A study of kemp variation in the fleeces of Cheviot ewes : a thesis presented at Massey Agricultural College in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Agricultural Science in the University of New Zealand

Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for

a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and

private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without

the permission of the Author.

MASSEY AGR!CUL TURAL COLLEGE LIBRARY PALMERSTON NORTH, N.Z.

A ^{STUDY OF} KEMP ^VARIATION m THE

FLKBCES

OF CifEVIOT E\'IES

D.P.O. ORWIN

October 1 959

A thesis

presented

^at

llassey Agricultural. College

1n

partJ.al

:fulfilment

of tbe requi

remen

ts �or the

Degree

^of

Jlast

r

� Agricul t.ura� Se1

nee

1n the

uru.vera1 t.v O:f

^B

ze&land.

AOKNG.7LEDOMENTS

The _author

wishes to

^make grateruJ. acknowledgment

to bis

supervisor, Prof'essor

A.L.

_Rae., for his continued interest, assistm1ee

and guidance

ⁱⁿ

this

^project.

For assist�"'lce 1n

vurious

problems, appreciation _is expressed to members of

the Sheep Husbandry Department,

particularly _Dr.

F.R.M.

Cockrem and Mr. G.A. Wickhmno

The

author

is indebted _to

other

^{staff members} and

students

^{Vlho helped}

1n this project

^and

especially

to:

Mr. T.C. Crotty

and the f'arm

staff

at

Tuapaka,

Mr. J.P. Kerr, Mr. H.

Nevill

and Mise H.

Risebof·ough

_for

assistance

_When srunplinc; rass M. G.

Camp bell

^and

her s ta:ft'

^for

eo-operation

in the ^une af

library facilities,

and Dr. R.M.

Dolby,

_Mr.

D.C. Collis, Mr. G.

Reece and Miss

_M.N.

Burton for help in Photo��:phie work.

Especial acknonle�nent is

due

^to Mrs.

Puckey f'or

^typing

this

th�iSo

TABLE

OF OONI'EN'l'S

}� Page

I INTRODUCTION • • • • • • •

1

II REVI.h."W

OF LIT l!.'RATURE A. General

1. Definition

of

^{kemp • • • 3}

2.

^The morphology of kemps. • •

5 3-

^The importance of kemps. • • • 6

B. The

Methods _of Measure.nent. of Xempiness. •

9

o. Physio�ogical Aspects

Growth and

^Shedding

of

^/ Kemp Development.

•

1

^{• The} development of kemp1ness in

the

^{fleece 12}

2. The shedding of kernps •

24

D� Variation

1n

^Kempiness

1. Reg1onal.vnr1at1on • • • 0

34

2. Variation between sheep. • • •

35

3.

Breed variation • • 36

4.

Seasonal variation ^• • • 38

K. The Inher1 tance of

Kcmp1ness

^{• •}

43

III

MATERIALS AND ME'!HODS

A.

Experimental Design • • • • • • • • 45 B. Collecttan of Data ^{• • • • • • • •}

45

c. Trea'tolln�

and Analysis

^{of Samples. • • •}

48

IV

RBSULTS

A. thods of asure nt

1. Selection af neaaures • • • • • • • 52

V

2. Some errors ^involved

1n

obtaining data

Page

for the ⁿumb^er ^{of kemps} per un1

t

area 62 The reout _or :previously sampled areas

�le bilateral symmetry of ^{kemp density} 1n position

A

• • • • • • • • •

68

74

B. The ^Variation ot Kempinesa ^{over the Body of} the ^Chev^iot

h.we

o.

1. The

variation of kempiness w1 thin sampled

2.

3·

The 1.

2.

3.

areas • • • • 0 • • • • 0

�

variation of

kempiness

^{in the areas}

COI11I>ris1ng position

A.

• • • •

•

•

The

variation 1n ^kempineas

between

^positions

75 80

A, B, 0 ^and D ^{• • • • • • •}

85 Re

^la

t1.

^onshi

p bet\Te-en

^{Positions A, B, C and D}

The relationship between

t

^{ot 1}

kemp

^iness

in the

fleece

and positions A and D ^{• •}

90 The

relationship between position

A and

posi tions B, c and D ^•

100

The re ^{la ti}ons.hi^p a£ ^{position D with}

positions A, B ^{and C o � o •}

105

D. The Variation

of

Kampiness between Individual

Sheep • • • ., ^{• • •}

111

E.

