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DAIRY UA~TE TR£AT"CNT Y HICH-RATE TRICKLJ C rILTRATION, UITH PARTICULAR REr£RENCC TO NITROGEN.
A th sis pr a nt d in partial rulfilm nt
or
the requir manta tor th d gror
a t r of Technology in Biotechnology at " sey Univ rsity.by
DONEY
JCK £ tTT
1 70
A STRACT
The Pfective di po 1 of d iry factory wa t i
becoming incre singly 1 port nt in N
w
Zeal nd. Tr t ent by high-r t trickling filtr ticn is a succe ful thod in us overs a • ror New Zealand conditions, •roughing• tre tment r oving 60 - 9~ of the OD of th WBste should be d qu ta.11.
On obj ctive of this res~ rch wo the dovelopment of f ilt :r c p bl of providing this treatment. Anoth r objactive yas th r elution of the controver iae b tw6en the theoretical &nd
mpiric l p rform nc •pr diction r 1 ticnships ev ilable for trickling filtr tion. 8 caus nitrogen is r ceivinQ e gr at r amph i pollutant, a third objective ~as th study of nitrogen removal in dairy waste trickling filtr tion.
Th
experimental uork primarily involvP.d tha u aor
a pilot- c l trickling filtor. This uae de i gnod u ing conven- tional par meters. The filter column waa an 16" diamet r,a•
long concrete pip , filled uith rivEl' stone. An artificial waet co pound d fro whey and water w s fed to the plant at con troll-
d rate, b ing diluted with flow from a 25 gallon r circulation t nk prior
to
pplic tion to thcolumn
. Th tra t dw
toverflow d
rro
tho r circul tion
t nk ndw
a di ch r ad.Th
pl nt was op rat d t th high ornic
lo din int en i t !,
1.3 - 2.7 lb 00/yd day, nd at
th
high r circulation r tior
20-
5:
1. The l v 1 f and organic, aoniac
1,nitrite n
nitrate nitro
n ere •••ur1d in,.
d nd e ttl•detf luent
d rr ont recircul 1 n r io
• u• ua aue en i nar biom • collected fro he
lenter
inu ted und•r aar
ind en robic condition , in th pre nc of v ri
ty
of c rbon ceous and nitrog nou additiv • The nitrog n b laneor
th 8 u pension wa tudiad.111.
The plant rulfilled it design runction or providing
•roughing• tr tment, 88 it remov d 60 - 85% of th faed
aoo .
The eKperimental d ta did not upport tho available performanc - pr diction r lation hip , nd h nee the controv rsi bat~een
th relationship w re not r solv d. Th pilot plant perfor- mance could be d scribed by the equ2tion
v •
11.11a • J.079X - 0.0342x
2uh re Y •
%
removal of pplied BOO X • recirculation r tioThis equation, spocific to th pilot plant, pr diets an optimum recirculation ratio of 45 : 1, which i s consid rably higher than
th~ 10 : 1 ratio commonly u ed. Succe sful op ration of the plant ua chieved et BOO : nitrogen ratios in the foed of
21 - 27 : 1, uhich are hi~har than the 20 : 1 maximum ganer~lly
r co mended. D spit this high ratio, typically 30~ of the f ed organic nitrogen ~as prasant in the effluent. There was no
evidence of nitriric tion. Th nitrogen bel·nce xperiment provided vid nee of n t nitrogen lo fro th u pen ion • und r robic condition • 0 nitririo ti n under an erobic c nditiona followad nor al routae.
ACKNO~LEOCEMENTS.
The asist nee giv n in th prep r tion of thi work by my aup rviaor, Or.
J .
~cOoug 11, theat f f of th r cul ty of Food Science and Biotechnology, The N
w
Zealand Dairy R search In titute, the typi tnd my wife, ie ecknowledgad with gr titude.
iv
TA
L t or
CO TENTPAC[
A
ST
ACT• • • • • • • • • •
•• • • • • • • • • • • •
••
.11LIST
or
TA LES•
••
• •• • •
•• •
• • •• • • •
••
• •.v1
LIST
or
F'lCU ES. • • ••
• •• • •
••
• • • •• •
• • ••
.vii LIST Of' LA TES •• •
• • ••
• • • • • ••
• • • • •.
