f‚wgKv
gvbyl myß kw³ I m¤¢vebv wb‡q Rb¥MÖnY K‡i| wk¶v gvby‡li myß kw³ I m¤¢vebv‡K weKwkZ K‡i `¶ Drcv`‡bv¶g Rbkw³‡Z iƒcvšÍi K‡i| ZvB wk¶v MÖnY gvby‡li †gŠwjK AwaKvi|
wewfbœ Kvi‡Y gvbyl wk¶vi GB †gŠwjK AwaKvi †_‡K ewÂZ nq| evsjv‡`kI Gi e¨wZµg bq| eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡ki 54% gvbyl mv¶i| Gi A_© n‡”Q evsjv‡`‡ki 46% gvbyl wbi¶i| mKj gvbyl‡K mv¶i Ges b~¨bZg wk¶vq wkw¶Z K‡i Rbkw³ wn‡m‡e M‡o †Zvjvi cÖavb Dcvq wk¶v| †`‡ki mKj gvbyl‡K Rxe‡bi Dc‡hvMx K‡i M‡o †Zvjvi j‡¶¨ b~¨bZg cÖ‡qvRbxq wk¶v cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ miKvi mviv †`‡k me©Rbxb I eva¨Zvg~jK wk¶v cÖeZ©b K‡i‡Qb|
Av‡jvPbvi myweav‡_© GB BDwbUwU‡K †gvU mvZwU cv‡V fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB cvV¸‡jv n‡”Q:
r
cvV- 2.1: me©Rbxb I eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK wk¶v
cvV- 2.2: me©Rbxb, eva¨Zvg~jK I mevi Rb¨ wk¶vi cÖK…wZ I cwimi cvV- 2.3: evsjv‡`‡ki cUf‚wg‡Z me©Rbxb I eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK wk¶v cvV- 2.4: evsjv‡`‡k eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK wk¶v Kvh©µg ev¯Íevqb cvV- 2.5: eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK wk¶v ev¯Íevq‡b we`¨vj‡qi f‚wgKv cvV- 2.6: me©Rbxb I eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK wk¶v ev¯Íevq‡b bvix I eq¯‹ wk¶vi ¸iæZ¡
cvV- 2.7: eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK wk¶v Kvh©µg ev¯Íevq‡b ¯’vbxq mgv‡Ri f‚wgKv
me©Rbxb I eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK wk¶v
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb−
me©Rbxb wk¶v ej‡Z wK †evSvq Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb Ges
me©Rbxb wk¶vi j¶¨ AR©‡b eva¨Zvg~jK wk¶vi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
me©Rbxb k‡ãi A_© mK‡ji Rb¨| Kv‡RB mK‡ji Rb¨ †h Kj¨vYKi wk¶v Zv-B me©Rbxb wk¶v| †Kvb wk¶v e¨e¯’v‡K Avgiv ZLbB me©Rbxb eje, hLb †Kvb mgvR ev †`‡ki ag©, eY©, abx, `wi`ª wbwe©‡k‡l hv mKj bvMwi‡Ki Rb¨ Zv n‡e mgfv‡e MÖnY‡hvM¨ I Kj¨vYKi|
me©Rbxb wk¶vi ˆewkó¨ †gvUvgywU wZbwU: mgvb my‡hvM myweav, we`¨vj‡q fwZ©i mgvb AwaKvi Ges b~¨bZg ¯Íi ch©šÍ Awfbœ wk¶vµg|
wk¶vi my‡hvM myweavi †gŠwjK Dcv`vb¸‡jvi g‡a¨ we`¨vjq, cVb mvgMÖx, wk¶K Ab¨Zg|
†`‡ki mKj wk¶v_x©i wbKU wk¶vi GB †gŠwjK my‡hvM myweav¸‡jv mnRjf¨ I AevwiZ _vKv me©Rbxb wk¶vi D‡j L‡hvM¨ ˆewkó¨| me©Rbxb wk¶v e¨e¯’vq `yM©g AÂj I -
†fŠ‡MvwjK evav wecwËi Kvi‡Y wk¶vi GB my‡hvM-myweav †_‡K wk¶v_x©iv ewÂZ nq bv|
we`¨vj‡q my‡hv‡Mi mgZv me©Rbxb wk¶v e¨e¯’vq mK‡ji Rb¨ mywbwðZ _v‡K| †Kvb †`k ev mgv‡Ri ag©, eY©, abx, `wi`ª I wj½ wbwe©‡k‡l GB AwaKvi mK‡jiB mgvb| Gme Kvi‡Y we`¨vj‡qi `iRv Kv‡iv Rb¨ eÜ _v‡K bv|
GKwU †`‡ki wk¶ve¨e¯’v wewfbœ ¯Í‡i wef³ _v‡K t cÖv_wgK, gva¨wgK I D”P wk¶v| wk¶vi GB ¯Íi¸‡jvi mgqKvj Avevi mKj †`‡k GK iKg bq| me©Rbxb wk¶v e¨e¯’vq †`‡ki mKj bvMwi‡Ki Rb¨ GKwU wbw`©ó ¯Íi ch©šÍ wk¶vi my‡hvM AevwiZ _v‡K| A_©vr mK‡jiB H wk¶v MÖnY Kivi K_v|
wk¶v_x©i Rxe‡bi bvbv mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Dc‡hvMx mv¶iZv Ávb, `¶Zv, `„wófw½ I g~j¨‡eva AR©‡bi wk¶vB n‡”Q cÖv_wgK wk¶v| †`‡ki mKj ¯^vfvweK wkïi Rb¨ GKwU wbw`©ó mgqKvj ch©šÍ cÖv_wgK wk¶vi mKj my‡hvMmyweav mywbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ †h wk¶v e¨e¯’v Zv me©Rbxb wk¶v wn‡m‡e cwiMwYZ nq| eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡ki cÖv_wgK wk¶v cuvP eQi †gqvw`|
ag©, eY©, abx, `wi`ª wbwe©‡k‡l evsjv‡`‡ki 6-10 eQi eqmx mKj wkïi Rb¨ mviv †`‡k me©Rbxb cÖv_wgK wk¶v 1980 mvj †_‡K cÖewZ©Z n‡q‡Q|
†`‡ki mKj ¯^vfvweK wkï‡K GKwU b~¨bZg ¯Íi ch©šÍ wkw¶Z K‡i †ZvjvB me©Rbxb cÖv_wgK wk¶vi j¶¨| GB j¶¨ AR©‡bi cÖavb Dcvq n‡”Q eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK wk¶v| c„w_exi A‡bK †`‡k cÖv_wgK wk¶v‡K me©Rbxb Kiv m‡Ë¡I wba©vwiZ eq‡mi mKj wkï‡K we`¨vj‡q Avbv †hgb m¤¢e nqwb, †Zgwb hviv we`¨vj‡q wk¶v MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ G‡m‡Q Zv‡`i GKwU Ask AKv‡jB S‡i c‡o| d‡j me©Rbxb cÖv_wgK wk¶vi j¶¨ AwR©Z nq bv| G Ae¯’vq AvB‡bi
cvV 2.1
gva¨‡g mKj wkï‡K we`¨vj‡q fwZ© Ges wbw`©ó mgqKvj ch©šÍ wk¶v MÖnY eva¨Zvg~jK Kiv nq| G ai‡bi wk¶v e¨e¯’v‡K eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK wk¶v ejv nq|
1990 mv‡j evsjv‡`k eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK AvBb msm‡` cvm K‡i Ges 1992 mv‡j cÖwZ
†Rjvi GKwU K‡i _vbvq cix¶vg~jKfv‡e eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK wk¶v cÖ_‡g Pvjy Kiv nq|
c‡i 1993 mv‡j mviv‡`‡k Zv m¤úÖmviY Kiv nq|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 2.1
A) msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ 1. me©Rbxb k‡ãi A_© wK?
2. me©Rbxb wk¶vi ˆewk󨸇jv wK?
3. evsjv‡`‡k KLb me©Rbxb cÖv_wgK wk¶v I eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK wk¶v cÖeZ©b Kiv n‡q‡Q?
4. me©Rbxb wk¶vi j¶¨ AR©‡b eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK wk¶vi f‚wgKv wbY©q Kiæb|
Av) iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. me©Rbxb wk¶v ej‡Z wK †evSvq? cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡i me©Rbxb wk¶vi j¶¨ wK?