_'rhe Variation of Kempinese ^bet een Age Groups 116 F. The ^Variation or Kempiness at Di:f'1'erent Sampling

Times

^{• • • • • • •}

122

G. The

Relationship between Perccmtage »e dullation

and

Kempiness. • • • • • • • • 137

DISCUSSION ^{• • • • • • • • • • •} 140

VI SUWARY

AND CONCLUSIONS • • • • • • 163

VII

BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDIX

• • • • • • • • • • • •

• • • • • • • •

166

170

I

LIST OF TABLES

'l'able Page

1

Normality test

of

l

_oga

r

ⁱthm transformed data

55

2

Correlation

coe�ficients of total numbers

of

kemps per unit ^area

with

percentage weight, total numbers of ltemps per g ^of' wool and weight

of _kemps

per

unit area 57

3 Bartletts test _for homogeneity o:f

variance

of

transformed data

59

4

The dif'f'erences in sampled areus

calculated

as

:for a rectangle and

a

non-rectangular

:figure

:for 10 randomly selected

Cheviot ewes

63 5

AnalYsis of variances or arena

calculated :from

two sets of measurements taken at _different

periods of' time 65

6

Area and

density

changes

in recuts

o:f previously

n UL1Ple d areas 6 7

7

AnalYsis

of' ^var^ianc

e

of' data from position A ewrrples t�.tken f'rom

both

sides of'

the body

^of'

1

⁷

thr-ee-year-old

_Ch

e

v

i

^o

t

ewes

73 8

Logarithm means af to

t

^{al numbers of} kemps per

square centime� of'

samples

^{f'rom position}

A

on both ^sides o:f

body 73

9 Analyses

o:f

v�riance

of numbers of

kemps 1n repeat

subsamples :from three-year-old Cheviot

ewes (pos1Uon A) 76

10 Analyses of

variance or numbers of _kemps 1n

repeat

subsamples

from

three-year-old

Cheviot

o es (positions A, B. c,

D) 78

11

^AnalYsis

of variance testinf

_in

12 sheep

^{or eaeh}

age group the variation

1n

_total

k

_mps

per eq.

cm.

1n the :four

areas

o� position A

79 1 2 The

1 :• means and

standard

_errors or

total kemps

peP squ&.l"e

centimetre :for each are&

1n

^{pos1 tion A}

o

r

all

sampllng

times _and

for

each age group

81

13 llult1ple

range

^\est for differences

1n fil'"eas 1n

position A 82

Table

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

24

Analysis of

var

i

ance of data from positions

A, B�

_c and D sampled in

1 0

two-year-old Cheviot

evies

Log means and standard errors of positions A, B, C �A D ^over all

age

groups and nll

sampling tines

Orthogona1

comparisons

of between ^positions variation

{Table 15)

The correlation and regression ooetficients of

total kemp1ness

on kemp

i

ness in

pos1 t1ons

A and

D

_at

each

swnpllng time for

1 0

two-year-old and five three-year-old Cheviot e

w

e

s

The test for differences between sampling ttmes 1n the regression

coefficients of

total kempineas on kempiness

1n

posit

i

ons

A

^or D at dift'erent sampling times for different age

gr

oups

The correlation and

regression coefficients

_of'

kempiness

_1n

posi

tiona B. _C and D on kemp1ness 1..."1 :p^{osition A at each}

sampling

_tine

for 10 two-

year-old Cheviot

e

^wes

The test for cll:f'ferences between sampling t1mas in the ^regression coefficients of kempiness in positions B, c and D on kemp1ness 1n _position A

fol.. 1 0

two-year-old Cheviot

ewes

The ^correlation and regression coefficients of kem-p1neas in ^pos

i

tions B, c and D on kempiness

1n position A ^{at each} sampling time for

five

three-yeaz-old Cheviot ewes

The test

for

differences bet een sampling times 1n the regression

coefficients

_of kempiness 1n positions B,. ₀ and D on kempiness 1n position A for

:f1 ve

three-yeax-old Cheviot ewes

The corPelat1on and

regression

coef':fioients

or

kempineas in posi tians A. and c on ^kempiness

1n

_pos1tJ.on D at

each

samp^ling time fox-

10

_two-

year-old

Cheviot ewes

Tlle test rol"