• • .viiiCHAPTER
I TROOUCTION • • • • • • • • • • • •
•
• • • • • • • • 1 1. DAIRY WASTE TREATMENT YT ICKLINC fILTRATION • • • • • 4 2. PERrOR~ANCE-LOAOlN~ CHARACTERISTICS or THTRICKLING FILTER • • • • • • • 3. NITROCCN RtLATIONSHIP~ IN TRICKLING
• • • • • • • 41
f' IL TR AT I UPJ • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 73 4. SOME OTHER A~P
crs
Of THE iX~(~l~LNTAL UNITS • • • • 103 CONCLUSIONS AND SUGG£5T£0 ruRTH(R RESEARCH •• • • .116APPENDICES
1.
2.
3.
ANALYTICAL METHODS • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 11e PILOT PLANT DAILY LOC SU~· RV. • • • •
•
• • • • • .121ATH AT I CAL NO STATISTIC l ETHODS • • •
•
• • • .127Ft £NCES CIT D
. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
•• • • .12
LIST Of' T Blt
TABLE p C£
1. Dairy Yaeta Oispo el nd Treatm nt • • • • • • • • 2 2. A Cle irication or Trickling rilt r • • • • • • 8
3. 0 sign Per meters for rilters • • • • • • • • • • 9
•· Settling Ti ea • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 10 s. r11t r ~ed1 Ch r cteristic • • • • • • • • • • • 12 6. Perfor ance
or
Dairy Uaate Trickling rtlt rs. • .197 • BOD of 0 iry Products • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 20
e.
9.
10.
Dairy Wast • • • • • • •
•
••
• • • • • ••
• • 20 Compounded Wa t a • ••
• • • ••
•• •
• • • • • 21 Summ ry of Plant P rformanca. • • • • • • • • • • 3Ba 11. Plant Perform nc • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 6212. tqu tion of P r bol Through Means • • • • • • • • 63 13.
14. 15.
16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22.
tJitrogen Cycle • • • • • • • • • • Pilot Plant Nitrogen Level • • • Compounds Add d • • • • • •
•
• • Nitrogen L v le in Shake Fla ks • Su ary of Nitrogen Changes • • • Lactoa• nd Nitrogen R oval • • • Co position or th io e• • • •
ludge Dig atian xperi enta• • •
1 a Prea rv t1 n t rial ••
Pl nt t Tl' t 40.
000 allona/day rectory• • • • • • • • •
••
• • • • • • • .74
•
• • • • • • • 86• • • •
• • • .91•
•
• ••
• • • 92• • • • • • • • 93
• • • •
•• •
104•
•• • •
• • 110•
•• • •
• • 112• • • • •
• • 113t
Che a• •
•• •
• • 115rt CUR£
1. 2. 3. 4.
s.
6. 7.
a.
9.
1
o.
11. 12. 13.
14. 15. 16.
17. 18. 19. 20.
LI T or rtcu ts
P GE
Plant
Lyout • • •
• ••
• • ••
••
•• •
• ••
.11 Labortory Plant
Layout. ••
• • ••
••
••
••
.23Orioin 1
Pilot Plant L
yout. • • • • • • • •• •
.33 rin 1 PilotPlant
l yout •• •
•• • •
• •• • •
.34Particl
t ntion Pattern • • •• • •
••
••
• .43 Dact ri 1 Growth Curve ••
••
••
•• • • •
•• • B R action
Mod1 • •
• • • •• •
• •• •
• • • • • ,51Recirculation nd P rformance. •
• •
•• •
• • • • 51 V ri bl Alteration• • • • • •
••
•• • •
• • • • 54 Pilot Pl nt BOO R moval ••• • • • • •
•• •
• • • 65NRC Equ tion • • • • •
• • ••
Eck nf lder Equation •
• •
••
A do C:qu tion •
• • • • • •
• G llar nd Cot 8 E:quation • • Ammonia Addition • ••
••
••
•
• •
• • • • • • • 68• • • • •
• •
• • • • •
•
•• • • • • • •
• • • • •
•
•• • • 69
• • • 70
• •
• • .71 .94 lac to Addition •
•
• • • • •• • •
•• • • •
• • 95 Casein Addition • ••
• •• • • • •
• • • • • • • .96 lactalbu in Addition• • • •
•• • • • • • • •
oni
1tr t ondonia Nitrite Addition
• • •9
An ic itritea d
i raAd 1tion
• • • • • • 9LIST
or
PLATESPLAT£ PAGt
1. L boratory Scale Plant • • • • • • • • • • • • • 24 2. Flora and Packing of Laboratory Pl nt • • • • • • 2S 3. Pilot Plant L your • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 35 4. Pilot Pl nt Recirculation Tank • • • • • • • • • 36 5. Biopolar St ining Cells, Corynerorm Type • • • • 108 6. Cells with Negatively-Staining W lla • • • • • • 109
INTRODUCTION.