2. me©Rbxb wk¶vi j¶¨ AR©‡b eva¨Zvg~jK wk¶v Acwinvh©| Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
me©Rbxb, eva¨Zvg~jK I mevi Rb¨ wk¶vi cÖK…wZ I cwimi
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb−
me©Rbxb I eva¨Zvg~jK wk¶vi cÖK…wZ I cwimi eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb Ges me©Rbxb I eva¨Zvg~jK wk¶vi cv_©K¨ wbiƒcY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
GKwU †`‡ki RbM‡Yi Rxeb I RxweKvi Rb¨ b~¨bZg †h †gŠwjK wk¶v cÖ‡qvRb Zv me©Rbxb cÖv_wgK wk¶vi gva¨‡gB AR©b m¤¢e| evsjv‡`‡ki gZ Dbœqbkxj †`‡k A‡bK
†jvK Av‡Q hviv `vwi‡`ª¨i Kvi‡Y wkï‡`i cvwievwiK Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ iv‡Lb| Ggb wK Aí gRyix Ges Lv‡`¨i wewbg‡q A‡b¨i evwo‡Z M„n¯’vjxi KvR I Miæ-QvMj †`Lvïbvi Kv‡R wb‡qvM K‡ib| Avevi Lv`¨ Ges Rvgv Kvc‡oi Afv‡eI A‡bK wcZvgvZv wkï mšÍvb‡`i we`¨vj‡q cvVv‡Z cv‡ib bv| Giƒc Ae¯’vq `wi`ª wcZvgvZvi mšÍv‡bivI hv‡Z `vwi‡`ª¨i Kvi‡Y b~¨bZg †gŠwjK wk¶vjvf †_‡K ewÂZ bv nq †m Rb¨ me©Rbxb cÖv_wgK wk¶v Acwinvh©| me©Rbxb cÖv_wgK wk¶v ïay mKj wkïi Rb¨ we`¨vj‡q hvIqvi my‡hvMB m„wó K‡i bv eis Zv‡`i wk¶v MÖn‡Yi meiKg evav `~i K‡i wk¶v jv‡fi cÖ‡qvRbxq AbyK‚j cwi‡ekI M‡o †Zv‡j|
cÖv_wgK wk¶v I me©Rbxb wk¶vi j¶¨ AvcvZZ `„wó‡Z Awfbœ n‡jI GB `yB‡qi g‡a¨ wKQy cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q| cÖv_wgK wk¶v †Kvb we‡kl m¤úÖ`vq, †Mvôx A_ev †`‡ki miKvi Øviv cwiPvwjZ n‡Z cv‡i| hLb †Kvb m¤úÖ`vq ev †Mvôx cÖv_wgK wk¶vi `vwqZ¡ MÖnY K‡i ZLb wk¶vµ‡g Zv‡`i wbR¯^ gZev`, B”Qv I `„wófw½i cÖwZdjb N‡U| †hgb -g³e, †Uvj, wgkbvwi ¯‹z‡ji wk¶vµ‡g agx©q cÖfve †ewk _v‡K| Ab¨w`‡K †Kvb we‡`kx miKvi KZ©„K cwiPvwjZ wk¶v e¨e¯’vq kvm‡Ki ¯^v‡_©i cÖfve _v‡K| ¯^vaxb mve©‡fŠg †`‡ki MYZvwš¿Kfv‡e wbe©vwPZ miKvi cwiPvwjZ wk¶v RbKj¨v‡Y wb‡ew`Z| G‡Z mKj m¤úÖ`vq I †Mvôxi wkïiv Zv‡`i Avw_©K, mvgvwRK I agx©q Ae¯’vb wbwe©‡k‡l mK‡ji Pvwn`v Abymv‡i GKwU wbw`©ó ¯Íi ch©šÍ wk¶v jvf Ki‡Z cv‡i| GwUB me©Rbxb wk¶vi ˆewkó¨|
Av‡MB ejv n‡q‡Q †h, me©Rbxb wk¶vi j¶¨ AR©‡b eva¨Zvg~jK wk¶v Ab¨Zg nvwZqvi|
mKj †`‡k me©Rbxb I eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK wk¶vi cwimi mgvb bq| †`‡ki Av_©
mvgvwRK Ae¯’v Ges wk¶vi Pvwn`vi Ici GB wk¶vi cwimi wbf©ikxj| evsjv‡`‡k me©Rbxb I eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK wk¶vi cwimi cuvP eQi †gqvw`| W. Kz`ivZ-G-Ly`v Ges W. gwdR DwÏb wk¶v Kwgkb cuvP eQi †gqvw` cÖv_wgK wk¶v‡K †`‡ki gvby‡li †gŠwjK wk¶vi Pvwn`v c~i‡Y Ach©vß we‡ePbv K‡i G‡K AvU eQi †gqvw` Kivi †Rvi mycvwik K‡i‡Qb| evsjv‡`k miKvi 2000 mv‡ji ci cÖv_wgK wk¶v‡K AvU eQi †gqvw` Kivi welqwU ¸iæ‡Z¡i m‡½ we‡ePbv Ki‡Qb| gvj‡qwkqv Ges _vBj¨v‡Êi me©Rbxb I eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK wk¶v Qq eQi †gqvw`| Avevi †Kvb †Kvb †`‡k GB wk¶v 8 eQi †gqvw`|
cvV 2.2
me©Rbxb I eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK wk¶v: cvi¯úwiK m¤úK©
Av_© mvgvwRK cv_©K¨, wj½ †f‡`, ag© I eY© wbwe©‡k‡l mgvb my‡hvM m„wó K‡i mevi Rb¨ †h wk¶v Zv me©Rbxb wk¶v| ïay mgvb my‡hvM m„wó Ki‡jB mevi Rb¨ wk¶v wbwðZ nq bv|
GLv‡b †`‡ki mKj gvby‡li mn‡hvwMZv GKvšÍ cÖ‡qvRb| ZvB me©Rbxb wk¶v‡K wbwðZ Kivi GKwU †KŠkj wn‡m‡e eva¨Zvg~jK wk¶v Pvjy Kiv nq|
eva¨Zvg~jK e¨e¯’vq mKj AwffveK we`¨vj‡q Mgb Dc‡hvMx wkï‡`i we`¨vj‡q wbqwgZfv‡e †cÖiY Ges GKwU wbw`©ó mgqKv‡ji Rb¨ wk¶v MÖnY Kiv‡Z AvBbMZfv‡e eva¨| AvB‡bi gva¨‡g Awffve‡Ki Ici †Q‡j‡g‡q‡`i we`¨vj‡q †cÖi‡Yi Pvc m„wó Kiv nq| Awbevh© KviY Qvov we`¨vj‡q †Q‡j‡g‡q‡`i †cÖiY bv Kiv `Ûbxq Aciva| GRb¨ `Û cÖvwßi e¨e¯’vI i‡q‡Q|Zvn‡j me©Rbxb wk¶v `uvov‡”Q GKwU j¶¨ wn‡m‡e| Avi eva¨Zvg~jK wk¶v H j¶¨ AR©‡bi GKwU Dcvq gvÎ|
eva¨Zvg~jK wk¶v GKwU AvBbvbyM e¨e¯’v, †KD Zv Agvb¨ Ki‡j wewa †gvZv‡eK AwffveK‡K †Rj Rwigvbv DfqB †`Iqv †h‡Z cv‡i| GgbwK AwffveK QvÎ †Kvb Z…Zxq c¶ wkï‡`i we`¨vjq Mg‡b evav m„wó Ki‡j ZvivI `Û‡hvM¨ Aciv‡a Awfhy³ K‡i kvw¯Í
†`Iqv hvq| Z‡e eva¨Zvg~jK wk¶v cÖeZ©b Ges AvB‡bi KovKwo Av‡iv‡ci c~‡e© wk¶vi mKj my‡hvM m„wó Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|
me©RbxbZv n‡”Q mevi Rb¨ wk¶vi cÖ‡qvRbxq my‡hvM myweavi c~Y© e¨e¯’v Kiv| Avi eva¨Zvg~jK e¨e¯’v n‡”Q e¨wZµg Qvov wk¶vi Rb¨ †`Iqv me my‡hvM cwic~Y©fv‡e e¨envi Kiv hv‡Z AcPq bv N‡U|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb; 2.2
A) msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ
1. Dbœqbkxj †`‡k eû AwffveK †Kb Zv‡`i †Q‡j‡g‡q‡`i we`¨vj‡q cvVv‡Z cv‡i bv?
2. cÖv_wgK wk¶v I me©Rbxb wk¶vi ga¨Kvi cv_©K¨ eY©bv Kiæb|
3. mKj †`‡ki me©Rbxb I eva¨Zvg~jK wk¶vi cwimi mgvb bq †Kb?
