Vector mosquito survey, Galiwinku

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Northern Territory Department of Health Library Services Historical Collection

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DL HIST

614.4323

I DAV

1984

VECTOR MOSQUITO SURVEY

GALIWINKU APRIL 1984

C

HISTORICAL COLLECTION

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VECTOR MOSQUITO SURVEY - GALIWINKU APRIL 1984 NORTHERN TERRITORY DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH

MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY BRANCH

1.0 INTRODUCTION

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The Aboriginal community of Galiwinku coast of the southern tip of Elcho

is situated on the west Isl and approximately 525 kilometres east of Darwin. The Island itself is of considerable size ( approximately 300sq km ie 50km x 6km average width) and lies adjacent to the north coast of the Northern Territory about parallel to the Napier Peninsula (see figures 1 and 3). The community lies within the Northern Territory Department of Health East Arnhem Region and is directly accessible by air and sea.

At the time of the visit the population was approximately 1,500 and the senior office bearers were Mr Richard Gandhuwuy (Chairman) and Mr Andrew Leku (Town Clerk). Twenty outstations were centred on Galiwinku at the time of the survey.

Two Officers from the Medical Entomology Branch, Mr Geoff Davis, Medical Entomologist and Mr Andrew Masters, Technical Assistant visited the community during the period 16 to 19 April 1984 to conduct a vector mosquito survey. Al though it is usual for vector mosquito surveys to include a container-breeding mosquito survey, to check for the presence of Aedes aegypti, the recognised vector of dengue fever virus in Australia, no survey was conducted bee ause it was expected that this cornrnuni ty would be examined for this species as part of the Commonwealth Department of Health funded Mosquito Eradication Campaign. An earlier container-breeding mosquito survey (1980) found Galiwinku to be free of Ae aegypti.

A thorough vector mosquito survey had not been previously conducted on the Galiwinku community.

CENTRAL LIBRARY - b MAR 199 8

TERRITORY H TH SERVICES

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2.0 METHOD

Vector mosquito activity in the community and environs was surveyed by the use of carbon dioxide (CO

2) baited light traps.

Nine

co

2 traps were operated at various sites within and on the margins of the residential are a to assess mosquito breeding and activity in the community. Twelve

co

₂ traps were operated in the community environs to examine either mosquito movement toward the community or mosquito activity at likely breeding sites of significance to the community.

The

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2 traps were operated from about 30 minutes before sundown to approximately 1 or 2 hours after sunrise. The catches were killed with chloroform and stored in crush proof containers with dry packing. All identifications were conducted at the Medical Entomology Laboratory in Darwin.

Larval surveys were also conducted in those 1 ikely important mosquito breeding areas in the community environs. These areas were chosen by the examination of aerial photography of the community and its surrounds. Larvae collected were preserved in 70% alcohol and returned to the Medical Entomology Laboratory for identification.

3.0 RESULTS

A total of 2,615 mosquitoes of 30 different species were collected in the 21

co

₂ baited light traps operated in and around the Galiwinku community. The

co

₂ trap locations used are marked on figures 1 and 2 - sites 9,10,11 and 20 marked on figure 2 and the remainder are shown in figure 1.

presented in table 1.

The

co

₂ traps results are

The 9 most commonly collected species accounted for about 93.5%

of the total catch, with Culex annulirostris being by far the most commonly caught species (59.3% of the total catch). Other mosquito species of concern as potential disease vectors were also represented in the

co

₂ trap catches. Anopheles farauti s.l.

was collected at a few sites in very low numbers. Only 2

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specimens of Aedes vigilax were collected in the

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₂ traps and no Aedes aegypt i.

The findings of the larval survey are presented in Table 3.

4.0 DISCUSSION 4.1 Culex Species

4.1.1 Culex annulirostris - the common banded mosquito

The biology and disease vector potential of Culex annulirostris are dealt with in a number of N.T. HEALTH information papers available from the Medical Entomology Branch.

Consistent with other Top End settlements Culex annulirostris was by far the most common mosquito in the Gal iwinku community and environs. Due to its proximity and extent the most important source of Cx. annulirostris for the community is the extensive swamp system on the southern margin (see figure 1) . The larval survey of this area detected breeding of this species (see Table 2) and it is likely the area could become a more important source if it were to bec~me polluted. Pollution of this swamp will most likely occur if settlement runoff contains significant levels of fertilisers, detergents and/or other products likely to increase organic levels. Over-flows from or the pump-outs from the newly installed water-borne sewage system could also lead to such pollution. If effluent is to be discharged from the sewage system then as far as practicable it should be emptied direct into the sea, as far out from the shore as is necessary to avoid any health problems.

