A survey of the inland region of the Northern Territory for Aedes aegypti, Feb.-Mar. 1987

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DL HIST 595.772 BOO

·1987

A SURVEY OF THE INLAND REGION OF THE NORTHERN TERRITORY FOR AEDES AEGYPTI

FEBRUARY - MARCH 1987

2.10456~3

A SURVEY OF THE INLAND REGION OF THE NORTHERN TERRITORY FOR Aedes aegypti , Feb. - Mar., 1987

D. Booth & G. Dobson

Medical Entomology Branch

N. T. Dept. Health & Comm. Services

J

'J.)L H, s-r S9S.,72

3 )O ,ss7

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A SURVEY OF THE INLAND TERRITORY FOR Aedes aegypti

1. Introduction

REGION OF THE NORTHERN Feb. - Mar., 1987

Aedes aegypti the vector of dengue fever, has not been collected in the Northern Territory since 1980, and since none have been collected in the Department of Health and Community Services ( DHCS)' s regular and survey trapping programs since then, the Northern Territory (NT) is considered free of this vector.

he DHCS conducts regular mosquito monitoring in Darwin, rural Darwin, ^J abi ru, Nhul unbuy, Katherine and Alice Springs, together with fortniqhtly ovitrap collections in Darwin specifically designed to collect container breeding mosquitoes. Airports and ports are also regularly monitored for mosquito introduction by the Quarantine Services.

To cover areas not in surveys have been conducted.

this network, specific Thus coastal areas of West Australian border with the Quarantine to Queensland were the Northern Territory from the

to Groote Island were visited, Service, in 1982. Inland routes

s ur ve ye d in 1 9 8 3.

Although none of the trapping programs or surveys have detected any established Aedes aegypti population in the NT since 1974( when surveys began), the disease vector is s t i l l quite common in parts of Queensland and there is a continuing risk of its re-introduction.

As the remote areas of centr al NT are not included in regular trapping programs, and as this is a likely area of re-introduction, this 1987 survey was conducted. The survey extended from Larrimah south to Tennant Creek, east to the Queensland border, along the Tablelands Highway to Borroloola, and along the Carpentaria Highway to Daly Waters. Thi s survey also provided an opportunity to assess the numbers and species of mosquitoes in these areas.

2. Methods

The study area is shown in Map 1. Three techniques were employed.

Firstly, premises were examined for containers holding larvae. A representative sample of any larvae found were collected and stored in 70% alcohol and identified on return to the laboratory.

Secondly, EVS carbon dioxide baited light traps were operated at Larrimah, Elliott, Tennant Creek, Camooweal, Barkly Homestead Roadhouse and Borroloola.

r

These traps were run from sunset to sunrise. At these localities human-bait collections were also made in the mornings near human habitation.

3. Results and Discussion 3. 1 Container Breeding Survey

No Aedes aegypti larvae were collected from the

~ ontainer breeding survey ( Table 1). This survey was

~ V / ~ conducted shortly after heavy rains and the high

,r--". number of containers holding water compared to

/ ~ previous surveys probably reflects this ( 749 cf 472 in 1983 and 305 in 1980). There was also a higher number of containers with mos qui to breeding ( 1 09 cf 32 and 94) and a higher percentage of premises with mosquito breeding (39 cf 17 and 36).

Ten species were collected, of which Culex quinquefasciatus was the most common. Aedes species were not common even though conditions were apparently suitable for their detection. N o ~ notoscriptus the major container breeder in the Top End, were collected.

Using the container classification of Kay ( 1986) we found the majority of mosquito breeding was in rubbish containers (Table 2). This contrasts with their North Queensland study, i n which garden implements were the major source of breeding <otr; in their case, /i§_ aegypti ) . In most of the NT inland areas there is no organised rubbish collection. In Tennant Creek there is a regular rubbish collection and consequently rubbish containers were compariti vely less available for mosquito breeding. I t is likely that increased public awareness in the other areas could reduce the receptivity of the areas t o Ae aegypti re-introduction. A note or pamphlett explaining the risk of re-introduction and how to minimise i t could be sent to householders through the appropriate local authorities. This would be most effective i f done at the time of year when re-introducti·on was most likely, ie in the early months of the wet season.

