wkÿY
wkÿY n‡jv AwfÁZvi gva¨‡g m~wPZ e¨w³i AvPi‡Yi Kg‡ewk
¯’vqx cwieZ©b|
wkÿY n‡jv AwfÁZvi gva¨‡g m~wPZ e¨w³i AvPi‡Yi Kg‡ewk
¯’vqx cwieZ©b|
wkÿ‡Yi ˆewkó¨
• AvPi‡Yi cwieZ©b
• AvPi‡Yi ¯’vqx cwieZ©b
• AwfÁZvi djkÖæwZ
• wkÿY‡K cÖZ¨ÿ Kiv bv †M‡jI Kvh© m¤úv`‡bi gva¨‡g wkÿY
m¤ú‡K© aviYv jvf Kiv hvq|
• AvPi‡Yi cwieZ©b
• AvPi‡Yi ¯’vqx cwieZ©b
• AwfÁZvi djkÖæwZ
• wkÿY‡K cÖZ¨ÿ Kiv bv †M‡jI Kvh© m¤úv`‡bi gva¨‡g wkÿY
m¤ú‡K© aviYv jvf Kiv hvq|
wkÿ‡Yi Dcv`vb ev kZ©mg~n
•
mgm¨v-wkÿ‡Yi cÖavb kZ©| mgm¨v †_‡KB wkÿ‡Yi m~ÎcvZ| Gi mgvav‡b wkÿ‡Yi mgvwß|
• †cÖlYv-wkÿv_©xi †kLvi †cÖlbv ev ZvwM` bv _vK‡j ‡Kvb wKQzB †kLv n‡Zv bv|
• ejea©K- eje„w× wkÿY‡K Zivwš^Z K‡i|
• evievi †Póv- †Póvi gvÎv hZ e„w× cvq, wkÿ‡Yi MwZI ZZ Z¡ivwš^Z nq|
• ms‡hvM ev Abyl½- `ywU m¤úK©hy³ NUbv cvkvcvwk NU‡j wkÿY Z¡ivwš^Z nq| wPivqZ mv‡cÿ‡Y mv‡cÿ I Amv‡cÿ DÏxcK cvkvcvwk nIqv Avek¨K|
• ‰bKU¨-cÖvwYi cÖwZwµqv I mš‘wói g‡a¨ ‰bKU¨ bv _vK‡j wkÿY `yiƒn n‡q c‡o|
• g‡bv‡hvM- wkÿY Kvh©µ‡g g‡bv‡hv‡Mi Afve _vK‡j wkÿ‡Yi ¯’vwqZ¡ Kg nq|
• e¨vw³¯^vZš¿- me e¨w³i g‡a¨ eyw× weKv‡ki ¯Íi GK bv nIqvq wkÿ‡YI wfbœZv †`Lv hvq|
•
mgm¨v-wkÿ‡Yi cÖavb kZ©| mgm¨v †_‡KB wkÿ‡Yi m~ÎcvZ| Gi mgvav‡b wkÿ‡Yi mgvwß|
• †cÖlYv-wkÿv_©xi †kLvi †cÖlbv ev ZvwM` bv _vK‡j ‡Kvb wKQzB †kLv n‡Zv bv|
• ejea©K- eje„w× wkÿY‡K Zivwš^Z K‡i|
• evievi †Póv- †Póvi gvÎv hZ e„w× cvq, wkÿ‡Yi MwZI ZZ Z¡ivwš^Z nq|
• ms‡hvM ev Abyl½- `ywU m¤úK©hy³ NUbv cvkvcvwk NU‡j wkÿY Z¡ivwš^Z nq| wPivqZ mv‡cÿ‡Y mv‡cÿ I Amv‡cÿ DÏxcK cvkvcvwk nIqv Avek¨K|
• ‰bKU¨-cÖvwYi cÖwZwµqv I mš‘wói g‡a¨ ‰bKU¨ bv _vK‡j wkÿY `yiƒn n‡q c‡o|
• g‡bv‡hvM- wkÿY Kvh©µ‡g g‡bv‡hv‡Mi Afve _vK‡j wkÿ‡Yi ¯’vwqZ¡ Kg nq|
• e¨vw³¯^vZš¿- me e¨w³i g‡a¨ eyw× weKv‡ki ¯Íi GK bv nIqvq wkÿ‡YI
wfbœZv †`Lv hvq|