The swamp system one kilometre north of the air strip (vicinity of CO2 trap site 12, figure 1) is likely to be the next most important source of Cx. annulirostris for the community because this species is known to have an average flight range in the order of seven to ten kilometres. A combination of the cleared air strip corridor on the northern margin of the community and the one kilometre separation of this swamp system may reduce Cx.

annulirostris dispersal into the community but the collection of the high numbers of Cx. annulirostris in the CO2 trap at site 11

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(18/4/86) indicates this area can be a source of problem numbers at times.

The circular lagoon, 4.5 kilometres east of the community is unlikely to be an important source of Cx. annulirostris for Galiwinku due to its isolation and the fact that only moderate activity of Cx. annuli~ostris was indicated in the vicinity (CO2 trap catch site 6 table 1).

Problems due to Cx. annulirostris activity in Galiwinku would be best tackled by a combination of some physical control methods and personal protection. Mosquito harbouring in the community could be reduced by removing areas of dense grass and shrubbery.

Tall open vegetation provides little wind break effect and is therefore an unsuitable harbouring site and could be retained. A road way that could serve as a vector control track, suitable for all year round use should be constructed on the side of the swamp closest to Galiwinku so that ground based control machinery (U.L.V. sprayers) can be used effectively if there is an outbreak of mosquito-borne disease. Routine ongoing chemical control of adult mosquitoes will be time consuming, costly and subject to insecticide resistance and is not likely to provide adequate relief from pest numbers. For these reasons it · is not recommended. Routine larval control in the swamp on the southern margin of the settlement would also not be practical or effective in reducing the numbers of adult mosquitoes in the community and should probably only be used at times when plague mosquito numbers are originating from this swamp system - this would most likely occur if substantial pollution was to occur.

The filling of cut-off pools on the lake margin adjacent to the community to remove or significantly reduce likely Cx.

annulirostris breeding sites may be beneficial.

Personal protection measures such as the use of repellents, mosquito nets, protective clothing and insect screening of houses are recommended as the principal methods needed to reduce man/

mosquito contact.

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4.1.2 Culex species No 32

Cx. species No 3 2 typically breeds in a variety of open fresh water situations, from small depressions (e.g. buffalo foot prints) to large swamps. This species does not bite man and is thus of-little health importance.

4.1.3 Culex quinquefasciatus - the brown house mosquito

Minor numbers of the brown house mosquito were taken in the

co

2

traps in the community (sites 9, 10, 11 and 17) with the largest collection in the

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2 trap adjacent to the orchard sheds (Site 17 figure 1). The most likely breeding sites for Cx.

quinguefasciatus are expected to be water filled containers, unsealed septic tanks and pooling water from leaking taps and sewerage pipes. As no container breeding survey was conducted (see introduction) no comment can be made as to the incidence of these breeding sites in the settlement.

4.2 Anopheles species

Few Anophelines, including Anopheles farauti s . l . , the Australian malaria mosquito, were collected in the

co

2 ^{traps in the} community and environs. The most important source of Anophelines

in Gal iwi nku is expected to be the extensive freshwater swamp adjacent to the southern margin of the settlement. The relatively minor numbers of Anopheles species taken into the Co

2 traps in the vicinity of this swamp (sites 1, 2, 8, 16) are probably attributable to the fact that at the time of visit the swamp was at a high level and predator access was good. It is likely that this site would be a significantly greater source of Anophelines later in the dry season

level produced lodging of aquatic predator access.

when the decreasing water vegetation which hampers

The particularly high tides that may occur late in the dry season may also produce brackish water

reaches of this swamp area on

breeding sites in the lower the southern margin of the community. Such areas are expected to be a suitable breeding site for An far au t i No. 1 . An farauti No. 1 is a significant

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potential malaria vector and if high numbers of this species were to be present in an area relatively close to the community this would amount to a significant receptivity for the introduction of malaria to Gal iwinku.

The collection of 22 An. meraukensis in the

co

2 trap at site No.

3 is probably the result of breeding of this species in the nearby dam although some specimens may have originated from the swamp 1km north of the airstrip. It is recommended that this dam be maintained in a weed free condition to discourage mosquito breeding.