3. 2 EVS Mosquito Trap Collections

Very high numbers of many mosquito species were collected at Barkly Homestead, Borroloola, Camooweal ( up to 1000/ trap) and high numbers at the other centres (more than 100/ trap) .

~ normanensis was the dominant species in most areas, occurring in thousands per trap at Barkly Homestead and Borroloola, hundreds per trap in the other areas except Elliott and Tennant Creek, where i t was s t i l l present at around fifty/trap. I t is a known vector of Ross River Virus, and several cases were reported from Borroloola for this time. The virus has been isolated from more than 10 ~ normanensis individuals collected from the inland area by the Medical Entomology Branch (Whelan & Shorthose, 1986) .

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I

~ annulirostris was the most common species at Elliott and Tennant Creek (hundreds/trap), and common elsewhere. Particularly large numbers were collected at the Tennant Creek sewage ponds (200/trap) and at Barkly Homestead Cup to 400/trap). This species is also an important arbovirus vector.

Large numbers of possible malaria vectors were trapped at Borroloola Cover 300 Anopheles annulipes /trap) and Barkly Homestead (nearly 200 An amictus /trap), and they were present at Tennant Creek (46 An amictus at the sewage treatment ponds), Larrimah, Camooweal and Elliott.

No Ae aegypti were collected in these traps. As this species is predominantly a day-biter, the EVS t raps are not as sensitive as larval surveys for the detection of ~ aegypt i but they are trapped by this technique in areas where they are common. Thus the EVS trap results confirm the larval survey conclusion.

3. 3 Human-bait Col lections

These collections (Table 4) were made in the early morning Cat around 0630) at sites expected to yield container breeding mosquitoes. Catches were much smaller than expected (cf EVS traps). At the f i r s t thr ee local i t i e s CLarrimah, Elliott and Tennant Creek) collections were made while there was intermittent light rain, and thus numbers caught are probable underestimates. However , low numbers were collected by the human-bait techni que at the other collection sites. This can partiall y be attributed to the fact that most speci es common in the study area are crepuscular or nocturnal and thus not acti ve at the collecting time. ~ aegypti is expected to be active at the time the human-bait collections were made, and once again there was no evi dence of i t s presence.

4. 0 Conclusions

1. Conditions were close to ideal f or the breeding and survival of ~ aegypti at t he time of this survey. Recent rains had provided an abundance of breeding sites, and temperature, wind and humidity were all conduci ve to adult activity. Larval surveys, carbon dioxide bai ted traps, and human bait collections all failed to collect this species, and we thus conclude that i t was not present in the study area and that t he NT cont inues to be free of t his vector.

2. Howe ver, mosquito numbers wer e very high at many of the places s ur'leyed. For t he most part, these were species that bred in the abundant groundwater available at the time of the study. These include

~ normanensis and ~ annulirostris the Territory's major arbovirus vectors. Probably the only ways to minimise the effect of these vectors is to use personal protection C repellents, protective clothing, insect screens) and avoid areas where they are abundant, particularly at dawn and dusk.

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Anopheles species were also quite common in some areas and these need be considered in the event of an imported malaria case.

3. The high receptivity of the Inland region t o ~ aegypti is a matter of concern and i t is probable that a note or pamphlett on the risks of introduction could be sent to householders in the areas concerned at the time of maximum receptivity <February) each year.

5. 0 Literature Cited

Kay, B. H., 1986, Aedes aegypti Why can't we control it?, in "Arbovirus Research in Australia", Proc. of 4th Symp., Eds: St. George, Kay & Blok, p. 139-1 42.

Whelan, P. I. & Short hose, J. , 1 986, The isolation of alpha- a.nd flavi-viruses in the Northern Territory of Australia, 1982-85, in "Arbovirus Research in Australia, Proc. of 4th Symp. " Eds: St George, Kay

& Blok, p, 275.

