The highest incidences of complaints were found within one kilometer of the perceived source and were related to the prevailing wind direction. In the minutes of complaints kept by the Air Pollution Council, the address of the complainant and the nature of the complaint are noted.
W. Flood EMISSIONS FROM BAGASSE FIRED BOILERS
Monitoring of the emission levels and particle size distribution of fly ash from boilers was started in 1967. The basis on which fly ash collectors are selected for sugar mill boilers is twofold. The relationship between fly ash emission and smoke density was also reported by Stern.*.
Disposal of Collected Fly Ash: In the past little attention has been paid to the clean and efficient handling of collected fly ash. Alternative Uses - Future: In the neighborhood of 200,000 dry tons of fly ash will be collected annually from sugar mill stacks in Australia by September 1977. However, it is not considered that efficiency will be sufficiently increased in the near future. the future to cope with extreme changes in the level of fly ash emission.
From the results it can be concluded that the application of secondary air and/or the installation of fly ash collectors reduce the smoke density. However, to ensure that the accumulated fly ash does not create a serious local dust nuisance, it is essential to install a reliable, low-cost, system for handling the fly ash materials together with the fly ash collectors. Sufficient containers are provided to ensure that fly ash must be trucked to disposal sites only during the day.
One of the most promising options is the use of air mixtures of fly ash and cement in bricks or as a lightweight aggregate of low strength. Work continues in efforts to raise the efficiency of cheaper dry cyclone collectors above the current upper limit of about 92% for bag fly ash. A survey of smoke density from sugar factory stacks shows that installation of high efficiency fly ash collectors and/or injection of secondary air into the boiler generally reduces smoke density below the Ringelmann no.
MANUFACTURERS OF FABRICS FOR DUST AND FUME CONTROL
In addition, further tests are planned to measure the effect of secondary air on the boiler's smoke density, combustion efficiency and steam production. An attempt will also be made to optimize the addition of secondary air using the above variables. While there is some demand among farmers for fly ash, it is clearly an operating expense that could be converted into revenue if a marketable byproduct were developed.
Most of the problems encountered in meeting Clean Air Act requirements can be traced to variations in the properties of the raw material fed into the sugar mill (sugar cane). To meet Clean Air Act regulations for 100% of operating time, the miller may need to install high-efficiency (>98%) wet collectors with a capital cost in the neighborhood of $0.8-. In general, however, one or more of the following conditions should apply: i) Continuous cleaning of combustion chambers. iii).
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D C Lowe ATMOSPHERIC CARBON DIOXIDE IN THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE
The oceans are a large sink for carbon dioxide and have undoubtedly acted as a regulator of the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The net effect is to stabilize the carbon dioxide content of the oceans and thus the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere. The concentration gradient drives some of the industrial CO from the Northern Hemisphere through the intertropical convergence and into the Southern Hemisphere.
Most of this is probably absorbed by the large, well-mixed surface of the South Pacific Ocean. As our knowledge of the possible effects of increasing atmospheric CO; to the environment inaccurately, an important first step is to closely monitor carbon dioxide concentrations in clean air locations. The first continuous clean-air site monitoring of atmospheric C02 began during the International Geophysical Year at the Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii, 20°S of the equator.
Professional Cards
With these criteria in mind, the second test site in New Zealand was chosen at Baring Head Lighthouse on the south-eastern tip of the North Island, Fig. - the first quarter is representative of mid-latitude southern sea air. Wind records recorded by the New Zealand Meteorological Service show that about two-thirds of all winds in this region are from the north or northwest, and less than one-third from the south or southeast.
As an industrial zone lies northwest of Baring Head, the north winds are often contaminated. However, the data obtained in southern conditions are almost always steady, and in several cases records have been obtained with a range of less than.
Detection Equipment
REDUCE POLLUTION CONTROL COSTS
Given the importance of gas conditioning to the overall performance of pollution control equipment, computer studies of droplet evaporation rates have been performed in con-. Lubomyr Kurylko of the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the Stevens Institute of Technology in the US. Each nozzle is capable of extensive flow modulation, so it can be positioned at the inlet of the cooling section to ensure maximum cooling contact. water with effluent gases.
Wetted chamber walls, rapid nozzle wear and sludge build-up caused repeated shutdowns of the system. Rather, they were concerned with the "state of the art", which was indeed the title of the first paper in the session. The organization of the conference office, especially the registration, also left something to be desired.
BOOK REVIEWS
J. MAINWARING Industrial Source Sampling
The work is a very comprehensive treatise on the subject of stationary source pollutant sampling, and the authors are to be congratulated on the depth and thoroughness with which they have dealt with the subject. Beginning with the introduction, which covers the purpose of sampling, problems, and logistics, they move on to source test procedures that cover theory and equipment types. They are reasonably critical of the shortcomings of some types, indicating their familiarity with their subject.
It is, however, disappointing to note that no mention is made, in this chapter or in a later chapter, which gives greater detail of the types of equipment, of the British methods as given in the B.S. Aerosol properties, ranging from the use of the Ringlemann plot to methods of particle size analysis, are described as well as computational methods. In the final chapter "And Let There Be Light" The authors assert that the current federal E.P.A.
HOWARD COCK
The total budget for such a conference is around half a million dollars and would require significant support from the Australian Federal Government. You will note from the Society's accounts that it has a sum on hand invested in Building Societies and Credit Unions, which is intended to go towards a working budget for the IUAPPA Conference. Howson, who advised in the last days of the last Government that the Commissioner of Taxation would include chimneys for depreciation purposes to the extent that the chimneys are an integral part of the pollution control plant.
In my opinion the above balance sheet and statement of operations of the Clean Air Society of Australia and New Zealand are properly drawn up to give a true and fair view of the state of affairs of the Society as at the 31st December, 1972, and of its income and expenditure for the year then ended 31 December 1972. It follows the principle of O.E.C.D. member states of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development; -but upon closer inspection, the breach appears to be honored. In addition, direct financial assistance to cover part of the costs could be limited for small businesses that may have difficulty in finding the necessary capital.
STRAUSS
Second, there should be long-term, low-interest loans for pollution abatement plants and facilities. Third, there should be some low-cost impartial technical advice available, again especially for small firms with limited technical resources. This could take the form of a service from a group to C.S.I.R.O., state environmental authorities, or perhaps subsidized consultancy services.
Here it competes with other research proposals that, in the industrial sector, may benefit industry more directly. The education of those working in the field of pollution control - government and private companies - should be strongly supported. The number of courses available and the students taking them should be controlled to avoid duplication of courses, the highest standards in those available, and finally the overproduction of graduates.
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The Australian government's "polluter pays" policy has been reiterated by both the Labor and Liberal-Rural parties. Polluting industries are generally an integral part of our industrial economy and provide materials without which our present life would be impossible. It is therefore very important that the current Australian government reconsiders the extent to which the polluter pays.
To some extent, it should try to help polluting industries to use the best possible means of reducing their emissions, thus aligning with other OECD countries. This can take the form of appointing specially funded staff at universities and colleges of higher education to run courses in this area, and special bursaries for students attending these courses. These measures will help provide a better approach to pollution control and should reduce the net social cost to the community as a whole.
