Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION: ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
What is IP? ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Trade secrets: ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Patents: ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Plants:... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Circuits: ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Copyright: ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Designs: ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Trade Marks: ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Passing off: ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Sources of law: ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Remedies:... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Rationales ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Utilitarian theory ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Labour theory ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Personality theory ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Dangers of IP: ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
International context ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
1. TRADE MARKS: ... 6
Purpose: ... 6
Registered vs unregistered: ... 6
A. Registration process ... 6
B. Registration ... 7 Alleged trade mark must be a “trade mark” (s 17): ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Person must be able to apply for the TM (s 27): ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
TM must be able to be distinguished (s 41): ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
C. Rejection/Opposition ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
s 39: Excluded signs ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
s 40: TM must be represented graphically ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
S 41: Trade Mark does not distinguish the trader’s goods or is not distinctive:Error! Bookmark not defined.
s 42: TM must not be scandalous or contrary to law ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
s 43: TM must not deceive or cause confusion... Error! Bookmark not defined.
s 44: Other trade marks ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
s 58: Applicant not owner of trade mark ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
ss 58A and 59: Applicant not intending to use trade mark Error! Bookmark not defined.
s 60: Another trade mark with a reputation in Australia .... Error! Bookmark not defined.
s 61: TM containing or consisting of a false geographical indication Error! Bookmark not defined.
s 62: Application defective ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
s 62A: Application made in bad faith ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Disclaimers: ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
D. Infringement ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Rights given by registration ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Infringement ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Defences: ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Remedies ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
2. COPYRIGHT: ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Structure: ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Distinction between copyright and property rights ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Idea/expression dichotomy ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Right of derivation ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.A. Requirements for subsistence ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
1. Work or subject matter other than works: ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
2. Connecting factors: ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Personal Connection: ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Territorial Connection: ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Special connecting factors ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
“First publication”? ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
3. Expressed in material form ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
4. Authorship (for works); Maker/Publisher (for Part IV) ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
5. Originality (for works) ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.B. Subsistence and Originality ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Original literary works ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Literary works ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Computer programs ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Original dramatic works ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Original musical works ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Original artistic works ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Paintings ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Sculptures ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Drawings ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Engravings ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Photographs ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Buildings, models of buildings ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Works of artistic craftsmanship ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Derivative works and adaptations ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Subject matter other than works ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Sound recordings ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Cinematograph films ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Broadcasts ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Published editions of works ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.C. Duration of Protection ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.D. Infringement ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Exclusive rights ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Works ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Other subject matter ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Substantial part ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Musical works ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Compilations ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Computer programs ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Artistic works ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Photographs ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Part IV Broadcasts ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Infringement – REPRODUCTIONS ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Step 2: Identify the part taken (Objective similarity + causal link)Error! Bookmark not defined.
2. Infringement – PUBLICATION RIGHT... Error! Bookmark not defined.
3. Infringement – PERFORMANCE RIGHT ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
4. Infringement – COMMUNICATION RIGHT ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
5. Infringement – ADAPTATION RIGHT ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
6. Infringement – COMMERCIAL RENTAL RIGHT ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
7. Infringement – PT IV SUBJECT MATTER ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.D.i. Authorisation of Infringement ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.D.ii. Indirect Infringement ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Q1: Infringement by importation or by sale: ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Infringement by importation: ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Infringement by sale: ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Q2: “Without the licence”? ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Q3: “Knew or ought reasonably to have known”? ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.D.iii. Moral Rights ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Moral rights in relation to a work: ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Right of attribution of authorship: ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Right against false attribution of authorship: ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Right of integrity of authorship:... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Other Moral Rights Infringements: ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Performers Rights: ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.D.iv. Ownership of Copyright ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Ownership of copyright ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
General position – who is the owner? ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Joint Authorship ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Journalists’ copyright ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Commissioned works (photographers/portraitures) ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Employee authors ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Assignment of copyright ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Copyright can be assigned ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Formalities ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Licensing of copyright ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Exclusive licence ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Implied licences ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.D.v. Defences ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Fair dealing ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Time-shifting ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Format-shifting ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.D.vi. Remedies ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
3. PATENTS (Topics 8, 9, 10): ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
What is patentable? ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Process: ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Standard patents ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Innovation patents ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Priority dates ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
A. Validity ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Requirements ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Element 1: Does the specification disclose an “invention”?Error! Bookmark not defined.
