উৎপাদন,ব্যয় ও আয় - Factors of Production

(1)

Drcv`b,e¨q I Avq

Factors of Production

f‚wgKv

Drcv`‡bi Dcv`vb Qvov †Kv‡bv `Öe¨ I †mev Drcv`b Kiv m¤¢e bq| Avgiv GB BDwb‡U Drcv`b I Drcv`‡bi Dcv`vb wb‡q we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kie| Drcv`b wK †Kv‡bv bZzb wRwbm ˆZwi Kiv bv, `Ö‡e¨i Dc‡hvM m„wó Kiv Zv wewfbœ D`vni‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| gvbzl Zvi kÖ‡gi mvnv‡h¨ KZ iK‡gi Dc‡hvM m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i Zv G BDwb‡U e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡q‡Q| Drcv`‡bi AvqZb ev cwigvY †Kvb †Kvb wel‡qi Ici wbf©i K‡i †m m¤ú‡K© GKwU weeiY G BDwb‡U cvIqv hv‡e| Dciš‘, Drcv`‡bi Dcv`vb Avm‡j Kx, Zvi Av‡jvPbvI GLv‡b c~Y©v½fv‡e Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q|

BDwbU mgvwßi mgq BDwbU mgvwßi m‡ev©”P mgq 4 w`b

GB BDwb‡Ui cvVmg~n

cvV 6.1 : Drcv`‡bi msÁv I wba©viKmg~n cvV 6.2 : Drcv`‡bi Dcv`vbmg~n

cvV 6.3 : Drcv`b e¨q cvV 6.4 : weµqjä Avq

BDwbU

6

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Drcv`‡bi msÁv I wba©viKmg~n

Definition of Production and Determinants

D‡Ïk¨

GB cvV †k‡l wkÿv_©xiv

 Drcv`b wK e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

 gvbyl KZ iK‡gi Dc‡hvM m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i, Zv wba©viY Ki‡Z cv‡i‡eb;

 Drcv`‡bi wbY©vqK¸‡jv kbv³ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb Ges

 Drcv`‡bi Dcv`v‡bi msÁv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

g~jcvV-

Drcv`‡bi aviYv

Concept of Production

mvaviYZ Drcv`b ej‡Z c`v_© ev `ªe¨ Drcv`b ev m„wó Kiv‡K †evSvq| wKš‘ gvbyl c`v_© m„wó ev aŸsm Ki‡Z cv‡i bv | c`v_© Avgiv cÖK…wZ †_‡K cvB| Avgiv cÖ`Ë c`v_© †_‡K bZzb ev AwZwi³ Dc‡hvM ˆZwi Ki‡Z cvwi| ZvB Drcv`b ej‡Z Dc‡hvM ˆZwi Kiv‡K †evSvq| †hgb ¯^Y© ev †iŠc¨ gvby‡li Øviv ˆZwi †Kv‡bv c`v_© bq| gvbyl Gme `ªe¨ cÖK…wZ †_‡K AvniY K‡i| Gfv‡e cÖK…wZ †_‡K `ªe¨ AvniY Kiv‡K Drcv`b ejv hv‡e bv; wKš‘ gvbyl hLb

¯^Y© ev †iŠc¨ w`‡q wewfbœ ai‡bi Mqbv evbvq, G cÖwµqv‡K Avgiv Drcv`b eje| KviY gvbyl ¯^Y© ev †iŠc¨ †_‡K bZzb Dc‡hvM m„wó Ki‡Q| myZivs †Kv‡bv `ªe¨ ev c`v_© †_‡K AwZwi³ Dc‡hvM m„wó Kiv‡K Drcv`b ejv nq| hLb gvbyl Zvi Afve c~iY Ki‡Z Pvq ZLb †m c`v‡_©i AvKvi Ggbfv‡e cwieZ©b K‡i, hv †_‡K †m Dc‡hvM †c‡Z cv‡i| GB m„ó Dc‡hv‡Mi wewbgq gvb (Exchange Value) _vK‡Z n‡e hv‡Z G‡K UvKvi gva¨‡g wewbgq Kiv hvq|

mvaviYZ KvV A‡cÿv †Pqv‡ii cÖ‡qvRbxqZv †ewk| d‡j gvbyl KvV‡K †Pqv‡i iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i cÖ‡qvRb †gUvq|

Gfv‡e †Kv‡bv `ª‡e¨i mv‡_ bZzb Dc‡hvM kbv³ Kiv‡KB A_©bxwZ‡Z Drcv`b' ejv nq|

†Kv‡bv †`‡ki Drcv`b †m †`‡ki Rbkw³, cÖvK…wZK m¤ú`, g~jab, Drcv`b c×wZ, ivR‰bwZK Ae¯’v, hvZvqvZe¨e¯’v, e¨vsK e¨e¯’v cÖf…wZi Ici wbf©i K‡i|

Dc‡hv‡Mi †kÖwYwefvM

Classification of Utilities

gvby‡li m„ó Dc‡hvM‡K wZbfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| †hgb (1) iƒcMZ Dc‡hvM, (2) ¯’vbMZ Dc‡hvM Ges (3) mgqMZ Dc‡hvM|

(1) iƒcMZ Dc‡hvM (Form Utility) : †h Dc‡hvM Avgiv `ª‡e¨i iƒc ev AvK…wZ cwieZ©b K‡i cvB Zv‡K iƒcMZ Dc‡hvM e‡j| †hgb Kv‡Vi iƒc cwieZ©b K‡i †h AvmevecÎ cvIqv hvq Zvi Dc‡hvM‡K iƒcMZ Dc‡hvM e‡j|

(2) ¯’vbMZ Dc‡hvM (Place Utility) : GK RvqMv †_‡K Av‡iK RvqMvq `ª‡e¨i nvbvšÍi K‡i Zvi Dc‡hvM e„w×

Kiv hvq| †hgb- my›`ie‡b Kv‡Vi Dc‡hvM Kg; Zv XvKvq Avb‡j Zvi Dc‡hvM †e‡o hvq|

cvV 6.1

(3)

(3) mgqMZ Dc‡hvM (Time Utility) : mg‡qi eëav‡b `ª‡eï Dc‡hvM †e‡o hvq| G¸‡jvi Dc‡hvM‡K mgqMZ Dc‡hvM e‡j| †hgb Avgv‡ì †`‡k hLb me©cÖ_g iwOb †Uwjwfkb ev wf.wm.Avi Av‡m, ZLb G¸‡jvi A‡bK `vg wQj| cieZ©x‡Z mg‡qi mv‡_ mv‡_ G¸‡jvi `vg Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e K‡g hvq|

†hme wel‡qi Ici Drcv`‡bi cwigvY wbf©i K‡i

Factors Upon Which The Volume Of Production Depends

Drcv`‡bi cwigvY wb‡gœv³ wel‡qi Ici wbf©i K‡i :

(1) Rbkw³ (Population) : Rbkw³i Ici Drcv`‡bi cwigvY A‡bKLvwb wbf©ikxj| `ÿ Rbkw³ (Efficient manpower) GKwU †`‡ki m¤ú`| `ÿ Rbkw³ †h †`‡k hZ †ewk †m †`‡k Drcv`‡bi cwigvY ZZ †ewk|

Ab¨w`‡K A`ÿ Rbkw³ †Kv‡bv †`‡ki Rb¨ †evSv n‡q `uvov‡Z cv‡i|

(2) g~jab (Capital) : cÖPzi g~jab I KvuPvgvj Drcv`‡bi cwigvY evov‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| †h †`‡k G¸‡jvi cwigvY

†ewk †m †`‡k Drcv`‡bi cwigvYI ZZ †ewk|

(3) Drcv`b c×wZ (Technique of Production) : Drcv`‡bi cwigvY DbœZ I AvazwbK Drcv`b c×wZiIci A‡bKvs‡k wbf©ikxj| K…wl‡ÿ‡Î I wkí‡ÿ‡Î ˆeÁvwbK Áv‡bi Dci³ cÖ‡qvM Drcv`‡bi cwigvY wbwðZfv‡e e„w×

K‡i|

(4) FY, e¨vswKs I †hvMv‡hvM myweav (Credit, Banking and Transport facilities) : Drcv`‡bi cwigvY FY, e¨vswKs I †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’vi Dbœq‡bi Ici wbf©ikxj| FY I e¨vswKs eë¯’v Drcv`b †ÿ‡Î g~jab ev wewb‡qv‡Mi wbðqZv cÖ`vb K‡i| †hvMv‡hvM myweav A_©bxwZi wewfbœ Lv‡Z Drcv`‡bi DcKiY ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii eë¯’v K‡i|

(5) ivR‰bwZK Ae¯’v (Political Condition) : Drcv`‡bi cwigvY e„w×i e¨vcv‡i ivR‰bwZK Ae¯’vb ¸iæZ¡c~Y©

welq wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| hw` ivóª cÖhyw³MZ, A_©MZ ev Ab¨vb¨ e¨vcv‡i A_© mvnvh¨ †`q, Zvn‡j Drcv`‡bi cwigvY evo‡e| ZvQvov ivR‰bwZK Ae¯’v w¯’wZkxj ev Aw¯’wZkxj n‡j Drcv`‡bi cwigvY evo‡Z ev Kg‡Z cv‡i|

(6) cÖvK…wZK m¤ú` (Natrual Resources) : f‚wgi De©iZv, AvenvIqv, e„wócvZ, b`x, cvnvo-ce©Z cÖf…wZ‡K cÖvK…wZK m¤ú` ejv nq| GB cÖvK…wZK m¤ú`¸‡jv Drcv`‡bi cwigvY‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K eb¨v, f‚wgK¤ú, mvB‡K¬vb cÖf…wZ Drcv`‡bi cwigvY‡K gvivZ¥Kfv‡e ÿwZMÖ¯Í K‡i|

Drcv`‡bi Dcv`vb : A_©

Factors of production : Meaning

`ªe¨ ev †mev Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ wewfbœ cÖKvi Dcv`v‡bi cÖ‡qvRb nq| Gme Dcv`v‡bi †hvMvb I Zv‡`i Drcv`bkxjZvi Ici Drcv`‡bi cwigvY Ges RvZxq Av‡qi mg„w× wbf©i K‡i| †h‡nZz †gvU Drcv`‡bi e„w×i Ici A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× (Economic growth) wbf©i K‡i, ZvB Drcv`‡bi Dcv`v‡bi †hvMvb I `ÿZv A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w×i cÖwµqvi Rb¨ Acwinvh©|

wKš‘ Drcv`‡bi Dcv`vb ej‡Z Avgiv Avm‡j Kx eywS? †d«kvi (Fraser) e‡j‡Qb, ÔDrcv`‡bi Dcv`vb Drcv`bkxj m¤ú‡`i mgwó gvÎ|Õ Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq, Drcv`bkxj Dcv`vb‡K Drcv`‡bi Dcv`vb (Factor of production) ejv

†h‡Z cv‡i| Drcv`‡bi Dcv`vb¸‡jv G‡K Ac‡ii c~Y© cwieZ©K (Perfect substitutes) nq|

myZivs †Kv‡bv `ªe¨ Drcv`b Ki‡Z n‡j wewfbœ Dcv`vb ev DcKi‡Yi cÖ‡qvRb nq| Gme DcKiY‡K Pvi fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| †hgb f‚wg, kÖg, g~jab Ges msMVb| GB BDwb‡U Drcv`‡bi Dcv`vb¸‡jv mwe¯Ív‡i Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|