4.3 Aedes Species

4.3.1 Aedes vigilax - the salt marsh mosquito

Negligible catches of Aedes vigilax were taken in all the

co

2 traps operated in and around Galiwinku. The larval survey of the swamp on the southern margin of the settlement revealed salt water influenced lower reaches (as previously mentioned) which may result in breeding of the s al tmarsh mosquito at times. The swamp system one kilometre north of the air strip did not contain any significant potential Ae vigilax breed sites. The extensive salt-water influenced swamp area about 7. 5 kilometres north east of the community did contain extensive areas mangrove adjacent to mud flats colonised by the brackish water reed Schoenoplectus litoralis. These types of coastal swamp are likely to be Ae vigilax breeding sites in the late dry season and early wet season. This potential Ae vigilax breeding site has been marked on figure 1.

It is recommended that the 1 ikely Ae vigil ax breeding sites in this swamp area 7. 5km north east of the community be examined late in the dry season, a few days after particularly high tides which are 1 ikely to flood the breeding sites of this species.

Once identified, these breeding areas can be delineated and control methods, if needed, can be considered. The most likely control method would be the use of motorised back-pack machines spraying the mosquito larvacide Bacillus thruingiensis var.

israelensis.

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4.3.2 Aedes elchoensis

Aedes elchoensis is a tree hole breeding mosquito known to bite man; i t is not known to be a vector of human disease in Aus tr al i a. This species has not previously been found to be a

nuisance in other Top End communities and the numbers taken in the

co

₂ traps around Gal iwinku were most 1 ikely near the upper limit of Aedes elchoensis activity in any year, given that significant rainfall is needed to initiate its breeding.

4.3.3 Aedes notoscriptus - the container breeding Aedes mosquito

Minor numbers of Ae notoscriptus were collected in the

co

₂ ^traps

in the community and in some

co

₂ traps adjacent to the community.

As this species typically breeds in clean water held in man-made containers and natural 'containers' such as tree holes, rock pools and the bases of palm fronds these catches are an indication of such breeding sites being present, as would be expected, in the community. Highest numbers of Ae notoscriptus were taken at the dump (site 1, figure 1) and at site 7 which was

about seven metres distant from an illegal rubbish dump.

As Ae notoscriptus typically uses the same breeding sites as Ae aegypti, the dengue fever mosquito, then these captures indicate suitable breeding sites for Ae aegypti in and adjacent to the Galiwinku community. The adoption of sanitary land fill rubbish treatment would remove these breeding sites and make the community less receptive to the introduction of the dengue fever mosquito.

4.4 Risk of mosquito exposure

As with the majority of aboriginal communities in the top-end of the Northern Territory surveyed, most residents of Galiwinku were bbserved to be readily open to mosquito attack due to a lack of screening and or doors on houses and a preference to rel ax and sleep outside without using personal protect ion methods.

Premises occupied by people of European descent were usually found to be effectively screened and thus i t is expected that these residents would be much less likely to suffer from mosquito

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attack where these outstations were sited close to significant mosquito breeding areas. It is expected that people living in the numerous outstations would also be readily open to mosquito attack where these outstations sited close to significant mosquito breeding areas.

As stated in previous reports an important aspect of dealing with mosquito problems in communities is the use of a public education program. In the 1 ight of the evident high risk of mosquito exposure among most Galiwinku residents a public education program informing people about the disease risk of mosquitoes and the appropriate self protection and avoidance measures is likely to be worthwhile. An awareness of container breeding mosquitoes would also be useful in reducing problems due to peri-domestic mosquito breeding and would result in the community being less receptive to the introduction to Aedes aegypti.

5.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 The principal problem mosquito species for the Galiwinku cornmuni ty are expected to be Cu lex annul irostris and Aedes vigilax. These two species present not only a problem as nuisances but also a potential risk for the transmission of certain arboviruses. Some Anopheles species, in particular Anopheles bancroftii may be important pests later in the dry season.

5.2 The main sources of these problem species is expected to be the extensive swamp on the southern margin of the community.

This swamp has the potential to become an even more prolific source of mosquitoes if pollution from community drains was to occur. To discourage mosquito harbouring in the community, dense areas of grass and shrubbery should be kept to a minimum. A mosquito control track should be established on the north side of this swamp so that vector control fogging can be used if outbreaks of mosquito-borne disease occur. Personal protection methods such as repellents, protective clothing, mosquito nets and insect screening of houses are recommended as the main methods to lessen the mosquito· nuisance and reduce the risks of the transmission of mosquito-bourne disease.

