Cross-cultural research demonstrates that the FFM is consistent across culture with few exceptions. Traits likely to shape culture as illustrated by the so-called geography of personality wherein Eastern countries more introverted and hierarchical cluster analysis show cultures with similar personality profiles are clustered together

HOWEVER, Allik and colleagues posit that differences between individuals within a country are greater than differences between countries. Regardless, these geographical differences in personality can be due to shared culture, shared genes, and shared physical environment, or selective migration may account for why recent immigrants from HK to Canada score similar to Canadians on E, O, and A. Cultural differences also have a genetic base with 40% personality differs due to genetics, and 60% environment.

natural selection. E.g. selective pressures may have contributed to sex differences as exemplified by

lactation evidence. As such, Buss illustrates that females prefer wealthy men with status and resources and men prefer young, buxom women. Moreover, Thornhill & Gangesad posit a Duel Strategy theory regarding ovulation effects wherein (1) during conception and ovulation women prefer masculine, dominant, and symmetric men (2) during non-conceptive sex women consider non-genetic material benefits like retaining a long-term mate. Thus, ovulation leads women to perceive sexy cads as more investing fathers and

committed partners

HOWEVER, Bussey and Bandura posit evolutionary psych cannot account for cultural diversity in gender roles as ultimately gender roles appear more nurture than nature and the rapid shift in gender roles is too short of a time to be genetically determined. Buss attempts to account for this cultural diversity and sex differences by saying culture is both transmitted through ideas and beliefs and is evoked by the

environment like, e.g., via pathogens. As pathogen presence increase, there is an increase in emphasis on physical attractiveness (facial symmetry) as indictors of psychical health and good genes and vice versa.

Specifically in regards to traits, evolutional psych says they have emerged due to evolutionary pressure as they have adaptive and maladaptive associations. Back to pathogens e.g. wherein more pathogens = less E and O and more sexual restrictions. HOWEVER, might be more due to expression of traits through

AND does not entirely account for Allik and colleagues finding that differences between individuals within a country are greater than differences between countries.

CRITICAL EVALUATION: Whilst evolutionary psych does successfully account for some major aspects of cultural diversity as can be understood by pathogens, ultimately is does not account for the rapid shifts in culture and the direct effect of environment on the expression of traits like Social Cognitive Theory does.

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