4. me©Rbxb I eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK wk¶vi cv_©K¨ wK?
evsjv‡`‡ki cUf‚wg‡Z me©Rbxb I eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK wk¶v
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb −
me©Rbxb I eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK wk¶v cÖeZ©‡bi c~‡e© evsjv‡`‡ki cÖv_wgK wk¶vi HwZnvwmK cUf‚wg m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb Ges
evsjv‡`‡k me©Rbxb I eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK wk¶vi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
Bs‡iR‡`i G‡`‡k AvMg‡bi c~‡e© evsjv‡`k A‡j cÖwZ 400 Rb gvby‡li Rb¨ GKwU cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq wQj - GK_v Avgiv DBwjqvg GWv‡gi wi‡cvU© †_‡K Rvb‡Z cvwi| wk¶vi
†¶‡Î Ggb †MŠiegq BwZnv‡mi AwaKvix n‡qI my`xN©Kvj civaxbZvi Kvi‡Y AvRI Avgiv 2000 Rb gvby‡li Rb¨ GKwU cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq ˆZwi Ki‡Z cvwiwb| we‡`kx kvmKMY evsjv‡`k‡K A_©‰bwZK, mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK w`K †_‡K c½y †i‡L wbwe©‡Nœ †kvlY I kvmb
¯’vqx Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ GLv‡b wk¶v we¯Ív‡i e¨vcK I Kvh©Ki †Kvb D‡`¨vM MÖnY K‡iwb| d‡j
¯^vaxbZv Kv‡j evsjv‡`‡k gvÎ 15% gvbyl mv¶i wQj| Gi A_© 85% evsjv‡`‡ki gvbyl wQj ZLb wbi¶i| GB wecyj msL¨K wbi¶i gvby‡li †evSv wb‡q ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡ki Av_©
mvgvwRK Dbœq‡bi †h †Kvb Kg©m~wP mvd‡j¨i m‡½ ev¯Íevqb m¤¢e wQj bv| `vwi`ª¨, cywónxbZv Ges RbmsL¨v e„w×i AvwaK¨ mvwe©Kfv‡e †`‡ki Dbœqb cÖ‡Póvi c‡_ eo AšÍivq wQj|
¯^vaxbZvi Ae¨ewnZ c‡iB wk¶vi ms¯‹v‡ii gva¨‡g †`‡ki mKj gvbyl‡K AvaywbK Ávb, weÁvb I cÖhyw³i †¶‡Î GwM‡q hvIqvi ZvwM` m„wó nq| hZUv m¤¢e Kg mg‡qi g‡a¨ †`k‡K A_©‰bwZK w`K †_‡K ¯^vej¤^x I kw³kvjx Kivi Rb¨ cÖv_wgK wk¶vi †¶‡Î avivevwnKfv‡e
†ek wKQy c`‡¶c MÖnY Kiv nq|
cvwK¯Ívb Avgj †_‡K ïiæ K‡i ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡k MwVZ mKj wk¶v KwgkbB †`‡k me©Rbxb I eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK wk¶v cÖeZ©‡b †Rvi mycvwik K‡i| †`‡ki cÖPwjZ wPivPwiZ cÖv_wgK wk¶v e¨e¯’vi gva¨‡g evsjv‡`‡ki mKj gvbyl‡K Rxeb I RxweKvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq b~¨bZg
†gŠwjK wk¶vq wkw¶Z Kiv GKwU eo P¨v‡jÄ| GB †cÖ¶vc‡U 1980 mv‡j †`‡k cÖ_g me©Rbxb cÖv_wgK wk¶v cÖeZ©b Kiv nq| j¶¨ wQj, 2000 mv‡ji g‡a¨ †`‡ki 6-10 eQi eqmx mKj wkï‡K cÖv_wgK wk¶vi AvIZvq Avbv| †m D‡Ï‡k¨ bZzb we`¨vjq ¯’vcb, cyivZb we`¨vjq ms¯‹vi, we`¨vj‡q cÖ‡qvRbxq AvmevecÎ mieivn, bZzb wk¶K wb‡qvM, wk¶K‡`i cÖwk¶‡Yi Rb¨ wcwUAvB¸‡jv AvaywbKxKiY, webvg~‡j¨ wkï‡`i cvV¨cy¯ÍK weZiYmn cÖkvmb I e¨e¯’vcbv, gwbUwis I cwi`k©b e¨e¯’v †Rvi`vi Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ e¨vcK Kg©m~wP M„nxZ nq|
Gme Kg©m~wP ev¯Íevq‡bi gva¨‡g evsjv‡`‡k wkï fwZ©i nvi e„w× †c‡jI Gi wba©vwiZ j¶¨gvÎv 90% Gi cwie‡Z© gvÎ 60% AwR©Z nq| Aek¨ j¶¨gvÎv cy‡ivcywi AwR©Z bv n‡jI Dwj wLZ Kg©m~wPi AvIZvq mviv †`‡k cÖv_wgK wk¶vi AeKvVv‡gv M‡o †Zvjv m¤¢e - n‡q‡Q|
me©Rbxb e¨e¯’vq cÖv_wgK wk¶vi †¶‡Î h‡_ó my‡hvM myweav m„wó Kiv m‡Ë¡I bvb Kvi‡Y eû wkï we`¨vj‡q fwZ© nqwb| Avevi hviv we`¨vj‡q fwZ© n‡q‡Q Zuv‡`i GKwU weivU Ask cuvP
cvV 2.3
eQ‡ii wk¶v mgvß Kivi c~‡e©B we`¨vjq Z¨vM K‡i d‡j me©Rbxb cÖv_wgK wk¶vi j¶¨ I D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡b evavi m„wó nq|
wkï AwaKvi wel‡q RvwZmsN mb` ev¯Íevqb, 1990 mv‡j _vBj¨v‡Û AbywôZ Ômevi Rb¨
wk¶vÕ kxl©K wek¦ m‡¤§jb, 1993 mv‡ji w`j x †NvlYvi cÖwZ evsjv‡`‡ki mg_©b I A½xKvi - BZ¨vw` AvšÍR©vwZK eva¨evaKZvi cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z 2000 mv‡ji g‡a¨ 95% wkï we`¨vj‡q fwZ©, 60% wkïi cÖv_wgK wk¶v mgvcb Ges S‡i covi nvi b~¨bZg ch©v‡q Avbvi j‡¶¨
evsjv‡`‡k eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK wk¶v cÖeZ©b cÖ‡qvRb n‡q c‡o| ZvB miKvi 1990 mv‡j
†`‡k cuvP eQi †gqvw` eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK wk¶v AvBb cvm Ges 1992 mxwgZfv‡e I 1993 mvj †_‡K mviv †`‡k GB AvBb ev¯Íevq‡bi KvR ïiæ nq|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 2.3
A) msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ
1. cÖvK weªwUk Avg‡j evsjv‡`k A‡j KZ R‡bi Rb¨ GKwU cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq wQj?
2. Ômevi Rb¨ wk¶vÕ kxl©K wek¦ m‡¤§jb †Kv_vq I KZ mv‡j AbywôZ nq?