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gvÎvMZ Drcv`b

Returns to scale

GLb Avgiv gvÎvMZ Drcv`‡bi aviYv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kie| GRb¨ Avgiv Abygvb (Assume) K‡i wbw”Q †h, Drcv`b Kv‡R ïaygvÎ `y‡Uv DcKiY i‡q‡Q kÖg I g~jab| G AbywgwZ (Assumption) Avgv‡`i Av‡jvPbv‡K mnR K‡i †`‡e Ges gvÎvMZ Drcv`b aviYv‡K mg-Drcv`b †iLv w`‡q we‡kølY Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ Ki‡e| G Aa¨v‡qi ïiæ‡ZB Avgiv Drcv`b A‡cÿK wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQjvg| Drcv`b A‡cÿ‡Ki mgxKiYwU jÿ Kiæb| A‡cÿ‡K Drcv`‡bi cwigvY Ges DcKi‡Yi g‡a¨ m¤úK© †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| Drcv`b A‡cÿ‡Ki DcKiY¸‡jv‡K (‡hgb, L I K †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó Abycv‡Z (Proportion) evov‡j †gvU Drcv`b (‡hgb _Q) evo‡e| gvÎvMZ Drcv`‡bi gva¨‡g Avgiv †gvU Drcv`b wK nv‡i evoj Zv Rvb‡Z cvwi|

g‡b Kiæb, GKwU dvg© Av‡M 100 Rb kÖwgK I 2wU †gwkb wb‡q Drcv`b KvR PvjvZ| c‡i 200 Rb kÖwgK I 4wU

†gwkb Drcv`b Kv‡R wb‡qvM Kiv n‡jv| d‡j dv‡g©i Drcv`b evoj| G †ÿ‡Î dvg© Zvi gvÎv‡K ev Scale †K wØ¸Y K‡i‡Q| dv‡g©i Drcv`vb wK nv‡i evoj Zv Avgiv gvÎvMZ Drcv`b w`‡q Rvb‡Z cvie|

Ô†Kv‡bv Drcv`K Drcv`b Kv‡R wb‡qvwRY mKj DcKiY GKwU wbw`©ó Abycv‡Z cwieZ©b Ki‡j †gvU Drcv`‡b †h cwieZ©b Av‡m Zv‡K gvÎvMZ Drcv`b (Returns to Scale) e‡j|Õ

gvÎvMZ Drcv`b wZb ai‡bi n‡Z cv‡i?

1| w¯’i gvÎvMZ Drcv`b;

2| µgea©gvb gvÎvMZ Drcv`b ; 3| µgn«vmgvb gvÎvMZ Drcv`b|

G‡`i m¤ú‡K© wb‡P we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj :

1| w¯’i gvÎvMZ Drcv`b (Constant Returns to Scale) : DcKiY¸‡jv‡K wbw`©ó Abycv‡Z evov‡bv n‡j †gvU Drcv`b hw` GKB Abycv‡Z evo‡e, Z‡e Zv‡K w¯’i gvÎvMZ Drcv`b ejv n‡e| wb‡Pi 6.1.1 wP‡Î _a we›`y‡Z Drcv`K fvimv‡g¨ †cŠ‡Q | L I K-Gi cwigvY hw` evwo‡q wØ¸Y Kiv nq Z‡e Drcv`‡bi cwigvY †e‡o n‡e 24|

G‡ÿ‡Î b we›`y n‡e fvimvg¨ we›`y| wPÎ †_‡K †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, DcKiY¸‡jv †h nv‡i evov‡bv nq Drcv`bI †mB GKB nv‡i evo‡e| d‡j G‡K Avgiv w¯’i ev mgvbycvwZK gvÎvMZ Drcv`b eje|

`xN©‡gqv‡` mKj DcKiY B‡”QgZ cwieZ©b Kiv hvq; hv wKbv ¯^í †gqv‡` m¤¢e bq| ZvB gvÎvMZ Drcv`b aviYvwU

†Kej `xN©‡gqv‡`i mv‡_ RwoZ|

wPÎ 6.1.1 : w¯’i gvÎvMZ Drcv`b

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2| µgea©gvb gvÎvMZ Drcv`b (Increasing Returns to Scale) : DcKiY¸‡jv‡K wbw`©ó Abycv‡Z evov‡bv n‡j

†gvU Drcv`b hw` Zvi †P‡q †ewk Abycv‡Z evo‡e, Z‡e Zv‡K µgea©gvb gvÎvMZ Drcv`b ejv n‡e|

wPÎ 6.1.2 : µgea©gvb gvÎvMZ Drcv`b

c~‡e©i wP‡Îi g‡Zv g‡b Kiæb GeviI L I K †K 1 GKK K‡i evov‡bv n‡jv| d‡j †gvU Drcv`b Q n‡e| fvimvg¨

3| µgn«vmgvb gvÎvMZ Drcv`b (Decreasing Returns to Scale) : DcKiY¸‡jv‡K wbw`©ó Abycv‡Z evov‡bv n‡j †gvU Drcv`b hw` Zvi †P‡q Kg Abycv‡Z ev‡o, Z‡e Zv‡K µgn«vmgvb gvÎvMZ Drcv`b ejv n‡e|

mvims‡ÿc

 Avgiv cÖK…wZcÖ`Ë c`v_© †_‡K bZzb ev AwZwi³ Dc‡hvM ˆZwi Ki‡Z cvwi| ZvB Drcv`b ej‡Z Dc‡hvM ˆZwi Kiv‡K †evSvq;

 gvby‡li m„ó Dc‡hvM‡K wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| †hgb (1) iƒcMZ Dc‡hvM, (2) ¯’vbMZ Dc‡hvM Ges (3) mgqMZ Dc‡hvM;

 †Kv‡bv Drcv`K Drcv`b Kv‡R wb‡qvwRb mKj DcKiY GKwU wbw`©ó Abycv‡Z cwieZ©b Ki‡j †gvU Drcv`‡b †h cwieZ©b Av‡m Zv‡K gvÎvMZ Drcv`b (Returns to Scale) e‡j|

(6)

Drcv`‡bi Dcv`vbmg~n

Factors of Production

D‡Ïk¨

 f‚wgi msÁv I ˆewkó¨ wkL‡Z cvi‡eb;

 kÖ‡gi msÁv I ˆewkó¨ wkL‡Z cvi‡eb;

 g~ja‡bi msÁv, ¸iæZ¡ I Kvh©vewj Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb;

 msMV‡bi msÁv I ¸iæZ¡ Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|

g~jcvV-

f‚wgi msÁv

Definition of Land

A_©bxwZ‡Z f‚wgi GKwU we‡kl A_© Av‡Q| f‚wg ej‡Z f‚c„ô‡K †evSvq bv, hv mvaviY A‡_© e¨eüZ nq| Gi e¨vcK A_© Av‡Q| f‚wg ej‡Z †mme cÖvK…wZK m¤ú`‡K †evSvq, hv †_‡K †fv³vi Avq nq A_ev †h¸‡jvi wewbgq g~j¨

(Exchange value) Av‡Q| Aa¨vcK gvk©v‡ji g‡Z, f‚wg ej‡Z †mme `ªemg~n Ges kw³mg~n‡K †evSvq- hv R‡j-

¯’‡j, AvKv‡k evZv‡m we`¨gvb Ges hv gvby‡li mvnv‡h¨i Rb¨ cÖK…wZ D`vifv‡e w`‡q _v‡K| AZGe, Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi, Ôf‚wg ej‡Z Drcv`b Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ Abvqvmjä cÖK…wZi mKj `vb ev m¤ú`, hv gvbyl m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i bv, Zv‡KB †evSvq|

f‚wgi ˆewkó¨

Characteristics of Land

f‚wgi KZ¸‡jv ˆewkó¨ Av‡Q- hv wb‡gœ wjwce× Kiv njt

(1) f‚wg cÖK…wZi `vb (Land is the gift of the nature) : Abvqvmjä cÖvK…wZK m¤ú` †hgb LwbRm¤ú`, e„wócvZ, gvwU, evZvm, m~h© cÖf…wZ cÖK…wZ gvbyl‡K gy³n‡¯Í `vb K‡i‡Q| A‡b‡K e‡jb, f‚wgi †Kv‡bv Drcv`b e¨q

†bB G K_v mZ¨ bq| cÖK…wZMZ Kvi‡Y Rwg De©i ev Abye©i n‡Z cv‡i| †hme Rwg Abye©i †m¸‡jv‡K mvi cÖ‡qvM I Rj †m‡Pi gva¨‡g De©i Ki‡Z nq| Gfv‡e f‚wgi gvwjK‡K f‚wg‡K Drcv`bÿg Kivi Rb¨ Drcv`b e¨q enb Ki‡Z nq |

(2) f‚wgi †hvMvb mxgve× (Supply of land is limited) : f‚wgi †hvMvb evov‡bv ev Kgv‡bv gvby‡li c‡ÿ m¤¢e bq| AbymÜvb Pvwj‡q wewfbœ `ª‡e¨i Lwb Avwe®‹vi Kiv m¤¢e; wKš‘ †mme gvby‡li Øviv m„ó bq, cyi‡bv Lwb bZzb K‡i Avwe®‹vi Kivi gZ| AZGe, f‚wgi †hvMvb mxgve×|

(3) µgn«vmgvb Drcv`b wewai Kvh©KvwiZv (Effectiveness of law of diminishing returns) : f‚wgi †hvMvb mxgve× e‡j f‚wgi Dci µgn«vmgvb Drcv`b wewa Kvh©Ki n‡e| G wewa Abyhvqx, GKwU Dcv`vb‡K w¯’i †i‡L Drcv`‡bi Ab¨ Dcv`vb¸‡jv GKwU wbw`©ó Abycv‡Z µgkt evov‡j †gvU Drcv`‡bi cwigvY e„w× cv‡e mZ¨; wKš‘ †h Abycv‡Z Ab¨ Dcv`vb¸‡jv evov‡bv n‡”Q, †m wbw`©ó Abycv‡Z †gvU Drcv`b e„w× cv‡e bv|

e¯ÍzZ f‚wg Qvov Ab¨vb¨ Dcv`vb A‡bKvs‡k ¸iæZ¡nxb| mf¨Zvi cÖv_wgK hyM †_‡K ïiæ K‡i mvgšÍ hyM ch©šÍ Ges eZ©gv‡b AvaywbK cïcvjb, grm wkKvi, Lv`¨km¨, wk‡íi KuvPvgvj cÖf…wZi mieivnKvix wn‡m‡e f‚wgi ¸iæZ¡

cvV 6.2

(7)

Acwimxg| Drcv`b e„w× Kievi Rb¨ GKB Rwg‡Z AwaK cwigvY kÖg I g~jab wb‡qvM Ki‡Z nq| d‡j Drcv`b e„w× †c‡jI Zv µgn«vmgvb nv‡i e„w× cvq|

(4) f‚wg ¯’vbvšÍi‡hvM¨ bq (Land is not transferable) : f‚wg GK RvqMv †_‡K Ab¨ RvqMvq ¯’vbvšÍi Kiv hvq bv| Gi cwigvY me mgq w¯’i|

(5) De©ivkw³ (Fertility) : De©ivkw³ Ges Ae¯’v‡bi w`K †_‡K wewfbœ Rwgi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q| †Kv‡bv Rwg Ab¨ Rwg A‡cÿv De©i| gvbyl Zvi eyw×e„wË cÖ‡qvM K‡i mvi I †m‡Pi gva¨‡g Abye©i Rwg‡K De©i K‡i †Zv‡j|

f‚wgi Drcv`b ÿgZv

Productive Efficiency of Land

f‚wgi Drcv`b ÿgZv cÖavbZ wbgœwjwLb welq¸‡jvi Ici wbf©i K‡i :