6.0 Acknowledgement

This survey was assisted by Commonwealth funding under the National Disease Control Program.

oous ⁷

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Darwin

Sir Edward Pellew Larrimah

Islands

I <

Borroloola

Daly r

I

Stuart Highway

Cape Crawford

.r

N

\

.u 50 lGO km

Elliott ---'----"~

Springs N.T. / Qld

Border Tablelan6s Highway

Three Ways

~

Noble's Knob Min Tennant Creek I

• •

\ Peko Mine Barkly Homestead Soudan Station

l

Alice springs Avon Downs

Map 1. The Survey Area

-

I

I

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I

r f

- - ,

-~,

l - l NO. CONTAINERS POSITIVE FOR EACH SPECIE~

:i-,, ~

(D (D :i-,, (') (') (') (') (') (') ~

:::, X X X X X X ^I

rt ;;,;--

Table 1. Container Survey Results - In~and Survey, Feb./Mar., 1987 ^{Ii Ill Ill Ill} ::r ^t'Q ..a ^{Ul {fl "(}

(D rt :::, :::, Ill C C t'Q t'Q ~

3 ::r ^{:::, :::, ... ... I-'·} ₍

C ^(D C C I-'· ... :::, w I-'

... Ii ... ... Hi C ..a ^{N (j\} r

LOCATION No. PREMISES No. PREMISES No. CONTAINERS No. CONTAINERS ^C _{fl ^I-'· _{:::, t'Q} ^{I-'· I-'· Ill Ul C --.J (}

Ii X ^(D ~

EXAMINED WITH MOSQUITO WITH WATER WITH LARVAE ^(D _:::, ^(D _{fl ^{0 I-'· Hi ~}

Ul I-'· OJ r

BREEDING ^{Ul rt Ul (l}

I-'· Ii ^{() I-·}

Ul I-'· I-'· i:

{fl Ill f-

rt f-

C ^r,

Ul

-·--

LARRIM AH 11 7 128 29 4 1 3 1 25

DALY WA'l'ERS 10 6 131 18 _{1 1 1 11 4 1}

DUNMARRA 1 1 16 2 ₂

ELLIOTT 7 3 56 5 _{3 2}

RENNER SPRINGS 2 1 47 5 _{1 2 1 4}

TENNANT CREEK 41 16 160 24 _{1 3 20}

PEKO MINE 1 1 25 3 ₃

NOBLE'S KNOB MINE 4 0 5 0

THREE WAYS 2 0 12 0

AVON DOWNS 3 2 26 6 ₆

SOUDAN STATION 3 1 23 1 ₁

BARKLY HOMESTEAD 1 1 ~l 4 _{3 1 2}

[ r r ^{- - - ,} l - 1 - l NO.CONTAINERS POSITIVE FOR EACH SPECIE

I

:i:,, :i:,, :i:,, n n n n n n 1-:.

(1) (1) ::, X X X X X X 1-1

rt ;;,,:;- Ol ^0, ::r ^IQ .0 en en ICJ

ti ^0, ::, ::, 0, C C IQ IQ C

(1) rt ::, ::, I-' I-' ... ::,

Table 1 ^{(cont) 3} ::r ^{C C} ... I-' ::, w 1--' 0

C ⁽¹⁾ I-' I-' ^H) C .0 N O'\ rt

1--' ti ... ... Ol en C -..J 0

C ... IQ 1-1 X ⁽¹⁾ I-'

LOC..foTION No. PREMISES No. PREMISES No. CONTAINERS No. CONTAINERS ^{en ::,} ₍₁₎ ⁽¹⁾ _en ⁰ _en ^... _... ^H) _n, ^n, EXAMINED WITH MOSQUITO WITH WATER WITH LARVAE ^::, _en ^{rt en} rt ⁽¹⁾

ti 0 1-1

BREEDING ^... _en ^... _en ^.... _0, ^{. Ol}

I-'

rt ...