Av) k~b¨¯’vb c~iY Ki
1. 1971 mv‡j evsjv‡`‡k ... gvbyl wbi¶i wQj|
2. evsjv‡`‡k ...mv‡j eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK wk¶v AvBb cvm nq|
3. 1993 mvj †_‡K mviv †`‡k GB ...ev¯Íevq‡bi KvR ïiæ nq|
evsjv‡`‡k eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK wk¶v Kvh©µg ev¯Íevqb
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb−
evsjv‡`‡ki eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK wk¶v AvBb (1990) Gi we‡kl w`K¸‡jv D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb Ges
DwjøwLZ AvB‡b MwVZ wewfbœ KwgwUi `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨mg~‡ni weeiY w`‡Z cvi‡eb | evsjv‡`‡k 1980 mv‡j me©Rbxb cÖv_wgK wk¶v Pvjy Kiv nq| me©Rbxb cÖv_wgK wk¶v‡K djcÖm~ Kivi j‡¶¨ miKvi †`‡ki Qq †_‡K `k eQi eqmx wkïi Rb¨ cuvP eQ‡ii cÖv_wgK wk¶v MÖnY eva¨Zvg~jK K‡ib| 1990 mv‡j mviv †`‡k eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK wk¶v AvBb cvm Kiv nq| 1992 mv‡j mxwgZfv‡e Ges 1993 mvj †_‡K mviv †`‡k eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK wk¶v cÖeZ©b Kiv nq| eZ©gvb cv‡V evsjv‡`‡ki eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK wk¶v AvBb 1990 Gi we‡kl w`K¸‡jv Ges Zv ev¯Íevq‡b M„nxZ c`‡¶cmg~n wb‡P Dc¯’vcb Kiv nj|
eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgKwk¶v AvBb, 1990 1. AvB‡b e¨eüZ KwZcq k‡ãi A_©:
(K) AwffveK: Gi A_© wkïi wcZv ev wcZvi AeZ©gv‡b gvZv ev Df‡qi AeZ©gv‡b wkïi ZË¡veav‡b i‡q‡Qb Ggb e¨w³|
(L) KwgwU: Gi A_© Øviv 4 Gi Aaxb MwVZ eva¨ZvgyjK cÖv_wgK wk¶v KwgwU|
(M) cÖv_wgK wk¶v: Gi A_© wkï‡`i Rb¨ miKvi KZ©„K wba©vwiZ ev Aby‡gvw`Z wk¶v|
(N) cÖv_wgK wk¶v cÖwZôvb: Gi A_© †h †Kvb miKvix ev †emiKvix cÖwZôvb †hLv‡b cÖv_wgK wk¶v cÖ`v‡bi e¨e¯’v i‡q‡Q|
(O) wkï: Gi A_© Qq eQ‡ii Kg bq I `k eQ‡ii AwaK bq Giƒc eq‡mi evjK ev evwjKv|
2. wK Kvi‡Y wkï G AvB‡bi AvIZvfz³ n‡e bv:
(K) Amy¯’Zv ev Ab¨ †Kvb Awbevh© KviY|
(L) Avevm¯’j †_‡K `yB wK‡jvwgUv‡ii g‡a¨ †Kvb cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq bv _vKv|
(M) wkï eZ©gv‡b †h wk¶v MÖnY K‡i‡Q Zv cÖv_wgK wk¶vi mggv‡bi nIqv|
(O) gvbwmK A¶gZv Kvi‡Y|
3. AvBb ev¯Íevq‡b MwVZ wewfbœ KwgwU:
(K) cjøx GjvKvi IqvW© ch©v‡qi KwgwU MVb-
cvV 2.4
_vbv wbe©vnx Awdmvi KZ©„K g‡bvbxZ GKRb IqvW© †g¤^vi- †Pqvig¨vb
BDwbqb cwil` †Pqvig¨v‡bi mv‡_ Av‡jvPbvµ‡g _vbv wbe©vnx Awdmvi KZ©„K g‡bvbxZ
`yBRb we‡`¨vrmvnx cyiæl I `yBRb we‡`¨vrmvnx gwnjv m`m¨
Iqv‡W©i me cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡qi cÖavb wk¶K/wkw¶Kv- m`m¨
_vbv wbe©vnx Awdmvi KZ©„K g‡bvbxZ GKRb cÖavb wk¶K/wkw¶Kv- m`m¨ mwPe (L) †cŠi GjvKvi IqvW© ch©v‡qi KwgwU MVb-
†cŠimfvi †Pqvig¨vb KZ©„K g‡bvbxZ GKRb IqvW© Kwgkbvi- †Pqvig¨vb
IqvW© Kwgkbv‡ii mv‡_ Av‡jvPbvµ‡g †cŠimfv †Pqvig¨vb KZ…©K g‡bvbxZ `yBRb we‡`¨vrmvnx cyiæl I `yBRb we‡`¨vrmvnx gwnjv- m`m¨
Iqv‡W©i mKj cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡qi cÖavb wk¶K- m`m¨
†cŠimfvi †Pqvig¨vb KZ©„K g‡bvbxZ GKRb cÖavb wk¶K/wkw¶Kv- m`m¨ mwPe
`ªóe¨: _vbv wk¶v Awdmvi, _vbv wbe©vnx Awdmvi, †cŠimfvi †Pqvig¨v‡bi mv‡_
civgk©µ‡g IqvW©KwgwU MVb I cÖ‡qvR‡b cybM©V‡bi e¨e¯’v †b‡eb| wZwb †Rjv cÖv_wgK wk¶v Awdmvi Ges cÖv_wgK I MYwk¶v wefv‡Mi eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK wk¶v ev¯Íevqb I cwiex¶Y †Kvl‡K AewnZ Ki‡eb|
IqvW© KwgwUi `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨:
1. KwgwU Iqv‡W© emevmiZ 6-10 eQi eq‡mi mKj wkïi we`¨vj‡q fwZ© I wbqwgZ Dcw¯’wZ wbwðZ Ki‡e|
2. KwgwU wkï Rwic K‡i Zv‡Z we`¨vj‡q hviv fwZ© n‡Z eva¨ Ges hviv fwZ© nIqv †_‡K Ae¨vnwZ cv‡e Zv‡`i bvg †jL‡e|
3. cÖwZ eQi wW‡m¤^i gv‡mi †kl mßv‡n wkï Rwic ZvwjKv ms‡kvab Ki‡Z n‡e| G ZvwjKvq †h wkïi eqm 10 eQi AwZµg Ki‡e Zvi bvg ev` co‡e| hvi eqm 6 eQi n‡e Zvi bvg AšÍfz©³ n‡e|
4. ZvwjKv I ms‡kvwaZ ZvwjKvi Kwc _vbv wk¶v AwdmviI mswkøó IqvW© †_‡K `yB wK‡jvwgUv‡ii g‡a¨ Aew¯’Z mKj cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡q cvVv‡Z n‡e|
5. hyw³msMZ KviY Qvov †Kvb wkï we`¨vj‡q fwZ© bv n‡j ev cÖavb wk¶‡Ki AbygwZ Qvov
†Kvb wkï we`¨vj‡q mvZw`b Abycw¯’Z _vK‡j KwgwU wkïi AwffveK‡K wjwLZ †bvwUk cÖ`vb K‡i wkï‡K we`¨vj‡q fwZ© I wbqwgZ we`¨vj‡q Dcw¯’wZ wbwðZ Ki‡Z cv‡i|
BDwbqb KwgwU:
BDwbqb cwil` †Pqvig¨vb- †Pqvig¨vb BDwbq‡bi mKj IqvW© †g¤^vi- m`m¨
BDwbq‡b Kg©iZ mnKvix _vbv wk¶v Awdmvi- m`m¨
IqvW© KwgwUi mKj m`m¨ mwPe- m`m¨
BDwbqb cwil` †Pqvig¨v‡bi mv‡_ civgk©µ‡g _vbv wbe©vnx Awdmvi KZ©„K g‡bvbxZ GKRb wk¶vbyivMx cyiæl I GKRb gwnjv- m`m¨
KwgwUi m`m¨M‡Yi ga¨ †_‡K †Pqvig¨vb KZ©„K g‡bvbxZ GKRb m`m¨- m`m¨ mwPe
`vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨:
BDwbqb KwgwU, IqvW© KwgwU¸‡jvi Kvh©vewj Z`viKx I mgš^q mvab K‡i Zv‡`i cÖ‡qvRbxq mn‡hvwMZv I wb‡`©k cÖ`vb Ki‡e|
KwgwU cÖwZgv‡m Kgc‡¶ GKevi mfvq wgwjZ n‡q BDwbq‡b eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK wk¶vi AMÖMwZ chv©‡jvPbv K‡i Zv _vbv KwgwU‡K AewnZ Ki‡e Ges eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK wk¶v ev¯Íevq‡b I cwiex¶Y †Kv‡l †cÖiY Ki‡e|
_vbv KwgwU:
_vbv wbe©vnx Awdmvi- †Pqvig¨vb _vbv †gwW‡Kj Awdmvi- m`m¨