(1) cÖvK…wZK KviY (Natural factors) : Avgiv Av‡MB e‡jwQ f‚wg cÖK…wZi `vb| Gi Drcv`b ÿgZv AvenvIqv, e„wócvZ cÖf…wZi Dci wbf©i K‡i| mvaviYZ wKQz ivmvqwbK| Dcv`vb Av‡Q, hv Rwg‡K De©i ev Abye©i K‡i|

De©iZvB Rwgi Drcv`b ÿgZv e„w× K‡i| wKš‘ Rwg‡Z ivmvqwbK Dcv`v‡bi cwigvY AvenvIqv, e„wócvZ cÖf…wZ cÖvK…wZK Kvi‡Yi Ici wbf©i K‡i|

(2) †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’vb (Geographical situation) : †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’v‡bi Ici f‚wgi Drcv`bkxjZv A‡bKvs‡k wbf©i K‡i| †hgb- b`xi Zx‡i Aew¯’Z Rwgi De©iZv| Aek¨B Ab¨ ¯’v‡b Aew¯’Z f‚wgi †P‡q †ewk n‡e| Avevi

†hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’vi myweavi Kvi‡Y kn‡ii wbKU Aew¯’Z Rwgi De©iZv `~ieZ©x ¯’v‡b Aew¯’Z Rwg †_‡K †ewk n‡e|

(3) gvbexq KviY (Human factors) : GKUv mgq wQj hLb gvbyl cÖK…wZi AbyK¤úvi Ici wbf©i KiZ; wKš‘

eZ©gv‡b gvbyl cÖK…wZ‡K Rq K‡i‡Q| wb‡Ri eyw×e„wË cÖ‡qvM K‡i ˆeÁvwbK c×wZ Øviv DbœZ †mPe¨e¯’v, DbœZ Pvl- c×wZ Øviv gvbyl AvR Rwg‡K De©i K‡i Zz‡j‡Q| giæf‚wg, cvnvo-ce©Z me RvqMv‡ZB gvbyl Zvi weR‡qi SvÐv Dwo‡q‡Q|

kÖ‡gi aviYv

Concept of Labour

gvbyl cvwikÖwg‡Ki wewbg‡q †h kvixwiK I gvbwmK cwikÖg K‡i, Zv‡K kÖg e‡j| gvbyl kÖ‡gi gva¨‡g `ª‡e¨i Dc‡hvM m„wó K‡i| GwU Drcv`‡bi Ab¨Zg DcKiY| A_©bxwZ‡Z kvixwiK I gvbwmK Dfq cÖKvi cwikÖg‡K kÖg e‡j| KviY Dfq cÖKvi kÖ‡gi mvnv‡h¨ gvbyl Zvi Afve †gvPb Ki‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ gvby‡li mKj cÖKvi KvR kÖg wn‡m‡e MY¨ n‡e bv| gvby‡li †h kvixwiK I gvbwmK cwikÖg Zvi †Kv‡bv Kv‡R jv‡M bv Ges hvi †Kv‡bv Avw_©K g~j¨ †bB, †mme cwikÖg‡K kÖg ejv hv‡e bv| †h cwikÖ‡gi wewbg‡q †Kvb wKQz AR©b Kiv hvq, †Kej Zv‡KB kÖg ejv nq| GRb¨ GKRb MvqK hw` ïay wb‡Ri mš‘wói Rb¨ Mvb Mvq, Z‡e Zvi cwikÖg‡K kÖg ejv n‡e bv| wKš‘

MvqK hw` cvwikÖwg‡Ki wewbg‡q Mvb Mvq, Z‡e Zvi cwikÖg‡K kÖg ejv n‡e Ges MvqK‡K kÖwgK ejv n‡e| myZivs Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi, A_©bxwZ‡Z Drcv`b Kv‡R cvwikÖwg‡Ki wewbg‡q gvby‡li gvbwmK I kvixwiK †h‡Kv‡bv cÖKv‡ii cwikÖg hv AvswkK ev m¤ú~Y©fv‡e Avb›` Qvov Ab¨ †Kv‡bv DcKv‡ii Rb¨ Kiv nq, Zv‡K kÖg (Labour) e‡j|

Drcv`bkxj Ges Abyrcv`bkxj kÖg

Productive and Unproductive Labour

`yB iK‡gi kÖg Av‡Q| †hgb (i) Drcv`bkxj kÖg I (ii) Abyrcv`bkxj kÖg| Drcv`bkxj Ges Abyrcv`bkxj kÖg ej‡Z cÖK…Zc‡ÿ Kx †evSvq, †m m¤ú‡K© wewfbœ mg‡qi A_©bxwZwe`‡`i gZev` wb‡P Zz‡j aiv nj|

(1) wdwRIµ¨vU‡ì gZev` (Physiocrates views) : Aóv`k kZvãx‡Z d«v‡Ýi wdwRIKª¨vU‡ì g‡Z, †h kÖg AwZwi³ wKQz Drcv`b Ki‡Z cv‡i, ZvB Drcv`bkxj kÖg Ges †h kÖg bZzb wKQz Drcv`b K‡i bv, Zv‡K Abrcv`bkxj kÖg e‡j| Zv‡ì g‡Z, K…wl, wkí ev wbR wkí D‡Ëvj‡b wbhyy³ kÖwgKiv AwZwi³ wKQz Drcv`b K‡i

(8)

e‡j Zv‡`i kÖg Drcv`bkxj | cÿvšÍ‡i, e¨emvqx Ges Ab¨vb¨ †ÿ‡Î wb‡qvwRZ kÖwg‡Ki kÖg Abyrcv`bkxj| KviY Giv bZzb wKQz Drcv`b K‡i bv, Zviv ïaygvÎ `ªe¨ n¯ÍvšÍi K‡i|

(2) K¬vwmK¨vj gZev` (Classical views) : A¨vWvg w¯§_, †WwfW wiKv‡W©v, †R Gm wgj cÖgyL K¬vwmK¨vj A_©bxwZwe`‡`i g‡Z, †h kÖg e¯ÍzMZ `ªe¨ Drcv`b K‡i, Zv‡K Drcv`bkxj kÖg e‡j|

kÖg me‡P‡q †ewk aŸsmkxj Dcv`vb| GwU GKevi bó n‡j Avi †diZ Av‡m bv| kÖ‡gi aŸsmkxjZv, kÖwg‡Ki msL¨vwaK¨ I gvwj‡Ki ¯^íZvi Rb¨ kÖ‡gi `iKlvKwl Kivi ÿgZv Lye Kg| kÖwgK Zvi kÖg mivmwi †µZvi Kv‡Q weµ‡qi D‡Ï‡k¨ n¯ÍvšÍi Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| gRywi e„w× †c‡j kÖ‡gi †hvMvb n«vm †c‡Z cv‡i|

kÖg e‡j Ges †h kÖg e¯ÍzMZ `ªe¨ Drcv`b K‡i bv, Zv‡K Abyrcv`bkxj kÖg e‡j| †hgb K…lK, ZuvwZ ev KviLvbvi kÖwgK e¯ÍzMZ `ªe¨ Drcv`b K‡i e‡j Zv‡`i kÖg Drcv`bkxj| Ab¨w`‡K AvBbRxex, Wv³vi, MvqK cÖf…wZ kÖwg‡Ki kÖg Abyrcv`bkxj| KviY Giv Ae¯ÍzMZ `ªe¨ ˆZwi K‡i|

(3) AvaywbK gZev` (Modern views) : AvaywbK A_©bxwZwe`MY Dc‡ii gZev` `y‡Uv mg_©b K‡ib bv| Zv‡`i g‡Z, †h kÖg e¯ÍzMZ I Ae¯ÍzMZ `ªe¨ Drcv`b K‡i gvby‡li Afve †gvPb Ki‡Z cv‡i, Zv‡K Drcv`bkxj kÖg e‡j|

mnR K_vq, †h kÖg Dc‡hvM m„ó K‡i Ges Zvi wewbg‡q Avw_©K g~j¨ †c‡q _v‡K, Zv‡K Drcv`bkxj kÖg e‡j|

cÿvšÍ‡i, †h kÖg Dc‡hvM m„wó Ki‡Z e¨_© nq, Zv‡K Abyrcv`bkxj kÖg e‡j| D`vniY¯^iƒc ejv hvq, GKRb ivRwgw¯¿ hw` GKwU `vjvb cy‡ivcywi ˆZix Ki‡Z cv‡i, Z‡e Zvi kÖg Drcv`bkxj e‡j we‡ewPZ n‡e| wKš‘ ivRwgw¯¿

hw` `vjvbwU AvswkKfv‡e ˆZwi K‡i cybivq †f‡O †d‡j, Zvn‡j Zvi kÖg‡K Avgiv Abyrcv`bkxj eje| GB

`„wó‡KvY †_‡K wePvi Ki‡j Wv³vi, wkÿK, AvBbRxex‡`i kÖg‡KI Avgiv Drcv`bkxj ej‡Z cvwi|

g~ja‡bi aviYv

Concept of Capital

g~jab kãwU A_©bxwZ‡Z wewfbœfv‡e e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q| mvaviY A‡_© g~jab ej‡Z A_© ev UvKv-cqmv‡K †evSvq| wKš‘

hLb Avgiv g~jab‡K Drcv`‡bi DcKiY wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kwi, ZLb g~jab I A_©‡K mgv_©K fvev fzj n‡e|

Aek¨B A_© w`‡q Avgiv wewfbœ DcKiY †hgb KvuPvgvj, †gwkbvwi, kÖg cÖf…wZ wKb‡Z cvwi, hv `ªe¨ Drcv`‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i; wKš‘| A_© mivmwi ev cÖZ¨ÿfv‡e `ªe¨ Drcv`‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i bv| hLb A_© wewb‡qv‡M ev Drcv`bkxj Kv‡R wb‡qvM Kiv nq, ZLb wKQz A_©bxwZwe` G‡K ÔA_©-g~jabÕ (Money capital) wn‡m‡e AvL¨vwqZ K‡i _v‡Kb|

wKš‘ A_©-g~jab mwZ¨Kv‡ii g~jab bq| cÖK…Z g~ja‡bi (Real capital) g‡a¨ †gwkbvix, KuvPvgvj, d¨v±wi, mvi cÖf…wZ AšÍf©z³ _v‡K, hv cÖZ¨ÿfv‡e `ªe¨ Drcv`‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i| myZivs A_©bxwZ‡Z †Kej e¨emv‡q wb‡qvwRY A_©B g~jab bq, eis g~jab K_vwU Av‡iv e¨vcK A‡_© e¨eüZ nq|