I C en

en

BORROLOOLA 15 5 71 7 1 1 2 6 1

CAPE CRAWFORD l 0 5 0

DA.LY WA'°l':tRS 11'.N ^{l l 13 5} _{2 2 2}

TOTALS 103 40 749 109 _{7 1 4 9 4 21 77 1 1 1}

r - _{r r}

---, --,

^{- 1}

Table 2. Types of containers from which larvae were collected Inland Survey, Feb./Mar., 1987

CJ) ~ s::

CT\ 'O H s::

Container U) ·r-1 s:: ,..Q 0 'O .µ H 0 ^CJ) Total

type ..c: rtl ^{.µ H} Q) rtl m H .µ ^{Cl) H} ~ ^~ .µ u _·r-1 ^Q) s:: ~ s:: CJ) 8: rtl ^CJ) ~ ^CJ) s:: ;3 0 ^.µ Cl) s:: :::r:: ^CJ)

,..,

0 0 rtl ⁴⁴ _;3 rtl H .µ H Q) rtl

-~ ^{8: H .µ H} s:: ~ Q s:: ~

,..,

_{u 8:}

rtl 0 ^Q) rtl ^{Q) Q)} rtl

,..,

₀

H ~

a

^{·r-1 s:: s:: 0}

,..,

^{Q) s:: 'O ~ H Q) ~}

H

,.., ,..,

_{s:: s:: ~ ,..Q H}

0 ::, H H ~

,..,

rtl rtl ::, ,.., Q) Q) Q) 0 ..c: ::> 0 rtl 0 rtl rtl

H ^{Q Q} ~ p:; E, Ill z ^E, ~ ^Cl) CQ CQ u ^Q

Garden 5 l l 6 l 3 17

Water 4 1 4 2 l 12

Storage

Discarded 4 4 l 2 3 7 3 1 l 2 2 30

Household

Rubbish 13 11 l 2 1 5 4 l 2 1 4l

Used Commerc. 1 1 2

& Domestic

Recreational 1 2 1 4

Building l l

or Fixtures

--

Natural 1 1 2

Habitats

Total 29 l8 2 5 5 24 3 0 0 6 l 4 7 0 5 109

r - --~ - 1 - 1

Table 3 (a). EVS CO2 baited trap collection results - Inland survey, Feb./Mar. ,. l 987

~

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^{~ ~ I ~ ~ I ~}

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^{~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~}

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~ ~ ^{~ () () () () ()}

(D (D (D (D (D I (D (D (D (D (D (D (D (D (D ::s ::s X X X X X

Location ^(D (D _H I-'· _tr H _to s:: H _(D ... tll _I--' ... ::s _tr Pl ::s _I ^(D _rt H ^I lQ I-'· < : I Pl I--' rt

I

_I to ^tll to ^tll to ^tll to ^{tll to} tll ^{(D ::s} 0 ^Pl ::s _~ ^::r' I-'· ^tr I-'· ^tll rt ^to s:: ^~ s:: ^Pl ::s ^Total

~ ^::s ... I--' rt Pl I--' I-'· ::s

& - -Date ^{tll ... (D rt rt to H s::} < ^{0I--' , (D Pl rt}

I

^{0 H 0} s ^{s:: I--' ... I--' p, (D H ::s} _I ^{(X) u,} 1--' ^{N 1--'} _I --.J ^i-' --.J ^(j'\ s:: ^{0.. p,} s:: ^{I--' i 0 rt I--' ... p, Cl)} Ii ⁰ I--' ^{s:: ~} ::s s:: ^I--'

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0 ::s I-'· _I s:: ::s ;,,;" tll s:: ^I-'·

::s ^(D 0.. 0 Hi I s:: X p, ::s ^Cl) to ^I tll I-'· Cl) Cl) Ii

I-'· s:: ^{Cl) ,to} rt tll ::s

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^{I 0 I ::s Cl) I 0 Pl H) 0}

tll ::s ' ^(D I-'· tll Ii tll tll H ^Cl) p, tll

tll ::s Pl s ^I-'· i ::r' tll rt

I-'· ::s ::s I ^{I I} Pl tll ~ I ^{0 Ii}

tll I-'· s:: ::s

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^{::s I-'· I-'·}

tll tll ^I Cl) 0 p, tll

I ^I I ^; tll ^{::s I ::r'} s:: ^{I rt} s::

I ! ...