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5 .3 The potential Ae vigil ax breeding sites 7 .Skm NE of the settlement and in the drain line from the freshwater swamp on the S margin of Galiwinku should be examined following spring tides in the late dry season. Once breeding areas have been delineacted then control strategies could be discussed with the Regional Health Surveyor and the Medical Entomology Branch:

5.4 The rubbish dumps around the community are an important source of container breeding mosquitoes. Illicit dumping should be discouraged and the regular dump should be operated along sanitary landfill guidelines. Such an operating method would remove container breeding sites and make the community less receptive to the introduction of Aedes aegypti.

5.5 At the time of the visit the newly constructed sewage ponds were not yet in operation. It appeared that the excess effluent from this sewage system was to be pumped into the scrub adjacent to the final pond. Pooling of excess ef f 1 uents is an excel lent breeding site for certain mosquitoes, in particular Cx annulirostris and Cx guinquefasciatus. It is strongly recommended that all excess effluents be pumped to the nearby coast where they can be expelled into the sea.

5.6 A health education program aimed specifically at aboriginal communities in the top-end of the N.T. should be conducted to inform the residents of Galiwinku and surrounding outstations about the health risks posed by mosquitoes and the best methods of reducing or avoiding these problems.

This survey has been assisted by Commonwealth Funding under the National Disease Control Program.

Geoff Davis

Medical Entomologist

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17/4/84

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GALIWINKU (ELC HO ISLAND) V ECTOR MOS ~UITO S UR V ~ Y - APRIL 1984

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TABLE 2 VECTOR MOSQUITO SURVEY GALI HI NKU LARVAL COLLECTIONS

DATE LOCATION BREEDING SITE 17. 4. 84 Swamp 1km north

of airstrip

Borrow pit (8m x 3m) at mangrove margin, part shade, organic matter, red algae, no fish.

Conductivity 32. 1 mS/cm.

17. 4. 84 SRamp 1km north of airstrip

1 7. 4. 84 Swamp 1 km north of airstrip

17. 4. 84 Swamp 1km north of airstrip

17. 4. 84 SRamp area, adjacent to S

Sedge area at saltRater/

freshwater interface, Rater 1 -2cm deep, sunlit, Kith green algal mat on mud substrate. No fish seen.

Brackish water, shalloR pools beneath melaleucas brackish water fern.

Organic matter & green algae. No fish, other predators

DppPr reaches of swamp- broad freshwater flow amongst gr-asses, melaleucas, pandanus.

Brown algae and fish present.

Upper reaches - circular freshRater sRamp.

margin of community. Melaleucas, pandanus at edge. Sampling in part shaded shalloR margin amongst grass, green

1 7. 4. 84 SR amp area, adjacent to S

a 1 gae. Fish present.

Upper reaches of main body of swamp -

margin of community. Similar- breeding site to above.

17. 4. 84 SRamp area, Lower reaches of main adjacent to S sRamp, cut-off pool.

margin of community. Part shade, broRn algae, sedge at edges. No fish, other predators present.

1 7. 4. 84 Swamp area, Lower reaches of main

adjacent to S sRamp close to drainage margin of community. line to sea. Pat't shade in dense grass beneath melaleucas. Fish and other predators present.

APRIL, 1984

SPECIES COLLECTED

Cx. si ti ens

An. annulipes An. meraukensis

Ae. al ternans Cx. species 1 67 Ur. lateralis

Cx. annuli rostri s ex. species 32

Cx. Normanton sp.

Cx. species 32

Cx. annulirostris Cx. Normanton sp.

Cx. species 32

Cx. Normanton sp Cx. species 32

An. bancroftii Cx. species 32

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DATE LOCATION

17. 4. 84 Small, illicit rubbish dump, vicinity of CO2 trap site No 7.

18. 4. 84 Freshwater swamp 4. 5km E of

community.

18. 4. 84 Swamp area 7. 5km NE of community.

18. 4. 84 Beach adjacent to community craft centre.

BREEDING SITE

Various containers, ( tyres, car battery, ice cream containers, etc. ) .

Margin of s 1rnmp, sunlit open water, sedges, broRn algae, grasses,melaleucas Fish & other predators present.

Reed swamp, brackish Hater. Part shade adjacent to mangroves.

Temporary sewage outfall while water borne

system being repaired.

SPECIES COLLECTED Ae. notoscri ptus

ex. species 32 Cx. Normanton sp.

An. hilli Cx. si ti ens

Cx. quinquefasciatus

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1.4 HEALTH FACILITIES IN THE NORTHERN TERRITORY

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