g~ja‡bi eû msÁv cvIqv hvq| GRb¨ †evwìs (Boulding) iwmKZv K‡i e‡j‡Qb †h, hZRb A_©bxwZwe` g~jab wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb g~ja‡bi cÖvq ZZ¸‡jv A_© i‡q‡Q| Aa¨vcK gvk©vj (Prof. Marshall) g~jab‡K Av‡qi Drm wn‡m‡e AwfwnZ K‡i e‡j‡Qb †h, g~jab n‡jv GKwU Znwej Ges Zvi Avq GKwU cÖevngvb aviv| P¨vcg¨v‡bi (Chapman) g‡Z, Ô†h mg¯Í m¤ú` †Kv‡bv Avq m„wó K‡i A_ev DcvR©‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i Zv‡K g~jab e‡jÕ Z‡e eg eqvK© g~ja‡bi GKwU fv‡jv msÁv w`‡q‡Qb| Zvui g‡Z, Ôg~jab nj Drcv`‡bi Drcvw`Z Dcv`vb|Ó (Capital is the produced means of production.) GB msÁvi mvnv‡h¨ g~jab‡K kÖg I f‚wg †_‡K c„_K Kiv hvq| KviY kÖg I f‚wg Drcvw`ZDcv`b bq| kÖg I f‚wg‡K A‡bK mgq cÖv_wgK Drcv`‡bi DcKiY (Primary factors of production) wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq| wKš‘ g~jab cÖv_wgK Dcv`vb bq- GwU Drcv`‡bi Drcvw`Z Dcv`vb|

g~jab gvby‡li kÖg Ges cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡`i dj| D`vniY¯^iƒc ejv hvq †h, wewfbœ kÖwgK hw` †jvnv I Ab¨vb¨

cÖvK…wZK m¤ú` eënvi K‡i GKwU hš¿ ˆZwi K‡i, Zvn‡j hš¿wU‡K g~jab ejv n‡e| myZivs ejv hvq, gvby‡li kÖ‡gi Øviv †h wRwbmwU Drcvw`Z n‡q cybivq Drcv`‡bi Kv‡R eëüZ nq, Zv‡K g~jab e‡j| GB wn‡m‡e †gwkbvix, d¨v±ix, Lvj, evua, cwien‡Yi hš¿cvwZ, KvuPvgvj, ¸`vg cÖf…wZ‡K g~jab ejv hvq| KviY, G¸‡jv cybivq Drcv`‡bi Kv‡R eëüZ nq|

(9)

Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbv †_‡K g~ja‡bi `y‡Uv cÖavb êwkó¨ †ei n‡q Av‡m (i) g~jab gvby‡li Øviv| Drcvw`Z e¯Íz Ges (ii) g~jab †fv‡M eëüZ nq bv| g~jab Drcv`‡bi Drcvw`Z Dcv`vb| e¯ÍzZ GwU Drcv`‡bi †Kv‡bv †gŠwjK Dcv`vb bq| GwU cÖK…wZ`Ë `vb bq, eis AZxZ kÖg I mÂ‡qi dj| Kj-KviLvbv, hš¿cvwZ cÖf…wZ gvbyl wb‡Ri cÖ‡Póvq m„wó K‡i| Avevi, †fv³v Zvi Avq I `ªe¨mvgMÖxi wKQz Ask eZ©gvb †fv‡M wb‡qvM bv K‡i fwel¨r Drcv`b Kv‡R eënvi K‡i| Gfv‡e g~jab mÂ‡qi gva¨‡g ˆZwi nq| GQvov g~ja‡bi Drcv`bkxjZv wb‡q †Kv‡bv cÖkœ AevšÍi ejv hvq| wKš‘ GwU cÖvK…wZK m¤ú` bq e‡j Gi Drcv`b LiP Av‡Q|

g~jab‡K cÖavbZ `yÕfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| †hgb ¯’vqx g~jab (Fixed capital) Ges PjwZ g~jab (Circulating capital)| †h g~jab Drcv`b Kv‡R eûw`b a‡i evievi e¨eüZ nq, Zv‡K ¯’vqx g~jab e‡j| †hgb KjKviLvbv,

†gwkbvix, Ni- evox cÖf…wZ ¯’vqx g~jab| Ab¨w`‡K, †h g~jab Drcv`b Kv‡R gvÎ GKevi e¨eüZ nq, Zv‡K PjwZ g~jab e‡j| †hgb, cvU, Kqjv, Zzjv, KvV, R¡vjvbx cÖf…wZ PjwZ g~jab|

g~ja‡bi ¸iæZ¡ I Kvh©vewj

Importance and Functions of Capital

AvaywbK Drcv`b eë¯’vq g~jab AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| Avcwb wK g~jab Qvov Drcv`b Kíbv Ki‡Z cv‡ib? e¯ÍzZt AvaywbK Drcv`b eë¯’v m¤ú~Y©fv‡e g~jab wbf©i| wb‡P abZvwš¿K ev mgvRYwš¿K †h‡Kv‡bv Drcv`b eë¯’vq g~ja‡bi ¸iæZ¡ I Kvh©vewj Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv :

(1) †h‡Kv‡bv Drcv`b eë¯’vq g~jab Drcv`b e„w× K‡i| GKRb Pvwl †Kv‡bv hš¿cvwZ eënvi bv K‡i Pvl Ki‡j Rwgi dmj wbtm‡›`‡n Kg cwigv‡Y Drcvw`Z n‡e| wKš‘ †m hw` Pvl Kivi mgq jv½j ev Uªv±i, mvi cÖf…wZ eënvi K‡i Zvn‡j dmj K‡qK ¸Y †ewk Drcvw`Z n‡e| dm‡ji ¸YMZ gvbI e„w× cv‡e| g~jab cÖwZwU Dcv`v‡bi Drcv`b ÿgZv e„w× K‡i|

(2) g~jab kÖwg‡Ki `ÿZv e„w× K‡i| c~‡e©i D`vniY Abyhvqx hš¿cvwZ, Uªv±i, mvi cÖf…wZ e¨envi Kivi d‡j Pvwliv Aí mg‡q A‡bK †ewk `ªe¨ Drcv`b Ki‡Z cv‡i| Uªv±i ev jvOj Pvwli ˆ`wnK kÖg Kgv‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| Pvwli fvix I KwVb KvR¸‡jv ˆ`wnK kw³i cwie‡Z© hš¿cvwZi mvnv‡h¨ Kiv nq| d‡j Pvwl Drcv`‡b cvi`k©x I wbcyY n‡q I‡V| Gfv‡e g~jab kÖwg‡Ki `ÿZv e„w× K‡i|

(3) g~jab kÖg I †fv‡Mi g‡a¨ mgš^q mvab K‡i| GKRb Pvwl Zvi Drcvw`Z dmj weµ‡qi Av‡M cvwikÖwgK cvq bv| Drcv`b Kvh© Avi¤¢ †_‡K †kl nIqv ch©šÍ Pvwl‡K A‡cÿv Ki‡Z nq| wKš‘ G mg‡qi g‡a¨ Zvi ˆ`bw›`b Afve

†gUv‡bvi Rb¨ A‡_©i cÖ‡qvRb nq| GRb¨ Drcv`b Kvh© †kl nevi Av‡MB Pvwl‡K gRywi w`‡Z nq| GB gRyix w`‡Z nq g~jab †_‡K| ZvB Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi, g~jab kÖg I †fv‡Mi g‡a¨ mgš^q mvab K‡i|

(5) g~jab Qvov e„n`vqZb Drcv`b (Large scale of production) m¤¢e nq bv| e„n`vqZb Drcv`‡bi d‡j MocoZv Drcv`b LiP K‡g hvq| d‡j evRv‡i `ª‡e¨i `vgI A‡bK n«vm cvq| wKš‘ g~jab Qvov Drcvw`Z `ª‡e¨i

`vg mvaviYZ Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e †ewk nq|

msMV‡bi aviYv|

Concept of Organization

f‚wg, kÖg I g~ja‡bi Av‡jvPbvi ci Avgiv GLb Drcv`‡bi me©‡kl I ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb msMVb wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kie| Drcv`b †Kej f‚wg, kÖg I g~ja‡bi mgš^‡q N‡U _v‡K, Zv ejv wVK n‡e bv| eis msMVb n‡jv †mB Dcv`vb hv G Dcv`vb¸‡jvi g‡a¨ mwVK Abycv‡Z mgš^q mvab K‡i Drcv`bKvh© ZË¡veavb K‡i Ges e¨emv‡qi SzuwK enb K‡i| †Kvb msMV‡bi †h e¨w³ GB KvR¸‡jv K‡i _v‡Kb, Zuv‡K msMVK (Organizer) ev D‡`¨v³v (Entrepreneur) ejv nq| AZGe Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi, †h Dcv`vb Drcv`‡bi Ab¨ Dcv`vb¸‡jv‡K GKwÎZ K‡i Zv‡`i g‡a¨ mgš^q mvab K‡i, Zv‡K msMVb (Organization) e‡j|

(10)

msMV‡Ki Kvh©vewj (Functions of Entrepreneur) : msMVK ev D‡`¨v³vi mwVK I cÖK…Z Kvh©vewj wb‡q A_©bxwZwe`‡`i g‡a¨ h‡_ó gZ‡f` Av‡Q| wewfbœ A_©bxwZwe` msMV‡Ki wewfbœ Kvh©vejx mbv³ K‡i‡Qb|

ïw¤úUv‡ii (Schumpeter) g‡Z, D‡`¨v³vi KvR n‡jv Avwe®‹vi Kiv| Avwe®‹vi ej‡Z wZwb eywS‡q‡Qb Dcv`v‡bi bZzb mswgkÖY ev Drcv`‡bi bZzb cÖwµqv ev bZzb `ª‡e¨i ev evRv‡ii D™¢veb A_ev Drcv`b c×wZi †h‡Kv‡bv cwieZ©b, hv Drcv`b e¨q n«vm K‡i|

A_©bxwZwe` bvBU (Knight) D‡`¨v³vi SzuwK I AwbðqZv enbRwbZ Kv‡Ri Ici †Rvi w`‡q‡Qb| Avevi Avj‡d«W gvkv©j SzuwK enb, g~jab msMÖn, Avwe®‹vi Kiv, Drcv`b Kv‡h©i ZË¡veavb, Avq eÈb, Drcv`‡bi cwiKíbv MÖnY cÖf…wZ‡K D‡`¨v³vi Kvh©vewj wn‡m‡e mbv³ K‡i‡Qb| wb‡P D‡`¨v³vi wewfbœ Kvh©vewj ms‡ÿ‡c Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj:

(i) D‡`¨v³vi cÖavb KvR nj Drcv`‡bi wewfbœ Dcv`vb †hgb f‚wg, kÖg I g~ja‡bi g‡a¨ mwVK Abycv‡Z mgš^q mvab Kiv| Gme Dcv`vb cÖK…Zfv‡e I GKKfv‡e †Kv‡bv wKQz Drcv`b Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| D‡`¨v³vi KvR n‡jv G‡`i‡K msMÖn Kiv Ges Drcv`‡b wb‡qvM Kiv|

(ii) D‡`¨v³v Drcv`‡bi cwiKíbv wVK Ki‡e| Drcv`‡bi cÖ_g n‡Z †kl ch©šÍ Kx Kx `ªe¨ †Kv_vq Ges wK cwigv‡Y Drcbœ n‡e, `ª‡e¨i ¸YMZ gvb wK iKg n‡e Zv D‡`¨v³v‡KB w¯’i Ki‡Z nq| Zvi g~j jÿ¨ _vK‡e, Pvwn`v Abyhvqx Drcv`‡bi cwigvY wVK Kiv Ges me©wbgœ Li‡P Drcv`b Kiv| GRb¨ D‡`¨v³v‡K cwiKíbv Abyhvqx cÖ‡qvRbxq e¨e¯’v MÖnY Ki‡Z nq|

eZ©gv‡b AvaywbK RwUj I e„n`vqZb Drcv`b e¨e¯’vq msMV‡bi ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg| evsjv‡`‡ki g‡Zv Dbœqbkxj