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tll ^I tll

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LARRIMAH ^I

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I I I I

i ^! I

25.2.87 ^{I I I}

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1 27

^{I I}

Water Tower 2 31 I 268 13 _{I I} 2 22 46 411

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-, ^I

: I ^I

!

l I

I

I I

Shell Caravan i ^I

I ^{I I I f}

Park 1 178 118 9 ^I _I 60 9 68 343

I _{f i}

I

' l ¹_so I 37

Hotel 2 ^I Sl 12, 3 4 18 177

! ^I i ^I

I ^{I ; I}

Green Park 2

I ^37, _I ^{9 1 f : I 19 I 10 · 22 100}

I j

ELLIOTT ^I i

26.2.87 ^I

Heal.t11 Centre ^I l9 I ^I 3 91 113

-

!

Police Station _I ^I

I ^I

I 15 ^I l ^I 1 113 130

Residence _I I

---·- ·--

Bp Service I

I ^I

Station I 4 1 ⁱ 1 71 77

I I

Mobil Service ^{i I}

I

Station 2 3 20 26

- ₀

,- , - .,

Table 3 (b). EVS CO2 baited trap collection results - Inland survey, Feb./Mar., l987

~ ~ i ~ ^I ~ I ^{~ ~ ~}

I

^{~ ~ ~ ~ ~}

~, ~ ,

^{~ I ~ I ~}

Location ^{CD CD CD}

I

CD

I

CD CD CD CD CD CD CD (D I (D (D ::s

Ii t1 ^I to _{CD I--' t1 rt} < ^{Pl Ul Ul Ul I Ul} to ::s Pl ~

CD Ii s:: ^{I I-'· I-'· Pl Ii I-'· ~ to to} to to Ul 0 ::s

CD I-'· Ii I Ul ::s ::s ^{CD I.Q} rt (D Ii ::s ^I-'·

& - -Date ^{Ul I-'·} rt rt to s:: I ^{< 0 CD p., () Ii} ! s s:: ^{I-'· I--' Ii CD (X) u, I--' tv -..JI--' ' -..J (j\} 0., _s:: s Pl s:: I--' ⁽⁾ rt

CD Ii ^I I--' rt _I 0 _I I--' Pl ::s I--' 0 ::s ^I-'· s::

::s ^{(D 0., 0 Hi} s:: X p., ::s ^{CD to Ul}

I I-'· s:: ^{11 CD} to _! rt Ul ::s ^I ₀ ::s ^CD

I Ul ::s ^{CD I-'· (/)} Ii ^{Ul Ul}

Ul ::s ^p., s ^I-'·

I-'· ::s ::s p., Ul

Ul I-'· _Ul s:: _Ul ::s

CD

i ::s

Ul

I I-'·

Ul

I

I

'

I I

Tennant Creek 27.2.87

Sewerage Ponds 62 1 46

Outback Van Park ' l6 4 3

Health Centre Units 3 1 1

(Patterson St)

Mary-ann Dam l l4 2 l

caravan Park ₃ 2

- --

Camooweal 28.2.87

Cattleyards, North 1 99 4 l l

Camooweal (Trap vandalised)

Shell Caravan Park 3 l .18 6 5

First Cattle Grid l 2 25 2 14

urandangee Rd (Trap vandalised)

Hospital 9 13

I

^{92 l3}

- 1

I ~

I

() () ()

I ^{X X X}

I ::t t1 ^Ul to

I-'· I-'· rt s::

I--' rt Pl I--'

I--' p., _{Ii I--'}

I-'· CD ⁽⁾ s::

::s ^{;:i:;' Ul}

I-'· CD

0 Pl

Ii CD

'-<: ::t

::s ()

::t s::

Ul

1

1

2

() X

~ s::

I-'·

~ ::s

CD s::

Hi Ul Pl

() I-'·

p., rt ~ I Ul

1 7 l

5

19

86 18

706 l

() X Pl ::s ::s s::

I--' I-'·

Ii 0 Ul rt Ii I-'·

Ul

198 152 63

30 24

7

16 14

113

Total

I

310 182 69

48 36

l42

134 76

972

C (

+

V'

.- ,- ' - 1

Table 3 (c). EVS CO2 trap collection results - Inland Survey, Feb./Mar., 1987

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ · ~ ~ I ~ ~ I ~ I ~ ^I ~ ~ ^{~ I}