wPivqZ mv‡cÿY wkÿY
iæk kixiZË¡we` AvBfvb c¨vfjf 1890 mvj †_‡K G wkÿY c×wZi Dci M‡elYv Kvh© cwiPvjbv K‡ib|
g~j m~Î t
GKwU ¯^vfvweK DÏxc‡Ki Øviv †h cÖwZwµqv m„wó nq,
¯^vfvweK DÏxc‡Ki mv‡_ GKwU mv‡cÿ DÏxcK Ry‡o †`evi d‡j D³ mv‡cÿ DÏxcKwUI H GKB cÖwZwµqv ˆZwi Ki‡Z mÿg|
iæk kixiZË¡we` AvBfvb c¨vfjf 1890 mvj †_‡K G wkÿY c×wZi Dci M‡elYv Kvh© cwiPvjbv K‡ib|
g~j m~Î t
GKwU ¯^vfvweK DÏxc‡Ki Øviv †h cÖwZwµqv m„wó nq,
¯^vfvweK DÏxc‡Ki mv‡_ GKwU mv‡cÿ DÏxcK Ry‡o †`evi
d‡j D³ mv‡cÿ DÏxcKwUI H GKB cÖwZwµqv ˆZwi Ki‡Z
mÿg|
c¨vfj‡fi wPivqZ mv‡cÿ‡Yi cixÿY
c¨vfj‡fi wPivqZ mv‡cÿ‡Yi cixÿY
c¨vfj‡fi wPivqZ mv‡cÿ‡Yi cixÿ‡Yi ˆewkó¨ ev bxwZgvjvmg~n
• Amv‡cÿ (¯^vfvweK ev Awbqwš¿Z ev mnRvZ ev wbi‡cÿ) DÏxc‡Ki mvnv‡h¨B me©`v Amv‡cÿ (¯^vfvweK ev Awbqwš¿Z ev mnRvZ ev wbi‡cÿ ev A‰bw”QK) cÖwZwµqvi m„wó nq|
Amv‡cÿ DÏxcK-Amv‡cÿ cÖwZwµqvi m¤úK©wU wkÿvi gva¨‡g AwR©Z bq| GwU cÖvK…wZKfv‡eB N‡U _v‡K|
• mv‡cÿYKv‡j c~e©eZx †Kvb wbi‡cÿ DÏxcK (Amv‡cÿ DÏxcK) mv‡cÿ DÏxc‡K cwiYZ nq|
• GKwU mv‡cÿ DÏxc‡Ki gva¨‡g mv‡cÿ cÖwZwµqvi m„wó nq|
mv‡cÿ DÏxcK-mv‡cÿ cÖwZwµqvi m¤úK©wU wkÿvi gva¨‡g AwR©Z nq|
• Amv‡cÿ cÖwZwµqv I mv‡cÿ cÖwZwµqvi g‡a¨ wgj _vK‡e| c¨vfj‡fi
cixÿ‡Yi †ÿ‡Î Dfq †ÿ‡ÎB cÖwZwµqvwU n‡”Q KzKz‡ii gy‡L jvjv wbtmiY| wKš‘
mv‡cÿ cÖwZwµqvwU n‡”Q wkÿvjä, Avi Amv‡cÿ cÖwZwµqvwU n‡”Q cÖvK…wZK|
• Amv‡cÿ (¯^vfvweK ev Awbqwš¿Z ev mnRvZ ev wbi‡cÿ) DÏxc‡Ki mvnv‡h¨B me©`v Amv‡cÿ (¯^vfvweK ev Awbqwš¿Z ev mnRvZ ev wbi‡cÿ ev A‰bw”QK) cÖwZwµqvi m„wó nq|
Amv‡cÿ DÏxcK-Amv‡cÿ cÖwZwµqvi m¤úK©wU wkÿvi gva¨‡g AwR©Z bq| GwU cÖvK…wZKfv‡eB N‡U _v‡K|
• mv‡cÿYKv‡j c~e©eZx †Kvb wbi‡cÿ DÏxcK (Amv‡cÿ DÏxcK) mv‡cÿ DÏxc‡K cwiYZ nq|
• GKwU mv‡cÿ DÏxc‡Ki gva¨‡g mv‡cÿ cÖwZwµqvi m„wó nq|
mv‡cÿ DÏxcK-mv‡cÿ cÖwZwµqvi m¤úK©wU wkÿvi gva¨‡g AwR©Z nq|