_vbv K…wl Awdmvi- m`m¨
_vbv cïcvjb Awdmvi- m`m¨
_vbvi mKj BDwbqb cwil` †Pqvig¨vb- m`m¨
_vbvi Kg©iZ mKj mnKvix _vbv wk¶v Awdmvi- m`m¨
_vbv wbe©vnx Awdmvi KZ©„K g‡bvbxZ 3 Rb we‡`¨vrmvnx gwnjv Ges 2 Rb we‡`¨vrmvnx cyiæl- m`m¨
_vbv wk¶v Awdmvi KZ©„K g‡bvbxZ wk¶v cÖwZôv‡bi g¨v‡bwRs KwgwUi 5Rb †Pqvig¨vb- m`m¨
_vbv wk¶v Awdmvi- m`m¨ mwPe|
we‡kl `ªóe¨: ¯’vbxq gvbbxq RvZxq msm` m`m¨ KwgwUi Dc‡`óv wn‡m‡e KwgwU‡K civgk©
cÖ`vb Ki‡eb|
`vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨:
1. KwgwU _vbvi eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK wk¶vi DbœwZK‡í BDwbqb I IqvW© KwgwU¸‡jvi Kvh©vewj ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i Zv‡`i cÖ‡qvRbxq mn‡hvwMZv I civgk© cÖ`vb Ki‡e|
2. eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK wk¶v ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ AvB‡b D‡jøL †bB A_P cÖ‡qvRb Ggb Kvh©µg KwgwU MÖnY Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
3. cÖwZ gv‡m KwgwU Kgc‡¶ GKwU mfvq wgwjZ n‡e Ges mfvi Kvh©weeiYx †Rjv KwgwU I eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK wk¶v ev¯Íevqb I cwiex¶Y †Kv‡l †cÖiY Ki‡e|
†Rjv KwgwU:
†Rjv cÖkvmK- †Pqvig¨vb
†cŠimfvi †Pqvig¨vb- m`m¨
†Rjv MYms‡hvM Kg©KZ©v- m`m¨
_vbv wbe©vnx Awdmvi- m`m¨
_vbv wk¶v Awdmvi- m`m¨
†Rjv cÖkvmK KZ©„K g‡bvbxZ `yBRb BDwbqb cwil` †Pqvig¨vb wZbRb we‡`¨vrmvnx gwnjv I `yBRb we‡`¨vrmvnx cyiæl- m`m¨
†Rjv cÖv_wgK wk¶v Awdmvi KZ©„K g‡bvbxZ `yBRb mnKvix _vbv wk¶v Awdmvi- m`m¨
_vbv wbe©vnx Awdmvi KZ©„K g‡bvbxZ `yBRb IqvW© KwgwUi †Pqvig¨vb I `yBRb m`m¨
mwPe (Dfq‡¶‡Î GKRb cjøx GjvKv I GKRb †cŠi GjvKv †_‡K)- m`m¨
_vbv wk¶v Awdmvi KZ©„K g‡bvbxZ `yBRb cÖv_wgK ch©v‡qi we`¨vj‡qi g¨v‡bwRs KwgwUi †Pqvig¨vb (cjøx GjvKvi GKRb I †cŠi GjvKvi GKRb)- m`m¨
†Rjv cÖv_wgK wk¶v Awdmvi- m`m¨ mwPe
we‡kl `ªóe¨: mswkøó GjvKvi cÖwZwbwaZ¡Kvix gvbbxq gš¿x, cÖwZgš¿x, Dcgš¿x I Abyiƒc c`gh©v`v m¤úbœ GKRb cÖwZwbwa KwgwUi Dc‡`óv n‡eb|
`vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨:
1. KwgwU eQ‡i Kgc‡¶ wZbwU mfvq wgwjZ n‡e| hvi GKwU wk¶ve‡l©i cÖ_g w`‡K I GKwU wk¶ve‡l©i †kl w`‡K nIqv evÂbxq|
2. KwgwU _vbv, BDwbqb I IqvW© KwgwUi Kvhv©ewj Z`viK K‡i cÖ‡qvR‡b Zv‡`i mn‡hvwMZv I civgk© cÖ`vb Ki‡e|
3. KwgwU †Rjvi cÖv_wgK wk¶vi AMÖMwZ cÖv_wgK I MYwk¶v wefv‡Mi eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK wk¶v ev¯Íevqb I cwiex¶Y †Kvl‡K AewnZ Ki‡e|
RvZxq ch©v‡qi KwgwU:
wk¶v mwPe- mfvcwZ
wk¶v gš¿Yvj‡qi AwZwi³ mwPe- m`m¨
cÖv_wgK wk¶v Awa`߇ii gnvcwiPvjK- m`m¨
Z_¨ gš¿Yvj‡qi hyM¥mwPe- m`m¨
evsjv‡`k †eZvi I evsjv‡`k †Uwjwfk‡bi gnvcwiPvjK- m`m¨
evsjv‡`k msev` ms¯’vi cÖwZwbwa- m`m¨
eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK wk¶v ev¯Íevqb I cwiex¶Y †Kv‡li gnvcwiPvjK- m`m¨ mwPe
`vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨
G KwgwU †eZvi I †Uwjwfk‡b cÖv_wgK wk¶vi ¸iæZ¡ I eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK wk¶v ev¯Íevqb m¤ú‡K© RbMY‡K AewnZ Kivi cvkvcvwk wewfbœ †cÖlYvg~jK Abyôvb m¤úÖPv‡ii e¨e¯’v Ki‡e|GQvov wewfbœ KwgwUi Kvh©vewj ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i Zv‡`i‡K Dchy³ Dc‡`k I mn‡hvwMZv w`‡q eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK wk¶v ev¯Íevq‡b mnvqZv Ki‡e|
`Û
1. hw` †Kvb KwgwU Zvi `vwqZ¡ cvj‡b e¨_© nq Z‡e Gi cÖ‡Z¨K m`m¨ AbwaK `yBkZ UvKv A_© `‡Û `wÛZ n‡eb|
2. hw` †Kvb AwffveK G AvB‡b cÖ`Ë wb‡`©k cvj‡b e¨_© nb Z‡e wZwb AbwaK `yBkZ UvKv A_© `‡Û `wÛZ n‡eb|
Aciva wePviv‡_© MÖnY:
1. KwgwU †Pqvig¨v‡bi wjwLZ Awf‡hvM Qvov †Kvb Av`vjZ G AvB‡bi Aaxb †Kvb Aciva wePv‡ii Rb¨ MÖnY Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv|
2. wewa cÖYq‡bi ¶gZv:
3. AvB‡bi D‡Ïk¨ c~i‡Yi Rb¨ miKvi, miKvix †M‡R‡U cÖÁvcb w`‡q wewa cÖYqb Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 2.4
A) ï× Ges fzj wbY©q Kiæb
1. 1991 mv‡j evsjv‡`‡k eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK wk¶v AvBb cvk Kiv nq|
2. eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK wk¶v AvB‡b ÔwkïÕ ej‡Z Qq eQ‡ii Kg bq Ges `k eQ‡ii AwaK bq Giƒc evjK evwjKv‡K †evSvq|
3. BDwbqb/IqvW© chv©‡q cÖv_wgK wk¶v KwgwUi RbmsL¨v n‡e 6 Rb|
4. BDwbqb/IqvW© ch©v‡q MwVZ cÖv_wgK wk¶v KwgwUi mwPe n‡eb †Pqvig¨vb KZ©„K g‡bvbxZ GKRb cÖavb wk¶K|
5. †Kvb AwffveK eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK wk¶v AvB‡b cÖ`Ë wb‡`©k cvj‡b e¨_© n‡j 200 UvKv A_© `‡Û `wÛZ n‡eb|
eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK wk¶v ev¯Íevq‡b we`¨vj‡qi f‚wgKv
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb−
GKwU mvgvwRK cÖwZôvb wn‡m‡e we`¨vj‡qi Kvh©vewj D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb Ges eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK wk¶v ev¯Íevq‡b we`¨vj‡qi f‚wgKv Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
we`¨vjq GKwU mvgvwRK cÖwZôvb| mgv‡Ri cÖ‡qvR‡b we`¨vjq ¯’vcb Kiv nq| wkï mgv‡Ri AvMvgx w`‡bi eq¯‹ m`m¨| we`¨vjq cÖ‡qvRbxq Ávb, `¶Zv, `„wófw½ I g~j¨‡eva wkïi g‡a¨ mÂvwiZ K‡i Zv‡K AvMvgx w`‡bi c~Y©eq¯‹ gvby‡li `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨ cvj‡bi Dc‡hvMx K‡i M‡o †Zv‡j| Gfv‡e wkï cieZx© Rxe‡b cvwievwiK, mvgvwRK I RvZxq Dbœqb Kg©Kv‡Û Ae`vb ivL‡Z m¶g nq|