! I

^{~ ?;}

I R I

^{() () () () () ()}

(D Cl) (D (D <D I Cl) (D Cl) (D (D (D (D Cl) (D :::s ^I

I ^{X X X I X}

I

^{X X}

::i tr l-0 ^(D 1--' tr rt < ^{Ill Ul I Ul Ul l-0} :::s ~

~ 1

^{tr Ul l-0 ...0 Ill Ill Total}

Location 0 rt ti I-'· s:: ti ^I-'· Ul ^I-'· :::s :::s Ill ti ^(D lO I-'· 1--' rt l-0 l-0 l-0 Ul ^(D 0 :::s I-'· rt s:: ^{C I :::s l-0 Ul} C

~ ^{:::s I-'·}

~ ,

^{rt Ill 1--' I-'· :::s ~ !}

0 rt l-0 < ^{Ill 0 8 I-'· (D 1--' -..J -..J} s:: C ^I 0 Ill ti _1--' :::s C :::s

Date ^{Ul rt} s:: ^{0 (D ti} C 1--' ti N 1--' O'\ P., Ill 1--' rt

I-'· ! ^(D 0 s:: ^{...0 1--' ti} I"'!

& - - l-0 0 I-'· ti -CD ::s I-'· I"'! ^Cl) C en 1--' p_^(D :::s , l-0 ₀ ^(D rt 0 _Hi rt I-'· 1--' en s:: Ill ^X :::s Ill ::s en I-' 0 :::s 0 :::s ^(D ::s l-0 I-'· ^(D C en _I :::s I-'· 0 ^;:,;-' CD Ill Ul C ^(D Hi I-'· ti 0 Ill :::s Ill 1--' I-'·

~ ^{CfJ CfJ I I I ti (1) Ill CfJ ::s 0}

rt CfJ :::s Ill I-'· I ^{i ::r' CfJ} rt C C

C I-'· :::s ::s Ill en I

I ^I "'<: 0 ti 1--' CfJ

en CfJ I-'· C :::s I

I ::s I-'· ~- I ^I-'·

Ul Ul (D

!

l

^{~ I Ill ti}

::s _{: rt} ^I ₀

CfJ C C I CfJ

I-'· Ul en rt I

Ul I"'! .

I-'· I

i j ^Ul

I

b

i

I

arkly ^I ! I ^: I

Homestead I ! :

1. 3. 87 ^{1 I I}

! I _I

Behind Motel _{3 3 288 3 82} ^! I _{3 115} I

I 497

Units ^l _r ^{I I}

' '

Rubbish Pits 16 16 1442 154 2191 ^.1 1848

I :

Dam 2370 15 180, 390' 2970

I

Resiaences 13 2482 50 ^: 265' ^{I I} 292

I

I : I

Borroloola ^I

2.3.87 I ^I

Mechanic's 1 .1 30 .21 1 1 ^I 1 56

Yard ^! _I

Health 4 28 4 7 384 340 12 4 12 ^I 8 28 84 915

Centre· !

Shell Service 1 7 l 1 200 71 8 ^I 5 4 92 : 24 1 415

Station

2km South 76 25 25 .l 72q 63 38 ^I .13 139 2105

(Highway)

I

54

Police St'n. 7 . 13 958 161 47 7 7

i .1254

I ^I

--

---, ---, --,

TABLE 4

HUMAN BAIT COLLECTIONS

LOCATION DATE TIME SPECIES TOTAL

)> )> )> )> n

" "

^{ro ::, X}

U'l -0 . ::, PJ PJ

-0 U'l 0 ::, ::,

ro ~ ::, ::,

... s:: 3 s:: s::

~ 0. PJ __, __,

-....J 0 ::, ... ...

::, ro -0 ~

.o ::, ro 0

~ U'l U'l U'l

3 ... _rt

PJ U'l ~

::, ...

ro U'l

::, U'l ...

U'l

LARRIMAH

Hotel 25.2.87 0715-0730 NIL CATCH 0

(Light Rain) ELLIOTT

Health Centre 26.2.87 0630-0645 1 5 6

(Light/Heavy Rain) TENNANT CREEK

Health Dept Units 27.2.87 0700-0730 NIL