Element 2: Is the subject matter patentable? ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Element 3: Is the invention novel? ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Element 4: Does the invention involve an inventive/innovative step?Error! Bookmark not defined.
Element 5: Is the invention useful? ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Element 6: Was there secret use of the invention? ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Element 7: Does the patent specification meet the requirements?Error! Bookmark not defined.
B. Infringement ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Direct infringement: ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Exclusive rights ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Contributory infringement: ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Remedies ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
C. Ownership ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Co-ownership ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Employee inventions ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Revocation ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
4. DESIGNS (Topic 11): ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
1. Registration: ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
2. Validity: ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
3. Infringement: ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Defence: ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Overlap with copyright: ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Exceptions: ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
1. TRADE MARKS:
Purpose:
• A trade mark is a “badge or origin” / “an indicator of source” – “distinguishes the goods from those of other traders”
1. Consumer protection 2. Trader protection
• If you register in black and white = it covers all colours.
• If you register in capital font = it covers all fonts.
Registered vs unregistered:
• Registered:
o Application process ($330) o Government proof of ownership o Government proof of validity
o Can use ® symbol or TM symbol - Warns the market of registered ownership o Can be bought, sold, mortgaged and licensed
o A complete defence to any claims of TM infringement by another trader
• Unregistered (common law mark):
o No need to go through application process o Need to prove ownership
o Need to prove a valid mark
o Can use TM symbol – warns market of unregistered ownership o Passing off / s 18 ACL.
A. Registration process
1. Submit trade mark application to the Registrar.
o The application must be in accordance with the regulations (s 27(2) Trade Marks Act 1995), which means it must be in approved form (Reg 4.1).
o To be in approved form, the application must:
a. Identify the applicant: Reg 4.2(1)(d);
b. Identify the trade mark: Reg 4.2(1)(b); and
c. Identify the goods and/or services in relation to which the application is made: Reg 4.2(1)(c). Must state the goods/services specifically (cannot simply say “all goods in the class”).
2. Examination of application.
o The Registrar must examine and report on the application: s 31.
o The Registrar will consider whether the application was made in accordance with the Act (see above) and whether there are grounds for rejecting it (s 31).
o The Registrar will either:
a. accept the application: s 33(1);
b. accept the application subject to conditions or limitations: s 33(2); or c. reject the application: s 33(3) (the applicant must first be given an
opportunity to be heard: s 33(4)).
o The applicant will be notified of decision (s 34(a)) and may appeal to the Federal Court (s 35).
3. If accepted, opportunity for opposition.
o The Registrar will advertise the decision in the Official Journal: s 34(b).
o A person may then oppose the registration by filing a notice of opposition (s 52(1)) within the prescribed period (s 52(2) – 2 months from advertisement, Reg 5.1).
4. If no successful opposition, trade mark will be registered.
o The Registrar will register the trade mark if there has been no successful opposition (s 68(1)), usually 6 months from advertisement of acceptance (Reg 7.1(1)).
o The Registrar will enter the details of the trade mark in the Register: s 69.
o The priority date is normally the filing date of the application: s 72(1).
o Registration is initially for 10 years after the filing date of the application: s 72(3).
− The registration can then be renewed indefinitely for further periods of 10 years: s 77.
− No need to show evidence that mark continues to comply with registrability requirements.
B. Registration
• There is a presumption of registrability in s 33(1) – the Registrar must accept the application after examination unless there are grounds for rejecting it.
• The grounds for rejecting an application are provided in Part 4, Division 2:
1. Alleged trade mark is not a “trade mark”: s 17;
2. Applicant is not able to apply for the trade mark: s 27;
3. TM contains an excluded sign: s 39;
4. TM cannot be represented graphically: s 40;
5. TM not distinguishing applicant’s goods or services: s 41;
6. TM scandalous or its use contrary to law: s 42;
7. TM likely to deceive or cause confusion: s 43; and 8. Identical etc. trade marks: s 44.