mvaviY `„wó‡Z we`¨vjq ej‡Z gvbyl we`¨vjq M„n I Zvi Avbylw½K Avmevec·KB ey‡S _v‡K| wKš‘ e¨vcviwU Zv bq| M„n I AvmevecÎ we`¨vj‡qi D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi GKwU Dcvq gvÎ| we`¨vj‡qi cÖvYkw³ aviY K‡i wk¶v_x© I wk¶KMY| M„n I AvmevecÎ, cwi‡ek Ges we`¨vjq e¨e¯’vcbv KwgwU GB me mnvqK f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i|
eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK wk¶v ev¯Íevqb GKwU cÖwµqv| GB cÖwµqvq †h KvR¸‡jv i‡q‡Q Zv n‡”Q (1) we`¨vjq GjvKvq 6-10 eQi eqmx wkï‡`i msL¨v wbiƒcY Ges KZRb we`¨vj‡q fwZ© n‡q‡Q Ges KZRb nqwb Zvi ZvwjKv ˆZwi Kiv Ges wcZvgvZvi m‡½ †hvMv‡hvM K‡i Zv‡`i we`¨vj‡q fwZ©i e¨e¯’v Kiv (2) fwZ© nIqv wkï‡`i wbqwgZfv‡e we`¨vj‡q MgbvMgbmn cuvP eQ‡ii wk¶v MÖnY wbwðZ Kivi j‡¶¨ we`¨vjq I †kªYxK‡¶i cwi‡ek AvKl©Yxq Kiv (3) wk¶K‡`i wbqwgZfv‡e we`¨vj‡q Dcw¯’wZ I †kªYxK‡¶i cVb-cvVb KvR‡K wkï‡`i wbKU Avb›``vqK Kiv| eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK wk¶v ev¯Íevq‡b we`¨vj‡qi f‚wgKv ej‡Z we`¨vjq msMV‡bi gvbe Dcv`vb A_©vr cÖavb wk¶K, wk¶K I we`¨vjq e¨e¯’vcbv KwgwUi KvR I D‡`¨vM‡KB wb‡`©k K‡i _v‡K| Kv‡RB eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK wk¶v ev¯Íevqb cÖwµqvfz³ KvR¸‡jv h_vh_fv‡e m¤úv`b Kivi ga¨ w`‡qB Zviv Zv‡`i f‚wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡i|
eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK wk¶v 6-10 eQi eqmx wkï‡`i Rb¨| GKwU we`¨vjq GjvKvq GB eq‡mi KZ wkï i‡q‡Q Zv mwVKfv‡e wbiƒcY Kiv we`¨vj‡qi KvR| cÖwZ eQi wkï Rwi‡ci ga¨ w`‡q GB KvRwU m¤úbœ nq| wkï Rwic Kv‡R cÖavb wk¶K, wk¶K g~L¨ f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡Kb| we`¨vjq e¨e¯’vcbv KwgwUi m`m¨MYI GLv‡b mn‡hvwMZv`vb Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
wKš‘ Rwi‡ci djvdj †_‡K mn‡RB Rvbv hvq KZRb wkï we`¨vj‡q fwZ© n‡q‡Q Ges nqwb| cÖavb wk¶K, wk¶K Ges e¨e¯’vcbv KwgwUi m`m¨MY we`¨vj‡q fwZ© bv nIqv wkï‡`i wcZvgvZv ev Awffve‡Ki m‡½ e¨w³MZfv‡e †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vcb K‡i fwZ© bv nIqvi KviY¸‡jv †R‡b Zv‡`i we`¨vj‡q fwZ© wbwðZ Ki‡Z cv‡ib| GLv‡b wcZvgvZv I AwffveK‡`i wbKU eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK wk¶v AvBb m¤ú‡K© AewnZ Ki‡eb| Z‡e GB
cvV 2.5
AvBb ei‡LjvcKvix‡`i kvw¯Í I `Û m¤ú‡K© ¸iæZ¡ †`qvi cwie‡Z© wkïi Rxe‡b cÖv_wgK wk¶vi ¸iæZ¡ I cÖ‡qvRbxqZv wcZvgvZvi wbKU e¨vL¨v K‡i Zv‡`i AbycÖvYxZ Kivi †KŠkj MÖnYB DËg n‡e|
we`¨vjq GjKvq 6-10 eQi eqmx 100% wkï‡K fwZ© KivB h‡_ó bq| GB wkï‡`i cuvP eQi we`¨vj‡q a‡i †i‡L cÖv_wgK wk¶v mgvwßi g‡a¨B eva¨Zvg~jK wk¶vi mvdj¨
wbf©ikxj| KvRwU Lye KwVb| GRb¨ wk¶KMY we`¨vjq Ges †kªYxK‡¶i AvmevecÎ my›`i K‡i mvwR‡q I cwi¯‹vi cwi”Qbœ †i‡L wkï‡`i wbKU AvKl©Yxq Ki‡Z cv‡ib| wkï‡`i mnvqZvq we`¨vj‡qi mvg‡b dz‡ji evMvb I mxgvbv eivei †kvfvea©bKvix dyj I d‡ji MvQ jvwM‡q we`¨vjq‡K my›`i Kiv hvq| †kªYxK‡¶i †`qv‡j wk¶vg~jK evYx I bxwZK_v †jLvmn my`„k¨ Qwe I †cv÷vi w`‡q mvwR‡q we`¨vjq I †kªYxK¶ wkï‡`i wbKU †hgb AvKl©Yxq Kiv hvq †Zgwb wkïiv we`¨vj‡q AwaK mg‡q Ae¯’vb Ki‡Z I ¯^”Q›`‡eva K‡i|
†QvU †QvU wkï gv evevi Av`i, hZœ I †¯œn fvjevmv evwo‡Z †i‡L we`¨vj‡qi bZzb cwi‡e‡k Av‡m| wk¶K wkw¶KvM‡Yi wbKU †_‡K wkïiv gvZ… I wcZ…myjf Av`i, hZœ I †¯œn fvjevmv
†c‡j evwoi †P‡q we`¨vj‡qi cÖwZ ‡ewk Szu‡K c‡o| †kªYxK‡¶i cVb cvVb cÖwµqv‡K †Ljv, KvR, Mvb I bv‡Pi gva¨‡g wk¶K wkïi wbKU Avb›`gq K‡i Zzj‡Z cv‡ib| G‡Z we`¨vjq I cv‡Vi cÖwZ wkïi AvMÖnI AbyivM †e‡o cvq|
Avevi wkï bvbvb Kvi‡Y we`¨vj‡q Abycw¯’Z _vK‡j wk¶K e¨w³MZfv‡e wkïi evwo wM‡q
†LuvRLei wb‡j wk¶‡Ki cÖwZ wcZvgvZvi †hgb Av¯’v ev‡o †Zgwb wkïi g‡a¨I kª×v‡eva m„wó nq| we`¨vjq e¨e¯’vcbv KwgwUi m`m¨MYI G Kv‡R wk¶K‡`i mnvqZv Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
wk¶KMY mgqgZ Ges wbqwgZfv‡e we`¨vj‡q Dcw¯’Z †_‡K wbôvi m‡½ †kªYx‡Z cvV w`‡q gvbm¤§Z wk¶v Ges ch©vß mncvVµwgK e¨e¯’v K‡i wkïi gvbwmK I mvgvwRK weKv‡k weivU f‚wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡ib| Gfv‡e we`¨vjq eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK wk¶v ev¯Íevq‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
f‚wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡i|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 2.5
A) msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ:
1. we`¨vj‡qi KvR wK?
2. wkï Rwic wK?
3. we`¨vjq‡K wKfv‡e wkï‡`i wbKU AvKl©Yxq Kiv hvq?
4. wKfv‡e we`¨vj‡qi cVb-cvV‡bi KvR wkï‡`i wbKU Avb›`gq Kiv hvq?
5. we`¨vj‡q Abycw¯’Z wkï‡`i we`¨vj‡q wbqwgZ Avmv-hvIqv wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨
wk¶KM‡Yi `vwqZ¡ eY©bv Kiæb|
Av) kyb¨¯’vb c~iY Kiæb:
1. ... GKwU mvgvwRK cÖwZôvb|
2. eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK wk¶v ... eQi eqmx wkï‡`i Rb¨|
3. wk¶K I wkw¶Kv‡`i wbKU wkï Av`i †¯œn †c‡j ... cÖwZ Suy‡K c‡o|
4. †Ljv, KvR, bvP, Mv‡bi gva¨‡g †kªYxK‡¶i cVb-cvVb‡K wkï‡`i wbKU ...
