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The effect of temperature on the growth and development of five white clover (Trifolium repens L.) populations : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master in Science at Massey University

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Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without the permission of the Author.

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THE ~F}~ECT OF TEHPERATUHE ON TiiE

iiHITE CLov:m ( TRIHJLIU~·i

l {r~u f-U§_

L.) :r-o:PUL.AJ?IGNS

A thesis

presonted in partial fulfilment of the requireinents for the Degree

of

Master in Science at ·

Massey University

by

K.H. WIDDU:i:-

1980

(3)

CHAl'TER

1 2.

3.

SUEI-iARY

IN'.i\rtC1DU C 1 I Gir • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 2.1 Fhysiological and Ecological characteristics

2.2

2.3

2 e !,_ I

2.5 2.6

2.7

of w:i1i te clover • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Adaptation of ::_:ilants to the environment with

particular reference to temperature Distribution and adaptive variation in

• • • •

white clover • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Growth processes in white clover • • • • • • • • • Cyanoge11esis in white clover

Cold tolerance of white clover

• • • • •

• • • • • • • Sununa1.,y ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

OBJrX-J!IVES • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • NE'l'rIODS AND I-iATERIALS • • • • • • • • • • • • •

3. 1

3. 1 • 1 3 .1. 2

3 .1. 3 3.1.4

Experimental • • • • • • • • • • White clover populations ~ 0

~stablishment period • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Controlled environment rooms • • • • • • • Frost conditions • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 3.1.5. Experimental Design

3o-1.6 Hethods of sampling

• • • • • • • • • • • e • • • • • • • • • •

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 3.1o7 Morphological characters measured ~ 0

3.2 3. 2. 1

Electrical conductance technique for

evaluating injury after freezing • • • Statistical procedures • • • • • • • • • • Curve fitting • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

PAGE

1 3

3

5

12

18

24 26

34

34 35 35 35 35 38

40

43 43 45

47 50 51

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Cl-IA:P'rER

4.

3.2.2

'7. ') 3.

:J. c....

3.2.4

3.2.5

3.2.7 3.2 .. 8 3.2.9

l-C~SDL'rS

4 0 1 4.2 4.2.,.

4.2.2 4.2.3

4.2.4 4.2.5 4.2.6 4.2.7

4.2.8 4. 2., 9 4.2 .. 10 4.2.10.1

4 .. 2.10.2 4.2.10.3 4.2.10.4

Expo1wntial equations • • • • • • • • • • • • • e

Comparison of Equations among Genotypes ••

Estimati on of points of Biological interest

Line2.r model

• • ~ e • • W 0 e • • •

0 0 O O O O e O O S 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 e O O

iooled Analysis of Variance ovc~r the

t}1ree e11vironments ~ 0 ~ Heritability estimates

Correlatio11 Coefficients

• • • o e_• • • • •

•••• ••• e•••(t,o•

1tdaptation analysis ~

. . . . . . . . . . . . .

~

. . . . .

• • e e 0 0 e e e • • 0 0 0 e O O O • 0 0 0 0 0 0

Curve fitting • • ~ • • • • • • • o • • o • • e ~

Stolon growth characters Stem dry wei~:i1t production

~ 0 '

~ Q e o •

}AGE 51 52

53 54

55 57 59 59 6:5 63 63 63 Leaf and petiole dry wei~ht produ~tion ·~ 69 Total stolon dry weight production

Ratio of leaf to t ota1 dry \"leight

• • • •

••••••

Leaf number per stolon Leaf Area per stolon

• • • • • • • •

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • Length of stolon

Stolon thickness

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • e

e • e e • e O C e e O O O e e e e e e ~ e

Froduction of secondary stolons • • 1-oolecl e11viro1ments A.i.WVA 0 ~ Q

Dry wei ght per pot (g) Q Total stolon dry 1.ve.igL t ( g)

Leaf Area :rier stolon ( c1i) Secondary s·~olon production

• • • • • • • • • • • •

• • • • • • •

~ • • • • s • •

78

83 88 93 93

102 107 11 7 117

120 123

126

(5)

CHA.i YEH

5.

4.3 4.4 4.5

lieri tability estimates Correlation coefflcients

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Electrical comlu.cta.,ce 'l'ec}mi ciue of

assessi:1g i':i.:ost injury • • • • • • • • • • . q • • • • • •

$ 0 ~ •

5.1 DeveJ.opment patterns of the stolon

5.2

5 .. 3 5.4

characters • • • • • • • • • • • 6 • • • • • •

1-'roduetio:n of 1ww stoJ.on units • • • •

Adaptation analysis • • e • • • • e • • • o • • • •

Colu -Lol e:cance C e e e e e e e e e • e e • e • • • e e e e e

0

ACKNOWL~DG~:bNTS 0

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

• • ~ • • • • e • • • • • • • • • • • • • e o • • • • • • • o • • •

i:-·AGE

129 133

135. 140

140

149 152

155 159 160

180

(6)

FIGURE

1 •

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

1

o.,

11.

12.

13.

14.

1 5.

16.

17.

18.

Ii'IGUnES

Frostin3 time sequence Control led growtb. room :i:lle pattc1-·n of sa1npl ii1g

0

o • • • • • • • • • • e • •

• • • • • • • • • • •.• • • 0 • • • • • • •

i'he regression lines i n th8 adaptatiou anal ysis .Stern dry v,eight ,~rocluct ion o e * ~ * • • • • • • • o Leaf dry \'-'eight production •••• " ••••••••••••• ••.

l·etiole clry weight production ••••••••••••••••••

Total stolon ary weight production Ratio of leaf to total dr; weight

• • • • •

o • e • • • o • • • • • • •

e e e O G e e e • • • e e • e • • 6 0 e ~ • • O O ~ e e

Leaf Area e e e e e o e • e • e o o • e e e ~ C e e e O e e e e e o

St olon length •••••••••••••••••~o•••••••••••••••

Stolon thickness ••••••••••••••• •• ••••••••••••••

Nu.Inber of secondary stolons (first growth

period) . . • • • • • • . • • . . . • . . . . • . . . . • . . . . e • • • • •

Number of secondary st olons (second growth

perioc1) .•••••.••.••.. .. .•••.••••. ..•. .. ••• •••

Index of injury graphs Index of injury graphs

. . . . . . . . . .

~

. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

0

Hardening • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

PAGE

39 41

44

61

65 70 74 79

84 89 94 98 103

109

112

136 137 138

(7)

?LATE

1 • 2.

lLAiES

View of the controlled growt11 room ··~•e••

View of t}1e t emperatu~e gradient bar •e••••

IAGE

42

48

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