differences between

samp

ling

tiroos

in �

regression coefficients of kem_piness on pos 1 tions

� B and

^{a on kempinesa 1n} poa1 t ion D for ten

tvo-year-ol.d Cheviot

^{e e.a}

Page

83

84

87

92

95

98

99

101

102

104

106

Table

25 The corr elation and regression coefricienta of keml-!1neas in positions A, B and C on kemp1n ese

in position D at each sampling time for five

Page

three-year-old Cheviot ewes

107

26

^The

teat

for differences

between

sampling times in

the

regression coefficients of kempiness in positions A, B and c on kempiness 1n position D

for

.five

^{th ree-ye}

ax-old Cheviot

^ewes

1

09 27

�e

analysis of variance of data on total kemps

per sq.

^cm. f'rom position A of all sheep

1 12 28

The

analysis

^of

v

a

r

^ia

n

ce of d ata on shed kemps

per sq. ^cm. from poai tion A of all sheep

1 13 29

_The var1ances of data for position

A

for each

age group at each sampling time

1 14 30

The logari�

means,

^the antilogarithms at the

means and the standard errors of the logari�

means f'or data

from

position A in each age group

1 17 31

Multiple ranL� test: Testing the differences in

mean lcompiness ot: !'our age groups at the

5%

level

1 1 8 32

^The logarithm means, the ant1logar1 tbms of the

means and the ^a tandar

d

errors ar the logar1 thm

means for data from position A in each age rr·oup

1 19 33

Multiple range test: Testing th e differences in

mean kempineas

of

^{four age groups at} the

5�

level

120 34

_The regressions and standard errors of estimate

of weight of kemps per sq. cm. on total kemps per sq. cm. ror posi tian A

at all

S81Dpl1ng times

for each

age group. 123

35

The test for differences between sampling times of the

regression

lines 1n Table

34

for each

age group 124

'fhe correlations of

percentage

^dullation and nUIJmer

or

ltemp per sq. cm. over all sampling

ti.mes and all

age gro ps 138

Figure

1 2 3

4 5 6

7 8

LIST

OF

FIGURES

Page Kel!lpa from the fleeces of Cheviot ewes. • •

1

'l'he

posi t1ons

sampled on the Cheviot

e

^ea

in this exper1Ioo.n t ^{• • •}

4 7

The

^frequency distributions of untransrormed

data from position A ^{• •}

53

The

frequency distributions of transformed

data f'1 _.. om position

A

^{• o • o}

54 The

l

o

g means o:f' kempiness in positions A, B.

C and D with

ti.ine

for two and three-year-old ewes

86

The

^{log means of kempin0sa in} positions A, B, C and

D

with

ti.Ioo for eacll

_of two age

groups.

The regressions of total kempiness on kempineas in position A for each sampling time •

The

regressions

of total kempiness

on kempiness in position D for each srun:pling

time

^{o • •}

•

89

93

•

94

9 The regressions oi' weight of

total.

kemps

/

^sq.

cm.

on total numbers

of kemps

/

^sq.

cm,

^{for each}

sampling time • •

1 26

10 The

regressions of igh t of

tota�

kemps

/

^sq.

cm.

on

total numbers

_of'

kemps/sq.

em. for

each

sampling time • • •

1 27

1 1 The change in

^log means of _total

kemps/sq.

em .

and

she d

kemps/sq.

_cm. ith tim:l ^for each age

group. • • • • • •

129

12 The

change in the

total n umbe r

^{or kemps}

/

^sq.

cm.

in position

A

ith

time

for individual

two-year-

old

sheep. • • • • • • • •

131 13 The change 1n the

total number of ke

s /

^sq

.

^am.

1n position A ^ith

time

for

individual.

three-

year-old

heep .

^{• • • • • • •}

132 14

The chan

in the total

numbeP of kemps

/

^{sq. cm.}

in p

ition

A

With time for individual row-

year-old sheep. • • • • • • • • •

133 15

_-f.be

chfm. 1n

_t.

1n

pos1 t1on

_A

old

^she

p

• •

\<>tal

a r

of kemps/sq.

^•

th time ror ind1v1du

1 :t1ve-year-

• • • • • • •

134