Kiv hvq|
5. gvbm¤§Z wk¶v Ges ... Kvh©vewji e¨e¯’v K‡i wkïi gvbwmK I mvgvwRK weKvk mvab Kiv hvq|
me©Rbxb I eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK wk¶v ev¯Íevq‡b bvix I eq¯‹
wk¶vi ¸iæZ¡
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb−
Ôwbi¶i gvbyl Rbwk¶vi cÖmv‡i evav n‡q `uvovqÕ - G Dw³wU e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
me©Rbxb I eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK wk¶v ev¯Íevq‡b eq¯‹ wk¶v we‡kl K‡i bvix wk¶vi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
evsjv‡`‡k eZ©gv‡b me©Rbxb I eva¨Zvg~jK wk¶v Pvjy i‡q‡Q| GRb¨ 1990 mv‡j cÖ‡qvRbxq AvBbI Rvwi Kiv n‡q‡Q| cuvP eQ‡ii cÖv_wgK wk¶v MÖn‡Yi mKj wkï‡K we`¨vj‡q †cÖi‡Y wcZvgvZv GLb AvBbZ eva¨| GB AvBb f½ Kiv `Ûbxq Aciva|
me©Rbxb I eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK wk¶v AvBb Rvwi Ges Zv ev¯Íevq‡bi ïiæ‡Z evsjv‡`‡k 68% gvbylB wbi¶i wQj| GB wbi¶i gvby‡li †ewki fvMB bvix| me©Rbxb I eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK wk¶v Pvjy Kivi ci we`¨vj‡q wkï fwZ©i nvi wecyj cwigv‡Y e„w× n‡jI wbqwgZ we`¨vj‡q Dcw¯’wZi nvi Lye ev‡owb| Ab¨w`‡K cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq †_‡K wkï‡`i S‡i covi nvi GLbI A‡bK †ewk| kni A‡c¶v MÖv‡gi we`¨vjq¸‡jv‡Z wkï Dcw¯’wZi nvi Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e A‡bK Kg Ges S‡i covi nviI †ewk| kni I MÖvg GjvKvi GB cv_©‡K¨i GKwU Ab¨Zg KviY, MÖv‡gi gvby‡li g‡a¨ wbi¶i gvby‡li msL¨v †ewk| wbi¶i gvbyl Zv‡`i
†Q‡j-‡g‡q‡`i †jLvcov m¤ú‡K© wewfbœ Kvi‡Y mRvM bb|
wbi¶i gvbyl Rbwk¶vi cªmv‡i evav n‡q `uvovb; KviY wk¶vi ¸iæZ¡ h_vh_fv‡e eyS‡Z cv‡ib bv| PvKzix jv‡fi GKwU Dcvq Qvov wk¶v‡K Zvuiv Avi †Kvb `„wó‡KvY †_‡K †`L‡Z Drmvnx bb| A_P gvbe Rxe‡bi me©‡¶‡ÎB wk¶vi cÖfve i‡q‡Q| wk¶vi GB kw³ wbi¶i gvbyl‡K hZ `ªæZ Dcjwä Kiv‡bv hvq ZZB g½j| mv¶iZv gvby‡li g‡a¨ †h me ¸Yvewj I
¶gZvi Dbœqb NUvq Zv Gfv‡e ejv hvq, wk¶v gvbyl‡K †h ¸Yvewj AR©‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i Zv n‡”Q-
AvZ¥gh©v`v‡eva AvZ¥wek¦vm gbbkxjZv
Rxeb MV‡b cÖ‡qvRbxq Ávb, `¶Zv I `„wófw½
¶gZvqb I †bZ…‡Z¡i ¸Yvewj
¯^wbf©iZv|
evsjv‡`‡ki wbi¶i‡`i GKwU eo Ask eq¯‹ gvbyl| Avevi eq¯‹ wbi¶i‡`i AwaKvskB bvix| bvix wk¶vi A_©B n‡”Q wkw¶Z gv ˆZwi Kiv| GKRb wkw¶Z gv wkï cÖwZcvjb Ges cvwievwiK DbœwZ, ¯^v¯’¨, cywó I cwi¯‹vi cwi”QbœZvi †¶‡Î me‡P‡q †ewk Ae`vb ivL‡Z
cvV 2.6
m¶g| ZvB gv‡qi wk¶v gv‡b GKwU RvwZi wk¶v| ZvB mgªvU †b‡cvwjqb GK`v e‡jwQ‡jb, Ò†Zvgiv Avgv‡K wkw¶Z gv `vI| Avwg †Zvgv‡`i GKwU DbœZ RvwZ Dcnvi w`e|ÕÕ mgªvU
†b‡cvwjq‡bi GB evYx me©hy‡M mKj †`‡ki gvby‡li Rb¨ mZ¨| AwfÁZvi Av‡jv‡KI Avgviv †`wL wkw¶Z evevi mšÍvb A‡bK mgq wbi¶i nq| wKš‘ wkw¶Z gv‡qi mšÍvb‡K KLbB wbi¶i n‡Z †`Lv hvqwb| wkï cwiev‡i gv‡qi Kv‡QB cÖ_g mvgvwRK I ˆbwZK AvPvi AvPiY, ¯^v¯’¨ wewa cwi¯‹vi cwi”QbœZvi wk¶v cvq| evsjv‡`‡k me©Rbxb I eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK wk¶v ev¯Íevq‡b wcZvgvZv, we‡kl K‡i gv‡`i wk¶v ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡i|
wkïi wcZvgvZvmn mgv‡Ri eq¯‹ mKj wbi¶i gvbyl‡K wk¶vi gva¨‡g mv¶i Ki‡Z Zzj‡Z cvi‡j me©Rbxb I eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK wk¶v ev¯Íevqb mnR n‡e KviY Zuviv Rxe‡b wk¶vi
¸iæZ¡ I cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Dcjwä Ki‡Z cv‡ib| AvBb cÖ‡qvM I kvw¯Í cÖ`v‡bi cÖ‡qvRbB n‡e bv| wb‡R‡`i cÖ‡qvRb I mn‡R wkï mšÍvb‡`i wk¶vi Rb¨ mn‡hvwMZv`v‡b GwM‡q Avm‡e|
eq¯‹ gvby‡li wk¶v AvbyôvwbK e¨e¯’vq Av‡qvRb m¤¢e bq| eq¯‹ gvby‡li cÖ‡qvRb I mgq Abyhvqx GB wk¶vi e¨e¯’v Kiv Avek¨K| DcvbyôvwbK wk¶v Awa`ßi mn eªvK, cÖwkKv Ges Ab¨vb¨ eû Gb wR I evsjv‡`‡k wbi¶iZv `~ixKi‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨ eq¯‹ wk¶vi e¨e¯’v K‡i _v‡K|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 2.6
msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ:
1. kni A‡c¶v MÖv‡g wkï‡`i we`¨vj‡q Dcw¯’wZi nvi Kg †Kb?
2. GKwU RvwZi Rb¨ gv‡qi wk¶vi cÖ‡qvRb wK?
3. mv¶iZv gvby‡li g‡a¨ wK NUvq?
4. wkï gv‡qi Kv‡Q wK wK wel‡q wk¶v cvq?
5. wcZvgvZv wkw¶Z n‡j eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK wk¶v AvB‡bi kvw¯Í cÖ`v‡bi cÖ‡qvRb n‡e bv †Kb?
eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK wk¶v Kvh©µg ev¯Íevq‡b ¯’vbxq mgv‡Ri f‚wgKv
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb−
cÖv_wgK wk¶v Kvh©µg ev¯Íevq‡b DØy×KiY cÖwµqvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb Ges
ev¯Íevq‡bi wewfbœ e¨e¯’v m¤ú‡K© AewnZ n‡Z cvi‡eb|
AvR‡Ki evsjv‡`k cÖv_wgK wk¶vi GK †MŠiegq BwZnv‡mi DËivwaKvi| evsjv‡`‡k eZ©gv‡b 80 nvRv‡ii †ewk wewfbœ †kªYxi cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq i‡q‡Q| GB we`¨vjq¸‡jvi AwaKvskB mvgvwRK D‡`¨v‡MB AZx‡Z ¯’vcb Kiv nq| mgv‡Ri gvbylB Avcb cÖ‡qvR‡b we`¨vjq¸‡jvi wbg©vY, e¨e¯’vcbv, i¶Yv‡e¶Y, †givgZ BZ¨vw` KvR m¤úbœ Ki‡Zb| 1973 mv‡j GKwU gnr D‡Ïk¨ wb‡q ZrKvjxb cÖvq mKj cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq miKvixKiY I wk¶K‡`i miKvix Kg©Pvixi gh©v`v †`qv nq| cÖZ¨vkv wQj, wk¶KMY miKvix Kg©Pvixi gh©v`v I my‡hvM myweav †c‡j we`¨vj‡qi wk¶vi gvb DbœZ Kivmn we`¨vjq GjvKvq wk¶v we¯Ívi Z_v wkï fwZ© I Zv‡`i wk¶vi Rb¨ D‡`¨vM MÖnY Ki‡eb| wKš‘ Avm‡j Zv nqwb|
we`¨vjq I mgv‡Ri gvby‡li g‡a¨ eûKvj a‡i †h GKwU Nwbó m¤úK© wQj Zv H miKvixKi‡Yi mgq †_‡K jyß n‡q hvq| we`¨vjq †givgZ, AvmevecÎ I i¶Yv‡e¶‡Yi Rb¨ wk¶KMY Avi mgv‡Ri gyLv‡cw¶ bb| Gm‡ei `vwqZ¡ GLb miKv‡ii| d‡j we`¨vjq ZË¡veavb I e¨e¯’vcbvq mgv‡Ri f~wgKv bv _vKvq wk¶KM‡Yi wbqwgZfv‡e we`¨vj‡q Dcw¯’wZ, †kªYx cvV`vb I Ab¨vb¨ Kv‡R ˆkw_j¨ †`Lv †`q| Z‡e †`‡ki mKj we`¨vj‡qi