†`kmg~‡n msMV‡bi f‚wgKv A‡cÿvK…Z Kg n‡jI Rvcvb, hy³iv‡óªi g‡Zv DbœZ †`kmg~‡n msMVb AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©

f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i|

(iii) D‡`¨v³vi Ab¨Zg cÖavb KvR n‡jv e¨emvq AwbðqZv I SzuwK enb Kiv| D‡`¨v³v‡K GB‡ii Pvwn`v Abyhvqx

`ªe¨ Drcv`b I mieivn Ki‡Z nq| `ªe¨wU Drcv`b Ki‡Z mg‡qi cÖ‡qvRb nq| GB mg‡qi c‡i `ªe¨wU hLb evRv‡i Dc¯’vwcZ n‡e ZLb nq `ªe¨wUi Pvwn`v K‡g †h‡Z cv‡i, A_ev †e‡o †h‡Z cv‡i| cÖ_g †ÿ‡Î D‡`¨v³v‡K

†jvKmv‡bi m¤§yLxb n‡Z nq Ges wØZxq †ÿ‡Î D‡`¨v³v cÖPzi gybvdv AR©b K‡i| e¨emvq GB jvf I †jvKmv‡bi wbðqZv I SzuwK D‡`¨v³v‡KB enb Ki‡Z nq|

(iv) D‡`¨v³v †jvKmv‡bi SzuwK Gov‡bvi Rb¨ Ges m‡e©v”P gybvdv AR©‡bi Rb¨ Drcv`bKv‡h©i ZË¡veavb I cwi`k©b K‡ib| kÖwgKiv wVKg‡Zv wbR wbR Kvh© mwVKfv‡e m¤úv`b Ki‡Q wK bv, g~ja‡bi Ace¨envi n‡”Q wK bv cÖf…wZ D‡`¨v³v Zxÿè `„wó‡Z ch©‡eÿY K‡i|

(v) Av‡MB ejv n‡q‡Q †h Drcv`‡bi bZzb bZzb c×wZ ev †KŠkj D™¢veb Kiv D‡`¨v³vi KvR| †Kv‡bv D‡`¨v³v AwaK gybvdv AR©b Ki‡Z PvB‡j Zv‡K bZzb bZzb Drcv`b †KŠkj D™¢veb Ki‡Z nq| G‡Z Ab¨vb¨ msMVb cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq wcwQ‡q c‡o| hZÿY ch©šÍ Ab¨vb¨ msMVb wbw`©ó `ª‡e¨i Drcv`b †KŠkj Avwe®‹vi bv Ki‡Z cv‡i, ZZÿY ch©šÍ D‡`¨v³v AwaK gybvdv AR©b Ki‡Z _vK‡e| wKš‘ hLbB Ab¨vb¨ cÖwZôvb Zv †R‡b †dj‡e Ges Gi e¨envi Avi¤¢ Ki‡e ZLb Zv‡K Avevi bZzb wKQz †KŠkj Avwe®‹vi Ki‡Z n‡e| bB‡j D‡`¨v³viv cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq wcwQ‡q co‡e|

mvims‡ÿc

 f‚wg ej‡Z †mme cÖvK…wZK m¤ú`‡K †evSvq, hv †_‡K †fv³vi Avq nq A_ev †h¸‡jvi wewbgq g~j¨

(Exchange value) Av‡Q;

 †h cwikÖ‡gi wewbg‡q †Kv‡bv wKQz AR©b Kiv hvq, †Kej Zv‡KB kÖg ejv nq;

 †h mg¯Í m¤ú` †Kv‡bv Avq m„wó K‡i A_ev DcvR©‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i Zv‡K g~jab e‡j;

 †h Dcv`vb Drcv`‡bi Ab¨vb¨ Dcv`vb¸‡jv‡K GKwÎZ K‡i Zv‡`i g‡a¨ mgš^q mvab K‡i, Zv‡K msMVb (Organization) e‡j|

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Drcv`b e¨q

Cost of Production

D‡Ïk¨

 Drcv`b e¨q, w¯’i I cwieZ©bxq e¨q m¤ú‡K© aviYv cv‡eb;

 ¯^íKvjxb Mo e¨q, Mo w¯’i e¨q I Mo cwieZ©bkxj e¨q Kx, Zv eyS‡Z cvi‡eb;

 `xN©Kvjxb Mo e¨q †iLv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

g~jcvV-

Drcv`b e¨‡qi aviYv

Concept of Cost of Production

Av‡Mi cv‡V Avgiv Drcv`‡bi wewfbœ DcKiY m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQ| Drcv`bKvix †Kvb `ªe¨ Drcv`b Kivi Rb¨ GB DcKiY¸‡jv msMÖn K‡i Drcv`b Kv‡R wb‡qvM K‡i| wewfbœ iK‡gi Drcv`‡bi DcKiY Av‡Q : †hgb

f‚wg, kÖg, g~jab, msMVb, hš¿cvwZ, KuvPvgvj cÖf…wZ Ges GB DcKiY¸‡jv msMÖn Kivi Rb¨ Drcv`bKvix‡K †h LiP ev e¨q enb Ki‡Z nq Zv‡K Drcv`b e¨q (Cost of production) e‡j|

Drcv`b e¨q I Drcv`‡bi g‡a¨ wµqvMZ m¤úK©‡K e¨q A‡cÿK (Cost function) e‡j| MvwYwZK fvlvq ejv hvq, C = f (Q);

†hLv‡b C = Drcv`b e¨q Ges Q = Drcv`b

†Kv‡bv Drcv`bKvix cÖwZôv‡bi e¨q A‡cÿK Zvi Drcv`b A‡cÿK (Production function) I Drcv`‡bi DcKi‡Yi g~‡j¨i Ici wbf©i K‡i| †Kvb Drcv`bKvix cÖwZôv‡bi Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ wK iKg LiP n‡e Zv wbf©i K‡i Drcv`‡bi cwigv‡Yi Dci| Drcv`b e¨q n‡jv †mB D‡jøL‡hvM¨ kw³- hv `ª‡e¨i †hvMv‡bi cwigvY wVK K‡i|

Avgiv Drcv`b e¨q‡K wZb fv‡M fvM K‡i Av‡jvPbv Kie w¯’i e¨q, Mo e¨q I cÖvwšÍK e¨q|

g~j Av‡jvPbvq hvIqvi Av‡M Avgv‡`i ¯^í I `xN©Kvjxb mgq (Short run and long run) Ges w¯’i I cwieZ©bxq DcKiY (Fixed and variable factors) m¤ú‡K© aviYv †bqv `iKvi|

Drcv`b-e¨q `ª‡e¨i †hvMvb wba©viY K‡i| †Kv‡bv dvg© cÖ‡Z¨K Drcv`b ¯Í‡i `ª‡e¨i b~¨bZg e¨q, mswgkÖY MÖnY K‡i|

¯^í I `xN©Kvjxb mgq Short and Long Run

¯^íKvjxb mg‡qi mxgv‡iLv KZ? mvaviYZ ev‡iv gvm ev GK eQi ch©šÍ mgq‡K ¯^íKvj wn‡m‡e aiv nq| ¯^íKv‡j AšÍZc‡ÿ GKwU DcKiY w¯’i _vK‡e| D`vniY¯^iƒc, †Kv‡bv dvg© B”Qv Ki‡jB `ywZb w`‡bi †Póv‡ZB GKUv wewìs ˆZwi Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv| myZivs dvg© hw` Zvi Drcv`b evov‡Z Pvq Zvn‡j Zv‡K cwieZ©bxq DcKiY †hgb kÖg) evov‡Z n‡e| †Kv‡bv dvg© ev wkí ¯^íKv‡j cwieZ©bxq DcKiY evwo‡q ev Kwg‡q `ª‡e¨i Drcv`b evov‡Z ev Kgv‡Z cv‡i| AZGe ejv hvq-

cvV 6.3

(12)

Ô†h mgqKv‡j †Kv‡bv dvg© ev wkí `ªe¨ Drcv`‡b wb‡qvwRZ w¯’i DcKiYmg~n cwieZ©b Ki‡Z cv‡i bv, †m mgqKvj‡K ¯^íKvjxb mgq ev ¯^í‡gqv` (Short run) e‡j|

cÿvšÍ‡i A_©bxwZwe`iv evi gv‡mi †ewk †h‡Kv‡bv mgq‡K `xN©Kvjxb mgq ev `xN©‡gqv` wn‡m‡e MY¨ K‡ib|

`xN©‡gqv‡` mKj DcKiY cwieZ©bxq| G mgqKv‡j dvg© B‡”Q Ki‡jB bZzb wewìs ˆZwi Ki‡Z cv‡i, †ewk †ewk Rwg dv‡g©i Rb¨ wKb‡Z cv‡i cÖf…wZ| cÖL¨vZ A_©bxwZwe` †R Gg †KBÝ (J M Keynes)-Gi Kv‡Q `xN©‡gqv‡`i msÁv Rvb‡Z PvB‡j wZwb DËi w`‡qwQ‡jb, `xN©‡gqv‡` Avgiv mevB g„ZÕ (In the long run we are all dead.)

myZivs, ‡h mgqKv‡j Drcv`‡bi mKj DcKiY cwieZ©bxq Ges dvg© wkí †_‡K cÖ‡ek ev wbM©gb Ki‡Z cv‡i, Zv‡K

`xN©Kvjxb mgq ev `xN©‡gqv` (Long run) e‡j|

w¯’i I cwieZ©bxq DcKiY

Fixed and variable factors

†hme DcKiY Kg mg‡qi g‡a¨ cwieZ©b Kiv hvq bv, Zv‡`i‡K w¯’i DcKiY (Fixed factors) e‡j| †hgb

¯^íKv‡j `vjvb, Rwg, D‡`¨v³v, g~jab, hš¿cvwZ cÖf…wZ cwieZ©b Kiv hvq bv|

Ab¨w`‡K †hme DcKiY †h‡Kv‡bv mgq cwieZ©b Kiv hvq Zv‡`i‡K cwieZ©bxq DcKiY (Variable factors) e‡j| †hgb- kªg, KvuPvgvj cÖf…wZ‡K ¯^íKv‡j ev `xN©Kv‡j cwieZ©b Kiv hvq|

‡gvU e¨q

Total Cost (TC)

†h‡Kv‡bv cwigvY `ªe¨ Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ †hme DcKiY cÖ‡qvRb Zv‡`i e¨‡qi mgwó‡K †gvU e¨q (Total cost) e‡j|

†gvU e¨q me mgq Drcv`‡bi mv‡_ evo‡e| Gi KviY AwaK cwigvY Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ AwaK cwigvY DcKi‡Yi cÖ‡qvRb| †gvU e¨q‡K fv‡jvfv‡e †evSvi Rb¨ G‡K `yÕfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| †hgb w¯’i e¨q Ges cwieZ©bxq e¨q|

w¯’i e¨q

Fixed Cost (FC)

¯^í‡gqv‡` †hme e¨q Drcv`‡bi cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ cwiewZ©Z nq bv, Zv‡`i‡K w¯’i e¨q (Fixed cost) e‡j| G ai‡bi e¨q‡K c‡ivÿ e¨qI ejv P‡j| dvg© ev wkí cÖwZôvb Zvi Drcv`b hw` mvgwqKfv‡e eÜ K‡i Zvn‡j Zv‡K e¨emv‡q wU‡K _vKvi Rb¨ G w¯’i e¨q enb Ki‡Z nq| GRb¨ G‡K A‡bK mgq Dcwi¯’ e¨q (Overhead cost) ejv nq| w¯’i e¨‡qi AšÍf©z³ Dcv`vb¸‡jv n‡”Q- D‡`¨v³vi †eZb I fvZv, hš¿cvwZi ÿqÿwZRwbZ