The produce or New ZeAland'a dairy ractori•• earna approximately twenty percent ~r 1ta overaea exchange (N.Z.
Dept. of St ta. 1969)1 the aame factories produce at laeet tan percent
or
ita biological industrial ueat (B•nnett 1969). The err ctive diapo al or thia waste 1 becoming incr ••inglyimportant for a number
or
reeaone. Firstly, d iry production i• incr•asino and alao, in ~en rel, ie the waste production from bothr
rm and factory. Because uch or this atsrial is water-carried, the graater uast production is incr sing the lo ding of pollutants on uateryaya in dairying ar&as. Secondly,amalg8~ation or smell factories into larger units is also
causing higher pollution levels in stroams which w ro possibly able to cope with the di charge rrom th smaller units.
Thirdly, there is tha recant upaurg in public interest in the pollution and cons rvntion of the anvironMant. This should tend to mak public authorities nora stringent in thoir enrorce~ant
or
pollution regulations, ndrr
ctive ya te treat ant, ordisposal, mars n cess~ry.
Dairy r ctory wast c n be di pcs d
or
or treated by a l rge nu beror
ethods, as outlined in Tabl 1 • Oispos l y be by dilution with lar volu eeor w
t r • auch aa in river tlake• and th• aea. Another ethod i pr y irrigation, onto
p atutea er foreat nd cru • Tre t ent ay y any
or
theethod uead
ror
do eatic waete, nd 1nclud ch !calprecipitation, incorporation into d ••at.ic eew
•
ror unicip 1i
••t nt,
erobla proce ae auch aa the var1ou ror oftrickling r11trat1 n, ctivated eludga nd oxidation pond, end
2.
Tabla 1.
D iry Waste Di poaal nd Treat ant.
Disposal riethoda Co•menta
Dilution into lerg volume
or
water e.g.a, lei< , river.
Spray irrigation on pastures, forost and scrub.
Tr atment M thods Ch mical rmcipitetion
Incorporation into
~unicipal treat nt Activated sludge process
Trickling filtr tion
Oxidation Pond
Anaerobic Treat ent
Permissible only Yh re effect on ~ater ie light.
Can be benericial if prop rly controll d according to
conditione e.g. eoil, weather.
Can be succea rul, but high cost.
worthuhile if charge are ree onable.
~uit• auccassrul, r quires little apace. Seneitive to load v riation.
G nerally the aoat aucc aarul treetm nt method
Large area required. ot
co
on.Co .d for xceaa ludo tro trickling f iltratian and
•ct.lvated
•ludge. L roe volu •and clo••
an rol,
I'w waate
re uJ.rad.anaerobic dig tion. Trickling tiltration is tho o t
co monly f vourad m thad of treatm nt, it virtues including gr ter st bility under varying load than its clos t rival, the activat d sludge process.
The tre tment of dairy uaste by trickling filtr tion w s chosen the basis of thi study. Tho investigation con ider d thra main topics:
( ) The treatment of compounded d iry wa te by m ns of trickling filters operating at hydraulic and organic loadings gre ter th n used in normal practice.
(b) A study of th any th oratic 1 nd mpirical relationships for filter design and parformanc and the applicability of experimental data to thes predictions.
(c) A study of nitrogen relationships in thi type of trickling filtration.
Other topics briefly considered were oxygen transfsr rates in the xperimental units, the bacterial composition of th growth on the unite, and the digestion
or
xceee growthby anaerobic me ne. Th literature relevant to sch m jor ection of th study i con ider d at the b ginnino of it r pectiv chapt r , althouQh inevitably there i eo • overlap.
3.