†ejvq Giƒc XvjvI Awf‡hvM mZ¨ bq| cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq¸‡jvi ZË¡veavb I e¨e¯’vcbv
†Rvi`vi Ges wk¶vi gvb Dbœq‡b mvgvwRK mswk óZv Acwinvh©| GB Dcjwä †_‡K 1980 - mv‡j me©Rbxb cÖv_wgK wk¶v Pvjy Kivi mgq Gm Gg wm Ges wc wU G MV‡bi Ici we‡kl
¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc Kiv nq| Ggb wK Gg Gg wm I wc wU G MV‡bi bxwZgvjv Ges we`¨vjq ZË¡veavb, e¨e¯’vcbv we`¨vj‡qi ˆ`bw›`b Kvh©vewj‡Z Zuv‡`i f‚wgKv w¯’i K‡i e¨vcK cÖPv‡iiI e¨e¯’v Kiv nq| AwfÁZv †_‡K †`Lv hvq †`‡ki eû cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡q Gm Gg wm cÖksmbxq f‚wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q, Z‡e wc wU GÕi Aw¯ÍZ¡ weij Ges †hLv‡b Av‡Q Zv cÖvq KvM‡R gvÎ|
we`¨vj‡qi mydj mgvRB †fvM K‡i _v‡K| Kv‡RB we`¨vj‡qi Kvh©vewj‡Z mgv‡Ri m¤ú„³Zv Qvov cÖv_wgK wk¶vi we¯Ívi e¨e¯’vcbv I gvbm¤§Z wk¶v m¤¢e bq| eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK wk¶v ev¯Íevq‡b mgvR Z_v ¯’vbxq gvby‡li m¤ú„³Zvi cÖ‡qvRb Av‡iv †ewk| Gm Gg wm Ges wc wU G mgv‡Ri cÖwZwbwa wn‡m‡eB we`¨vj‡qi Kv‡R hy³ nq| eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK wk¶v ev¯Íevqb cÖwµqvi KvR¸‡jvi K_v Av‡MB D‡j L Kiv n‡q‡Q| †gvUvgywUfv‡e - GB KvR¸‡jv n‡”Q: (1) we`¨vjq wk¶vi 6-10 eQi eqmx wkï‡`i wPwýZ Kiv, (2) GB wkï‡`i KZRb we`¨vj‡q fwZ© n‡q‡Q Ges nqwb Zv Rvbv, (3) fwZ©K…Z wkï‡`i cuvP eQ‡ii wk¶v MÖnY m¤úbœ Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ Kiv, (4) we`¨vj‡q gvbm¤§Z wk¶v cÖ`v‡bi e¨e¯’v Kiv|
cvV 2.7
ejvB evûj¨, GB KvR¸‡jv‡Z Gm Gg wm I wc wU G Ges ¯’vbxq RbMY e¨vcK f‚wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡i| evsjv‡`‡ki gZ `wi`ª †`‡k AvBb Ges kvw¯Íi weavb K‡i eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK wk¶v ev¯Íevqb AZ¨šÍ KwVb| mvaviY gvbyl‡K eywS‡q mywR‡q Zv‡`i †Q‡j‡g‡q‡K we`¨vj‡q †cÖi‡Yi e¨e¯’v KivB DËg| wc wU G Ges Gm Gg wm I mgv‡Ri e¨w³iv GLv‡b D‡j L‡hvM¨ Ae`vb ivL‡Z cv‡ib| -
we`¨vjq, wk¶K I mgvR G‡K Ac‡ii wk¶vg~jK Kv‡Ri cvi¯úwiK Askx`vi| we`¨vjq mgv‡Ri wkï‡`i wk¶vi Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ GKwU msMVb| wk¶K mgv‡Ri GKRb m`m¨ Ges we`¨vj‡qi j¶¨ I D‡Ïk¨ ev¯Íevq‡b GKwbô Kgx©| Gm Gg wm Ges wc wU G mgv‡Ri cÖwZwbwa wn‡m‡e we`¨vj‡qi Kvh©vewj cwiPvjbvq mn‡hvMx msMVb| mK‡ji D‡Ïk¨ Awfbœ, Avi Zv n‡”Q mgv‡Ri fvex m`m¨‡`i wkw¶Z K‡i †Zvjv| GB †evawU m„wói Rb¨ bvbvwea DØy×KiY Kvh©vewj MÖnY Kiv Avek¨K| wk¶K‡`iB GKv‡R AMÖYx nIqv cÖ‡qvRb|
we`¨vj‡qi †Ljvayjv, RvZxq w`em I agx©q w`em cvjb, evwl©K cyi¯‹vi weZiY, wewPÎvbyôvb, wkï bvU¨vbyôvb, wkï †gjv, evwl©K cix¶vi djvdj cÖKvk BZ¨vw`i Av‡qvRb K‡i wc wU G Ges Gm Gg wm ¯’vbxq †jvKRb‡K Avgš¿Y Rvbv‡Z cv‡i| G‡Z wkï‡`i wewfbœ wel‡q ˆbcyY¨ †`‡L GKw`‡K †hgb Zuviv Avb›`‡eva Ki‡eb †Zgwb we`¨vj‡qi cÖwZI Zuv‡`i AbyivM m„wó n‡e| †h mg¯Í wkï we`¨vj‡qi cix¶vq Lye fvj dj K‡i Zv‡`i wcZvgvZv‡K we`¨vj‡qi c¶ †_‡K Avbylw½Kfv‡e cyi¯‹vi cÖ`v‡biI e¨e¯’v ivL‡Z cv‡i|
wc wU G Ges Gm Gg wm KvM‡R msMVb wn‡m‡e ivLv DwPZ bq| cÖavb wk¶K m`m¨‡`i wewfbœ mfvq wjwLZfv‡e Avgš¿Y Rvwb‡q Zuv‡`i `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨ m¤ú‡K© AewnZ Ki‡eb|
GQvov G wU B I, wU B I, wW wc B I mn wewfbœ Kg©KZ©vMY we`¨vjq cwi`k©‡b AvMg‡bi mgq wc wU G Ges Gm Gg wm m`m¨ Ges mgv‡Ri MY¨gvb¨ e¨w³eM©‡K Dcw¯’Z _vK‡Z Aby‡iva Rvbv‡Z cv‡ib| Kg©KZ©viv mgv‡Ri gvby‡li m‡½ †Lvjv‡gjv Avjvc Av‡jvPbv K‡i eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK wk¶vi D‡Ïk¨ Ges MYRxe‡b Gi ¸iæZ¡ e¨vL¨v Ki‡eb| Zv‡Z we`¨vj‡qi Kv‡R Zuviv DØy× n‡eb|
Gm Gg wm †K ïay `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨ cvjb Ki‡Z ej‡jB Pj‡e bv| we`¨vjq e¨e¯’vcbv I ZË¡veavb wel‡q wKQy AvBbMZ ¶gZvI Gm Gg wm †K †`qv cÖ‡qvRb| wk¶K‡`i we`¨vj‡q mgqgZ Ges wbqwgZfv‡e Dcw¯’wZ wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ AvBbMZ Lei`vwii e¨e¯’v ivLv
`iKvi| G‡Z Gm Gg wm we`¨vj‡qi Kvh©vewj‡Z AskMÖn‡Y Av‡iv †ewk DØy× I Zrci n‡q DV‡e|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 2.7
A) wVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK wPý (√) w`b:
1. we`¨vjq †givgZ Ges we`¨vj‡qi AvmevecÎ BZ¨vw` mieiv‡ni `vwqZ¡ miKv‡ii|
2. †`‡k eû we`¨vjq Av‡Q †hLv‡b Gm Gg wm MVbg~jK f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K|
3. evsjv‡`‡ki me we`¨vj‡q wc wU GÕi Aw¯ÍZ¡ mwµq|
4. we`¨vjq e¨e¯’vcbv I ZË¡vav‡b Gm Gg wm †K †Kvb AvBbMZ ¶gZv †`qv DwPZ 5. bq|
P‚ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
A) msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ:
1. me©Rbxb wk¶vi A_© wK?
2. wK Kvi‡Y Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki eû wcZvgvZv Zvu‡`i mšÍvb‡`i we`¨vj‡q †cÖiY Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv|
3. cÖvK-weªwUk Avg‡j evsjv‡`k GjvKvq KZRb gvby‡li Rb¨ GKwU K‡i cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq wQj?
4. †Kvb AwffveK eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK wk¶v AvBb f½ Ki‡j Zuv‡K KZ UvKv `Û cÖ`v‡bi weavb i‡q‡Q?
5. GKwU RvwZi Rb¨ gv‡qi wk¶vi cÖ‡qvRb wK?
6. we`¨vj‡qi mydj †K †fvM K‡i?
Av) mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK wPý (√) w`b:
1. eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡ki cÖv_wgK wk¶v 8 eQi †gqvw`|
2. ÔÔmevi Rb¨ wk¶vÕÕ kxl©K wek¦m‡¤§jb 1995 mv‡j w`jøx‡Z AbywôZ nq|
3. GKwU RvwZi Rb¨ gv‡qi wk¶vi †Zgb cÖ‡qvRb †bB|
4. cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq miKvixKi‡Yi d‡j mgvR I we`¨vj‡qi m¤úK© jyß nq|
5. evsjv‡`‡ki mKj cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq miKvix A‡_©B AZx‡Z ¯’vwcZ nq|