†h‡Kv‡bv `ª‡e¨i Drcv`‡bi wewfbœ cwigvY Ges Zvi Drcv`b e¨‡qi ZvwjKv‡K †gvU-e¨q ZvwjKv e‡j| GB †gvU e¨q ZvwjKv‡K †iLvwP‡Î cÖKvk Ki‡j †gvU e¨q †iLv cvIqv hvq|

A¨vjvDÝ, wewìs‡qi †givgZ LiP, LvRbv, BÝy‡iÝ wd, m¤úwË Ki, g~ja‡bi my`, g¨v‡bRvi I Ab¨vb¨ Kg©KZ©v- Kg©Pvixi †eZb fvZv cÖf…wZ|

(13)

wPÎ 6.3.1 : w¯’i e¨q

w¯’i e¨‡qi aviYvwU wP‡Îi gva¨‡g e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq| wPÎvbyhvqx, w¯’i e¨q †iLv 04 ev f‚wg A‡ÿi mv‡_ mgvšÍivj|

Gi A_© ¯^í‡gqv‡` Drcv`b hZB evov‡bv †nvK bv †Kb w¯’i e¨q AcwieZ©bxq _vK‡e|

cwieZ©bxq e¨q

Variable Cost (VC)

†Kv‡bv dvg© hLb Drcv`‡bi cwigvY evov‡Z PvB‡e ZLb Zvi †ewk cwigv‡Y kÖg, KuvPvgvj, kw³ cÖf…wZ cÖ‡qvRb n‡e| Gme cwieZ©bxq DcKi‡Yi e¨q‡K cwieZ©bxq e¨q ev cÖZ¨ÿ e¨q (Direct cost) e‡j| AZGe Ô†hme e¨q Drcv`‡bi cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ cwiewZ©Z nq, Zv‡`i‡K cwieZ©bxq e¨q (Variable cost) e‡j| Drcv`‡bi cwigvY k~b¨ n‡j cwieZ©bxq e¨qI k~b¨ n‡e Ges Drcv`b evo‡j GwUI mivmwi evo‡e|

¯^í‡gqv‡` w¯’i LiP _vKvq †gvU e¨q †iLv †K›`ªwe›`y n‡Z AvišÍ bv n‡q Dj¤^ A‡ÿi †Kvb we‡kl we›`y n‡Z Avi¤¢

n‡e| wKš‘ `xN©‡gqv‡` w¯’i e¨q †bB| ZvB `xN©‡gqv`x †gvU-e¨q †iLv †K›`ªwe›`y n‡Z Avi nq| Gi A_© nj †h, Drcv`b hLb k~b¨ n‡e, ZLb †gvU e¨qI k~b¨ n‡e|

wPÎ 6.3.2 t cwieZ©bxq e¨q|

cwieZ©bxq e¨‡qi AšÍf©z³ Dcv`vb¸‡jv n‡”Q kÖ‡gi gRyix, KuvPvgv‡ji g~j¨, R¡vjvwb, †hvMv‡hvM LiP cÖf…wZ| hw`

†Kv‡bv dvg© mvgwqKfv‡e eÜ n‡q hvq, Zvn‡j dvg© e¨emv‡q wU‡K _vKvi Rb¨ Drcv`‡b †Kv‡bv cwieZ©bkxj DcKiY e¨envi Ki‡e bv Ges Gi d‡j dvg© cwieZ©bxq e¨q enb Ki‡e bv|

cwieZ©bxq e¨‡qi aviYvwU wP‡Îi gva¨‡g mnRfv‡e eY©bv Kiv hvq| 6.3.2 wPÎvbyhvqx, Drcv`b (4) hZ evov‡bv nq cwieZ©bxq e¨q (TVC) ZZ evo‡e| 'O' we›`y †_‡K ezSv hvq, Drcv`b k~b¨ n‡j cwieZ©bxq e¨qI k~b¨ n‡e| †gvU

Drcv`b

‡gvU e¨q

O TFC

Q TFC

Drcv`b cwieZ©bxq e¨q

O TVC

Q TVC

(14)

e¨q, w¯’i e¨q Ges cwieZ©bxq e¨‡qi g‡a¨ m¤úK© (Relationship of Total Cost, Fixed Cost and Variable Cost):

Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbvi wfwË‡Z Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi, †Kv‡bv dv‡g©i †gvU e¨q n‡jv- †gvU w¯’i e¨q I †gvU cwieZ©bxq e¨‡qi mgwó| d‡j, STC = TFC + TVC

wb‡Pi ZvwjKvwUi gva¨‡g †gvU e¨q, †gvU w¯’i e¨q I †gvU cwieZ©bxq e¨‡qi ga¨Kvi m¤úK© e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv:

Drcv`‡bi cwigvY (5)

†gvU w¯’i e¨q (TFC)

†gvU cwieZ©bxq e¨q (TVC)

†gvU e¨q

TC=TFC+TVC

0 1 2 3 4 5

50 50 50 50 50 50

0 20 35 60 100 145

50 70 85 110 150 195 mviwY 6.3.1 : †gvU e¨q, †gvU w¯’i e¨q I †gvU cwieZ©bxq e¨q

mviwY 6.3.1 †_‡K †`Lv hvq, Drcv`‡bi cwigvY 1 †_‡K 5 GKK ch©šÍ hZB evo–K, †gvU w¯’i e¨q (TFC) me mgq 50 UvKv n‡e| hLb Drcv`b k~b¨ ZLbI e¨q 50 UvKv| Gi KviY Avgiv Av‡MB e‡jwQ, dvg© Drcv`b mvgwqKfv‡e eÜ K‡i w`‡jI e¨emvq wU‡K _vKvi Rwg Zv‡K w¯’i e¨q enb Ki‡Z nq|

Avevi, Drcv`‡bi cwigvY hLb 1 †_‡K 5 GKK ch©šÍ evo‡e, †gvU cwieZ©bxq e¨q ZLb 2 UvKv †_‡K †e‡o 145 UvKv nq| wKš‘ Drcv`b hLb k~b¨ ZLb cwieZ©b e¨qI k~b¨ nq|

ZvwjKvi Pvi b¤^i Kjvg †_‡K †`Lv hvq †h, †gvU e¨q nj †gvU w¯’i e¨q I †gvU cwieZ©bxq e¨‡qi mgwó| †hgb

Drcv`b hLb 1 GKK ZLb †gvU e¨q 70 UvKv Ges GwU †gvU = e¨q 50 UvKv I †gvU cwieZ©bxq e¨q 20 UvKvi

†hvMd‡ji mgvb| †gvU e¨q Drcv`b mv‡_ mivmwi evo‡e| Drcv`b 1 GKK †_‡K 5 GKK n‡j †gvU e¨q 70 UvKv

†_‡K †e‡o 195 UvKv nq|

AZGe, ZvwjKv-1 †_‡K Avgiv wb‡gœv³ wm×v‡šÍ Avm‡Z cvwi; ¯^í‡gqv‡`

(K) Drcv`b hZB evozK †gvU w¯’i e¨‡qi †Kv‡bv cwiZ©b n‡e bv;

(L) Drcv`b evovi mv‡_ mv‡_ †gvU cwieZ©bxq e¨q I †gvU e¨q evo‡e;

(M) †gvU e¨q n‡jv †gvU w¯’i e¨q I †gvU cwieZ©bxq e¨‡qi mgwó;

(N) Drcv`b k~b¨ n‡j †gvU cwieZ©bxq e¨q k~b¨ n‡e|

†gvU e¨q, w¯’i e¨q I cwieZ©bxq e¨q †iLv I Zv‡`i m¤úK©

Total Cost, Fixed Cost and Variable Cost Curves and their Relationship

wPÎ 6.3.2-Gi OQ A‡ÿ Drcv`b Ges OC A‡ÿ e¨q wb‡`©k Kiv n‡q‡Q| †h‡nZz †gvU w¯’i e¨q Drcv`b cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ GKB iKg _v‡K, ZvB G †iLv _OQ A‡ÿi mv‡_ mgvšÍivj| 6.3.1 wPÎ †_‡K †`Lv hvq †h, _TFC

†iLv OC †_‡K ïiæ n‡q‡Q| Gi A_© nj Drcv`b hw` k~b¨I nq Zvn‡j TFC GKB iKg _vK‡e| A_©vr dvg©‡K Drcv`b eÜ Ae¯’v‡ZI w¯’i e¨q enb Ki‡Z n‡e| Ab¨ w`‡K, Drcv`b evovi mv‡_ mv‡_ †gvU cwieZ©bxq e¨q †iLv

(15)

DaŸ©Mvgx n‡q‡Q| TVC †iLv g~jwe›`y 'o' †_‡K ïiæ n‡q‡Q| Gi A_© n‡”Q, Drcv`b k~b¨ n‡j TVC k~b¨ n‡e|

Avevi, wPÎvbyhvqx Drcv`b evovi mv‡_ mv‡_ †gvU e¨q †iLvI DaŸ©Mvgx n‡q‡Q| Dc‡ii me¸‡jv e¨q ¯^íKvjxb|

Mo e¨q

Average Costs (Ac)

wZb ai‡bi Mo e¨q Av‡Q| wb‡P G‡`i m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:

¯^íKvjxb Mo e¨q

Short run Average Cost (SAC)

Ô†gvU e¨q‡K †gvU Drcv`‡bi cwigvY w`‡q fvM Ki‡j ¯^í‡gqvw` Mo e¨q (short-run Average cost) cvIqv hvq|

A_©vr

¯^íKvjxb Mo e¨q (SAC) ‡gvU Drcv`b^{‡gvU e¨q} ev SAC =

Q

TC†h‡nZz †gvU e¨q n‡jv †gvU w¯’i e¨q I †gvU cwieZ©bxq e¨‡qi †hvMdj; †m‡nZz ¯^íKvjxb Mo e¨q n‡e Mo w¯’i e¨q I Mo cwieZ©bxq e¨‡qi mgwó| GwU wb‡¤œv³fv‡e cÖgvY Kiv hvq :

†h‡nZz TC=TVC+TFC

ZvB, SAC =

Q TFC TVC

= Q

TFC Q

TVC

= AVC + AFC

A_©vr, ¯^íKvjxb Mo e¨q = Mo w¯’i e¨q + Mo cwieZ©bxq e¨q|

c‡ii c„ôvi ZvwjKvwU jÿ Kiæb| GwU mviwY 6.3.1 †K cÖmvwiZ K‡i ˆZwi Kiv n‡q‡Q| mviwY 6.3.2 †_‡K †`Lv hvq †h, ¯^íKvjxb Mo e¨q cvIqv hvq Mo w¯’i e¨q I Mo ¯^íKvjxb Mo e¨q n‡jv Mo w¯’i e¨q I Mo cwieZ©bxq e¨‡qi mgwó|

cwieZ©bxq e¨q †hvM K‡i| D`vniY¯^iƒc, Drcv`‡bi cwigvY hLb 2 GKK ZLb Mo e¨q n‡jv 25+ 17.50 = 42.50 UvKv| Gfv‡e 8 GKK ch©šÍ Mo e¨q †ei Kiv hvq| Ab¨fv‡eI Mo e¨q †ei Kiv hvq| †gvU e¨q‡K †gvU Drcv`b w`‡q fvM w`‡j Mo e¨q cvIqv hvq| †hgb 2 GKK Drcv`‡bi †ÿ‡Î Mo e¨q nj 85 (STC) : 2 (9) = 42.50 UvKv|

