95.4 117.0 20 0.57 0.002 1.51 <0.001 <0.001 -11.6 23.7 0.7101

CKDU-2-26 31.82 7.58 7.82 938 370.8 47.2 27.2 0.99 112.0 61.3 44 0.65 0.004 1.23 <0.001 <0.001 -11.7 11.4 0.7084

CKDU-2-27 30.94 8.06 4.34 2095 716.9 41.1 95.2 1.08 234.0 246.0 44.3 1.16 0.004 2.64 <0.001 0.002 -12.8 NA NA

CKDU-2-28 29.00 6.77 2.06 922 397.7 110.0 29.0 2.98 38.0 41.2 53.2 0.676 0.003 0.65 0.001 <0.001 -17.3 8.8 0.7097

CKDU-2-29 28.70 6.62 5.40 519 168.6 42.4 20.1 0.56 37.2 23.1 55.2 0.207 0.016 0.68 <0.001 <0.001 -17.4 8.4 NA

CKDU-2-30 27.52 4.92 1.72 154 41.2 8.3 5.55 1.50 10.9 23.2 17 0.049 0.004 0.07 0.002 <0.001 -23.5 -1.8 0.7137

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Supplementary Table 2: Summary of water chemistry results for all samples. Minimum, maximum, average and standard deviation of the water chemistry parameters measured are provided for each sample. NB: where a value was below the detection limit for a sample, the limit of detection value was applied for the purposes of the calculations. Add the definition of element here i.e. calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg).

Parameter Min Max Average σ

Temp (ᵒC) 27.16 31.82 29.01 1.18

pH 4.92 8.06 7.08 0.55

DO (mg L

^-1

) 0.54 10.52 3.38 2.52

EC (µScm

^-1

) 154.00 2095.00 1058.70 414.74

HCO

3

(mg L

^-1

) 50.26 939.03 436.28 181.33

Ca (mg L

^-1

) 8.300 140.000 74.097 30.290

Mg (mg L

^-1

) 5.550 95.200 39.655 19.851

K (mg L

^-1

) 0.560 54.000 3.513 9.612

Na (mg L

^-1

) 10.900 234.000 82.280 48.741

K (mg L

^-1

) 0.560 54.000 3.513 9.612

Cl (mg L

^-1

) 17.700 310.000 97.480 80.818

Si (mg L

^-1

) 17.000 58.400 45.093 10.899

Sr (mg L

^-1

) 0.049 1.520 0.711 0.353

Li (mg L

^-1

) 0.002 0.016 0.006 0.005

F (mg L

^-1

) 0.070 3.700 1.238 0.739

Rb (mg L

^-1

) 0.001 0.016 0.002 0.003

U (mg L

^-1

) 0.001 0.006 0.001 0.001

δ

¹³

C

DIC

(‰) -23.5 -11.6 -15.5 2.4

𝛿

⁷

Li (‰) -1.8 +26.8 +14.5 +6.3

87

Sr/

⁸⁶

Sr 0.7068 0.7316 0.7134 0.0065

Supplementary Table 3: Cluster analysis results. Data have been scaled to the mean and standard deviation of each group. NB: The group with the most positive and negative number for a variable contains the highest and lowest values of that variable in the dataset respectively.

Parameter Cluster group 1 Cluster group 2 Cluster group 3

Sr/Cl ratio (mmol L

^-1

) 0.25 -0.70 -0.33

Sr/Na ratio (mmol L

^-1

) 0.09 0.01 -0.67

Li/Na ratio (mmol L

^-1

) -0.18 -0.57 2.42

Cl (mmol L

^-1

) -0.31 1.55 -0.94

Sr (mmol L

^-1

) -0.15 1.30 -1.56

Na (mmol L

^-1

) -0.19 1.26 -1.16

Li (mmol L

^-1

) -0.10 0.01 0.66

K (mmol L

^-1

) 0.08 -0.16 -0.27

Ca (mmol L

^-1

) 0.08 0.44 -1.45

Mg (mmol L

^-1

) -0.25 1.51 -1.30

Si (mmol L

^-1

) 0.03 0.08 -0.38

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Supplementary Table 4: Summary of Li concentrations, Sr concentrations, δ

⁷

Li,

⁸⁷

Sr/

⁸⁶

Sr ratios and δ

¹³

C

DIC

for each Cluster Group as shown in Figure 2.

Cluster Group Sr (mg L

^-1

)

⁸⁷

Sr/

⁸⁶

Sr Li (mg L

^-1

) δ

⁷

Li (‰) δ

¹³

C

DIC

(‰) Minimum

1 0.36 0.707 0.002 +8.6 -16.5

2 0.94 0.707 0.002 +11.9 -17.8

3 0.05 0.714 0.004 -1.8 -23.5

Average

1 0.66 0.713 0.006 +14.8 -14.7

2 1.17 0.717 0.006 +18.9 -15.1

3 0.16 0.714 0.009 +7.3 -19.9

Maximum

1 1.20 0.725 0.016 +23.7 -12.8

2 1.52 0.732 0.012 +26.8 -11.6

3 0.23 0.715 0.016 +15.3 -17.4

Standard Deviation

1 0.24 0.005 0.005 4.8 1.9

2 0.21 0.011 0.004 6.1 1.3

3 0.10 0.001 0.006 8.6 3.2

Supplementary Table 5: NETPATH results. Summary of NETPATH results for all modelled phases and δ

¹³

C

DIC

modelled and measured results for samples most impacted by carbonate dissolution (07, 02 and 23) and silicate weathering (18, 16 and 27).

Phase Sample

07 02 23 18 16 27

Calcite (mmol kg

^-1

) 0.6 1.7 0.9 1.3 1.1 2.5

Biotite (mmol kg

^-1

) 0.1 0.2

CO

2

gas (mmol kg

^-1

) 2.4 2.6 2.2 6.0 2.5 6.2

Exchange (mmol kg

^-1

) -1.5 -1.9 -0.2 1.6

Ca/Na exchange (mmol kg

^-1

) -0.5 2.4

MgSiO

3

(mmol kg

^-1

) 2.6 1.3 5.8 2.8 3.6

SiO

2

(mmol kg

^-1

) -4.8 -2.0 -2.3 -5.5 -2.5 -3.4

NaCl (mmol kg

^-1

) 5.2 6.5 7.4 2.9 8.7 6.9

Hornblende (mmol kg

^-1

) 1.6 0.1 0.5 0.1

CH

2

O (mmol kg

^-1

) 0.7

δ

¹³

C

modelled

(‰) -15.6 -12.5 -13.3 -17.3 -13.6 -15.6

δ

¹³

C

measured

(‰) -13.9 -14.8 -14.4 -16.5 -15.6 -12.8