(16)

GKwU mviwYi gva¨‡g welqwU Av‡iv ¯úó Kiv n‡jv-

Q TFC TVC STC

=TFC+TVC

AFC Q TFC

AVC Q TFC

STC

=TFC+TVC

0 50 0 0 0 0 0

1 50 20 70 50.00 20.00 70.00

2 50 35 85 25.00 17.50 42.50

3 50 60 110 16.66 20.00 36.66

4 50 100 150 12.50 25.00 37.50

5 50 145 195 10.00 29.00 39.00

6 50 190 240 8.33 31.66 40.00

7 50 237 287 7.11 33.85 40.96

8 50 284 334 6.25 35.50 41.75

mviwY 6.3.2 : ¯^íKvjxb Mo e¨q, Mo w¯’i e¨q I Mo cwieZ©bkxj e¨q|

mviwY 6.3.2 †_‡K †`Lv hvq, Mo e¨q cÖ_g w`‡K Drcv`b e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ n«vm cvq| GKwU Drcv`b ¯Í‡i G e¨q me©wbgœ ¯Í‡i †cŠQvq| Gi ci Drcv`b e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ Zv µgea©gvb nv‡i e„w× cvq| †hgb- ZvwjKv 2-G Drcv`b e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ Mo e¨q 70 †_‡K 40 ch©šÍ K‡g| GB 40 nj me©wbgœ ¯Íi| Gi ci Mo e¨q Drcv`b evovi mv‡_

mv‡_ µgea©gvb nv‡i †e‡o 41. 75 nq|

wPÎ 6.3.3 ; ¯^íKvjxb Mo e¨q †iLv|

6.3.3 wPÎvbyhvqx, Mo e¨q †iLv U AvK…wZi nq| A‡bK A_©bxwZwe‡`i g‡Z, Drcv`b e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ Mo e¨q (SAC) `ªæZ Kg‡Z Ges GKwU wbw`©ó we›`yi c‡i Zv `ªæZMwZ‡Z evo‡Z _v‡K| wPÎ 6.3.4 Abyhvqx, Q₀Drcv`b

¯Í‡i a we›`y ch©šÍ Drcv`b evovi mv‡_ SAC `ªæZ K‡g Ges a we›`yi c‡i Zv `ªæZMwZ‡Z EaŸ©Mvgx nq|

wPÎ 6.3.4 t Mo e¨q †iLv|

SCA SCA

a SCA

Q 0 Q O

Mo e¨q

SCA a SCA

Q 0 Q O

Mo e¨q

Drcv`b

(17)

Mo w¯’i e¨q

Average Fixed Cost (AFC)

‡gvU w¯’i e¨q‡K †gvU Drcv`‡bi cwigvY Øviv fvM Ki‡j Mo w¯’i e¨q (Average fixed cost) cvIqv hvq| A_©vr Mo w¯’i e¨q = ‡gvU w¯’i e¨q

‡gvU Drcv`b e¨q

wPÎ 6.3.5 : Mo w¯’i e¨q †iLv|

Mo w¯’i e¨q †iLv AvqZ‡ÿwÎK cive„Ë ev mgcive„Ë †iLv| AvaywbK Z‡Ë¡ ejv nq, Mo w¯’i e¨q, AFC †iLvi AvK…wZ I Zvi mxgv dv‡g©i Drcv`b ÿgZvi gva¨‡g wba©vwiZ nq|

wPÎ-9: Mo w¯’i e¨q †iLv|

wPÎ 6.3.6 : Mo w¯’i e¨q †iLv Mo cwieZ©bxq e¨q

Average Variable Cost (AVC)

Ô†gvU cwieZ©bxq e¨q‡K †gvU Drcv`‡bi cwigvY w`‡q fvM Ki‡j Mo cwieZ©bxq (Average variable cost)cvIqv hvq| A_©vr

Mo cwieZ©bxq e¨q=†gvU cwieZ©bxq e¨q Drcv`b e¨q AVC =

Q TVC

AFC

O Q

Mo w¯’i e¨q

Drcv`b

AFC

(18)

ZvwjKv-2 Abyhvqx, Drcv`‡bi cwigvY evovi mv‡_ mv‡_ Mo cwieZ©bxq e¨q GKwU wbw`©ó ¯Íi ch©šÍ 8 K‡g (‡hgb- 5 GKK ch©šÍ †hLv‡b AVC 20 UvKv †_‡K K‡g 29 UvKv n‡q‡Q|Zvici evo‡Z _v‡K (5 GKK †_‡K 8 GKK ch©šÍ AVC 29 †_‡K 35.50 UvKv ch©šÍ †e‡o‡Q)| wPÎwU mviwY 6.3.2 †K mg_©b Rvbvq| GLv‡bI AVC †iLv I Drcv`b ¯Í‡i a we›`y ch©šÍ wbgœMvgx nq Ges c‡i EaŸ©Mvgx nq| AVC †iLv mvaviYZ _U AvK…wZi nq|

wPÎ 6.3.7 t Mo cwieZ©bxq e¨q †iLv

Mo w¯’i e¨‡qi g‡Zv Mo cwieZ©bxq e¨‡qi †ÿ‡ÎI AvaywbK A_©bxwZwe`iv AVC †ii AvK…wZ wb‡q wKQzUv wØgZ

†cvlY K‡ib|

Zviv ej‡Qb †h, Mo cwieZ©bxq e¨q †iLv cÖPwjZ e¨qZË¡ Abyhvqx m¤ú~Y©fv‡e U AvK…wZ gm„Y n‡e bv| Mo cwieZ©bxq e¨q †iLv _U AvK…wZi n‡e| Drcv`‡bi cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡i TVC µgn«vmgvb nv‡i evo‡e e‡j Avcnvm cvq|

wKš‘ Drcv`‡bi GKwU K‡i TVC -Gi cwieZ©b w¯’i _v‡K e‡j AVC wbgœZg ¯Í‡i †cuŠ‡Q Ges G ¯Í‡ii ci TVC

µgea©gvb nv‡i evo‡e| KviY G ¯Í‡i µgn«vmgvb Drcv`b-wewa KvR K‡i|

†hgb- AVC †iLvi on Ask Q₁Q₂, Drcv`b ¯Í‡i f‚wgi mv‡_ mgvšÍivj n‡q‡Q, A_©vr †iLvi G we¯Í…Z pt As‡k

AVC-Gi gvb w¯’i _vK‡e|

Drcv`b

wPÎ 6.3.8 t Mo cwieZ©bxq e¨q †iLv|

`xN©Kvjxb Mo e¨q †iLv (Long-run Average Cost Curve): `xN©‡gqv‡` †gvU e¨q‡K †gvU Drcv`b Øviv fvM Ki‡j

`xN©‡gqv`x Mo e¨q (Long-run average cost curve) cvIqv hvq| `xN©‡gqvw` Mo e¨q †iLv mvaviYZ Gb‡fjc AvK…wZi nq| µgn«vmgvb Drcv`b wewa (Law of diminishing retums)-Gi Rb¨ G iKg AvK…wZ nq| `xN©‡gqv‡`

dvg© cÖ‡Z¨KwU Kv‡gqvw` Mo e¨q †iLvi Øviv m¤¢ve¨ b~¨bZg e¨‡q wewfbœ ¯Í‡i Drcv`b wba©viY K‡i| `xN©‡gqvw` Mo e¨q †iLv wKfv‡e AvuKv hvq, †mRb¨ Avmyb Avgiv wP‡Îi wZbwU †gqv`x Mo e¨q †iLv we‡ePbv Kwi| †h‡nZz

Mo cwieZ©bxq e¨q

AVC

m n

Q1 Q2 Q

Q1

(19)

†m‡nZz wP‡Îi ¯^í‡gqv`x Mo e¨q †iLv¸‡jv‡K cøv›U †iLv (Plant curves) ejv hvq| hw` cøv‡›Ui AvKvi †`qv _v‡K Zvn‡j ¯^í‡gqv‡` dvg© †h †Kvb ¯^í‡gqvw` Mo e¨q †iLvi Aax‡b KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i| cøv‡›Ui AvKvi ev ¯^í‡gqvw`

LAC GKwU Gb‡fjc †iLv

LAC is a Envelope Curve

†iLv (Envelope curve) ejv nq| Gb‡fjvc ej‡Z †Kvbi wfwË †evSvq| Avgiv wP‡Î †`L‡Z cvB SAC†iLv¸‡jv

†iLv¸‡jv LAC †iLv‡K wfwË K‡i Gi Dci Ae¯’vb Ki‡Q, ZvB LAC†iLv‡K GKwU Gb‡fjc †iLv ejv hvq|

`xN©‡gqvw` Mo e¨q †iLvi U AvK…wZi e¨vL¨v : Avgiv c~‡e©i wPÎ‡Z †h `xN©‡gqvw` Mo e¨q †iLv Gu‡KwQ Zv U AvK…wZi| †iLvwUi GKvsk µgn«vmgvb Ges Ab¨ Ask µgea©gvb nq| Gb K¨vjWi (N. Kaldor) Ges †R, iwebmb (J.Robinson)-Gi gZ A_©bxwZwe`‡`i g‡Z, `xN©‡gqv‡` gvÎvMZ A_©‰bwZK myweavi (Economics of scale) Rb¨

cÖv_wgKfv‡e Mo e¨q Drcv`b e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ µgkt K‡g hvq| `xN©‡gqv‡` Drcv`b evovi mv‡_ mv‡_ kÖ‡gi we‡klxKi‡Yi (Specialization) gvÎv evo‡e| d‡j GKK cÖwZ Drcv`‡b Mo e¨q K‡g| dv‡g©i msMVK (Organizer) `xN©‡gqv‡` wfbœ wfbœ Kv‡R wjß n‡j Zv‡`i Drcv`b `ÿZv †e‡o hvq Ges G Kvi‡Y Mo e¨q K‡g hvq| Gme Kvi‡Y cÖv_wgKfv‡e LAC †iLv Wvbw`‡K wbgœMvgx nq| Avevi wKQz A_©bxwZwe‡`i g‡Z, `xN©‡gqv‡`

D‡`¨v³vi msL¨v w¯’i _v‡K| wKš‘ Ab¨vb¨ DcKiY¸‡jv evo‡Z _v‡K| d‡j e„w×cÖvß DcKiY¸‡jvi cÖvwšÍK `ÿZv K‡g hvq| G Kvi‡Y Mo e¨qI †e‡o hvq| Gi A_© `uvov‡”Q, `xN©‡gqv‡` †h me DcKiY¸‡jv evo‡e Zv‡`i gvÎvMZ Drcv`b µgn«vmgvb n‡e| djkÖæwZ‡Z `xN©‡gqv`x Mo e¨q †iLv cieZ©x‡Z DaŸ©Mvgx nq| Dc‡iv³ Kvi‡Y `xN©Kvjxb Mo e¨q †iLv U AvK…wZi nq|

¯^íKvjxb Mo I `xN©Kvjxb Mo e¨q †iLvi m¤úK©/cv_©K¨ (Relationship or Difference between Short-run and Long-run Average Cost Curve)

¯^í‡gqvw` I `xN©‡gqvw` Mo e¨‡qi g‡a¨ †ek wKQz m¤úK© ev cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q| †hgb (K) AC †iLvi cÖ‡Z¨KwU we›`yB SAC †iLv¸‡jvi me©wbgœ we›`y bq - mvaviYZ `xN©Kvjxb Mo e¨q †iLv wb‡Pi w`‡K bvg‡j Zv ¯^íKvjxb Mo e¨q †iLvi n«vmgvb As‡ki †Kvb we›`y‡Z ¯úk©K nq|

(20)

mgvbycvwZK gvÎvMZ Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ LAC f‚wgi mv‡_ mgvšÍivj n‡e| ea©gvb gvÎvMZ Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ LAC †iLv Wvb w`‡K wbgœMvgx n‡e| Avevi, n«vmgvb gvÎvMZ Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ †iLv Wvb w`‡K DaŸ©Mvgx n‡e| GB wZbwU †ÿ‡ÎB mKj DcKiY cwieZ©bxq a‡i wb‡Z n‡e| Avevi, LAC †iLv Dc‡ii w`‡K DV‡j Zv SAC †iLvi DaŸMvgx As‡ki

†Kvb we›`y‡K ¯úk© K‡i| wKš‘ LAC †iLv SAC †iLvi me©wbgœ we›`y‡ZI ¯úk©K n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb Dc‡ii wPÎ 6.3.9 Abyhvqx, SAC1, †iLvi µgn«vmgvb As‡ki A we›`y‡Z LAC †iLv ¯úk©K n‡q‡Q; wKš‘ A we›`y me©wbgœ we›`y bq| SAC, †iLvi me©wbgœ we›`y B nIqv m‡Ë¡I G we›`y LAC †iLvi ¯úk©K we›`y bq| GKB iKgfv‡e SAC3†iLvi E we›`y‡Z LAC †iLv ¯úk©K n‡q‡Q| Avevi, SAC2 †iLvi C we›`y me©wbgœ we›`y| G we›`y‡Z LAC †iLv ¯úk©K n‡q‡Q| AZGe ejv hvq, `xN©Kvjxb Mo e¨q †iLvi mKj we›`yB ¯^íKvjxb Mo e¨q †iLvi me©wbgœ we›`y‡Z ¯úk©K bq|

mvims‡ÿc

 †gvU e¨q‡K †gvU Drcv`‡bi cwigvY w`‡q fvM Ki‡j ¯^í‡gqvw` Mo e¨q (short-run Average cost) cvIqv hvq;

(21)

weµqjä Avq

DEFINITION AND SCOPE OF ECONOMICS

D‡Ïk¨

 Av‡qi aviYv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;

g~jcvV-

1| †gvU Avq (Total Revenue) : †Kv‡bv dvg© †Kvb wbw`©ó mg‡q Drcvw`Z `ª‡e¨i meUzKz weµq K‡i †h A_© jvf K‡i Zv‡K †gvU Avq e‡j| weµxZ `ª‡e¨i cwigvY‡K Mo `vg w`‡q ¸Y K‡i †gvU Avq cvIqv hvq| A_©vr

†gvU Avq = weµ‡qi cwigvY  `vg ev, TR = Q  P

†gvU Avq (TR) = 20  100 = 2000 UvKv|

2| Mo Avq (Average Revenue) : †gvU Avq‡K hw` †gvU weµ‡qi cwigvY w`‡q fvM Kiv nq Z‡e Mo Avq cvIqv hvq| A_©vr `ª‡e¨i cÖwZwU GKK †_‡K †Kvb dvg© Mo †h Avq K‡i Zv‡KB Mo Avq e‡j|

A_©vr

Mo Avq (AR) = = Q TR

100

2000= 20 UvKv|

3| cÖvwšÍK Avq (Marginal Revenue) : `ª‡e¨i AwZwi³ GK GKK weµ‡qi gva¨‡g †h Avq jvf Kiv nq Zv‡K cÖvwšÍK Avq e‡j| A_©vr †Kvb `ª‡e¨i weµq AwZwi³ GK GKK evov‡j †gvU Av‡qi †h cwieZ©b nq Zv‡K cÖvwšÍK Avq e‡j| G‡K †gvU Av‡qi cwieZ©b I †gvU weµ‡qi cwigv‡Yi cwieZ©‡bi AbycvZ wn‡m‡e cÖKvk Kiv hvq A_©vr

†gvU Avq

†gvU weµqwµZ `ª‡e¨i cwigvY

cvV 6.4

(22)

cÖvwšÍK Avq (MR) = = Q TR



TR

1

200= 200 UvKv

c~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRv‡i `vg, †gvU Avq, Mo Avq I cÖvwšÍK Avq (Price, TR, AR and MR under Perfect Competition market)

c~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRv‡i `vg w¯’i †_‡K cY¨`ªe¨ µq-weµq nq| Giƒc evRv‡i `vg ,‡gvU Avq, Mo Avq I cÖvwšÍK Av‡qi m¤úK©wU wb‡¤œ mviwYi gva¨‡g †`Lv‡bv n‡jv :

weµqK…Z `ª‡e¨i cwigvY (Q)

`vg (P) †gvU Avq (TR = P.Q)

Mo Avq (AR =

Q TR)

cÖvwšÍK Avq (MR =

Q TR



 )

1 8 UvKv 8 UvKv 8 UvKv 8 UvKv

mviwY 6.4.1 †Z †`Lv hvq †h, weµ‡qi cwigvY e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ †gvU Avq wbw`©ó ev w¯’i nv‡i e„w× cvq| GQvov Mo Avq I cªvwšÍK Avq `v‡gi mgvb nq (P = AR = MR), hv c~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRv‡ii GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ˆewkó¨|

‡iLvwP‡Î mviwY ‡_‡KcÖvß TR, AR I MR gvbmg~n‡K wb‡¤œ †iLvwP‡Î iƒc †`qv n‡jv :

(23)

TR

wPÎ 6.4.1 G f~wg A‡ÿ weµ‡qi cwigvY, j¤^ A‡ÿ (i wP‡Î) †gvU Avq, (ii wP‡Î) Mo I cÖvwšÍK Avq wb‡`©k Kiv n‡q‡Q| mviwY‡Z cÖvß gvbmg~n‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq cwigvc MÖnY K‡i †gvU Avq (TR) †iLv I Mo Avq (AR) Ges cÖvwšÍK Avq (MR) †iLv A¼b Kiv nq| wPÎ †_‡K jÿ¨ Kiv hvq, weµ‡qi cwigvY e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ †gvU Avq wbw`©ó nv‡i e„w× cvq Ges Mo Avq I cÖvwšÍK Avq cÖwZ †ÿ‡ÎB `v‡gi mgvb nq| GRb¨ TR †iLvwU g~jwe›`yMvgx I mij‰iwLK Ges AR I MR ‡iLv cwigvY A‡ÿi ev f~wg A‡ÿi mgvšÍivj nq|

Ac~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRv‡i `vg, †gvU Avq, Mo AvqI cÖvwšÍK Avq (Price, TR, AR and MR under Imperfect Competition market)

we‡µZv AwaK cY¨ weµ‡qi Rb¨ `vg n«vm K‡i| GgZve¯’vq Ac~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRv‡i `vg, †gvU Avq, Mo Avq I cÖvwšÍK Av‡qi m¤úK© wb‡¤œi mviwY‡Z †`Lv‡bv n‡jv :

weµ‡qi cwigvY (Q)

`vg (P) ‡gvU Avq (TR=P.Q)

Mo Avq (AR =

Q TR)

cÖvwšÍK Avq (MR =

Q TR



 )

1. 10 UvKv 10 UvKv 10 UvKv 10 UvKv

1 2 3 4 5

40 32 24 16 8

0

†gvU Avq

weµqKxZ `ª‡e¨i cwigvb

weµqKxZ `ª‡e¨i cwigvb (ii)

1 2 3 4 5

8

0

Mo Avq I cÖvwšÍK Avq

P= AR = MR

(24)

mviwY 6.4.2 †Z †`Lv hvq, `vg hZB n«vm cv‡”Q weµqKxZ `ª‡e¨i cwigvY ZZB e„w× cv‡”Q| †gvU Avq µgn«vmgvb nv‡i e„w×, Mo I cªvwšÍK Avq DfqB n«vm cv‡”Q| Z‡e Mo Avq A‡cÿv cªvwšÍK Avq AwaK n«vm cv‡”Q|

weµqK…Z `ª‡e¨i cwigvY Y

TR

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

30- 25- 20- 15- 10- 5- 0-

†gvU Avq

X



 

(i)

(25)

QK-G D‡jøwLZ gvbmg~‡n cÖ‡qvRbxq cwigv‡ci mvnv‡h¨ wP‡Î iƒc †`qv nj| wPÎ †_‡K jÿ Kiv hvq, weµ‡qi cwigvY e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ †gvU Avq (TR) µgnªvmgvb nv‡i e„w× cvq Ges Mo Avq (AR) I cÖvwšÍK Avq (MR) DfqB n«vm cvq| Z‡e Ac~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRv‡i weµ‡qi cwigvY e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ †gvU Avq e„w× cvq µgn«vmgvb nv‡i| wKš‘ Mo Avq I cÖvwšÍK Avq n«vm cvq| G evRv‡i weµ‡qi cwigvY e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ Mo Avq A‡cÿv cÖvwšÍK Avq AwaK n«vm cvq e‡j AR †iLv MR †iLvi Ici Ae¯’vb K‡i| wPÎ †_‡K jÿ Kiv hvq †h,

†gvU Avq hLb m‡e©v”P ZLb cÖvwšÍK Avq k~b¨, wKš‘ Mo Avq abvZ¥K| weµ‡qi cwigvY AviI e„w× Kiv n‡j cÖvwšÍK Avq FYvZ¥K n‡e|

mvims‡ÿc

 †gvU Avq‡K hw` †gvU weµ‡qi cwigvY w`‡q fvM Kiv nq Z‡e Mo Avq cvIqv hvq;

 `ª‡e¨i AwZwi³ GK GKK weµ‡qi gva¨‡g †h Avq jvf Kiv nq Zv‡K cÖvwšÍK Avq e‡j|

Y

AR

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

12- 10- 8- 6- 4- 2- 0-

Mo Avq I cÖvwšÍK Avq

X

- - - - - -

MR



(ii)

(26)

BDwbU g~j¨vqb-6

mswÿß cÖkœ

1. Drcv`b Kv‡K e‡j?

2. Drcv`‡bi Dcv`vb¸‡jv Kx Kx?

3. Dc‡hvM KZ cÖKvi I Kx Kx? e¨vL¨v Kiæb|

4. f~wgi msÁv w`b|

5. f~wgi ˆewkó¨¸‡jv Kx Kx?

6. Drcv`bkxj I Abyrcv`bkxj kÖg Kv‡K e‡j|

7. g~jab wK?

8. Drcv`b e¨‡qi msÁv w`b|

10. Mo e¨q †iLv †Kb U AvK…wZi n‡q _v‡K?

12. †gvU Av‡qi msÁv w`b|

13. †gvU Avq †_‡K Kxfv‡e Mo I cÖvwšÍK Avq †ei Kiv hvq?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ

1. wPÎmn gvÎMZ Drcv`b aviYv¸‡jv we‡kølY Kiæb|

4. STC = TFC + TVC mgxKiYwU GKwU D`vni‡bi mvnv‡h¨ e¨vL¨v Kiæb|