• Amv‡cÿ cÖwZwµqv I mv‡cÿ cÖwZwµqvi g‡a¨ wgj _vK‡e| c¨vfj‡fi
cixÿ‡Yi †ÿ‡Î Dfq †ÿ‡ÎB cÖwZwµqvwU n‡”Q KzKz‡ii gy‡L jvjv wbtmiY| wKš‘
mv‡cÿ cÖwZwµqvwU n‡”Q wkÿvjä, Avi Amv‡cÿ cÖwZwµqvwU n‡”Q cÖvK…wZK|
KiY ev mnvqK wkÿY
‡h AvPiY ev cÖwZwµqv gvbyl ev cÖvYxi Afxó wmw× ev mš‘wó jv‡fi mnvqK nq, cÖvYx †m AvPiYwU wkL‡Z
†ewk AvMÖnx nq|
Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq †h, †h AvPiY †Kvb †cÖlYvi wbe„wËKi‡Y mnvqZv K‡i, †m AvPiY wkÿ‡Yi cÖwµqv‡KB ejv nq KiY wkÿY|
‡Kvb KvR‡K cyi¯‹…Z Kiv n‡j, e¨w³i g‡a¨ †m KvRwU Kivi m¤¢vebv †e‡o hvq| †hgb, G eQ‡ii djvd‡ji Rb¨ Nwo w`‡q cyi¯‹…Z Kiv n‡j AvMvgx eQ‡ii Rb¨ I fv‡jv †Póv Kiv n‡e|
‡h AvPiY ev cÖwZwµqv gvbyl ev cÖvYxi Afxó wmw× ev mš‘wó jv‡fi mnvqK nq, cÖvYx †m AvPiYwU wkL‡Z
†ewk AvMÖnx nq|
Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq †h, †h AvPiY †Kvb †cÖlYvi wbe„wËKi‡Y mnvqZv K‡i, †m AvPiY wkÿ‡Yi cÖwµqv‡KB ejv nq KiY wkÿY|
‡Kvb KvR‡K cyi¯‹…Z Kiv n‡j, e¨w³i g‡a¨ †m
KvRwU Kivi m¤¢vebv †e‡o hvq| †hgb, G eQ‡ii
djvd‡ji Rb¨ Nwo w`‡q cyi¯‹…Z Kiv n‡j AvMvgx
eQ‡ii Rb¨ I fv‡jv †Póv Kiv n‡e|
wPivqZ mv‡cÿY I KiY wkÿ‡Yi mv`„k¨
• Dfq cÖwµqvq cÖvwY‡K hvwš¿K cwi‡e‡k ev wbqwš¿Z cwi‡e‡k ivLv nq|
• Dfq cÖwµqvq DÏxcK I cÖwZwµqvi g‡a¨ ms‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g wkÿY N‡U _v‡K|
• Dfq wkÿ‡Y ÿzavZ© cÖvwY e¨envi Kiv nq|
• Dfq‡ÿ‡ÎB cÖvwY DÏxc‡Ki A‡_© wkÿv jvf K‡i| †hgb, wPivqZ mv‡cÿ‡Y N›UvaŸwbi A_© Lv`¨cÖvwß Ges KiY wkÿ‡Y Pvwe‡Z Pvc
†`Iqvi A_© Lv`¨cÖvwß|
• Dfq wkÿ‡YB eje„w×i cÖ‡qvRb nq| †hgb, wPivqZ mv‡cÿ‡Y gvs‡mi UzKiv Ges KiY wkÿ‡Y Lv`¨ eje„w× wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq|
• Dfq ai‡bi wkÿ‡Yi †ÿ‡ÎB wejywß, ¯^ZtùzZ© cybivMgb BZ¨vw`
welq¸‡jv N‡U _v‡K|
• Dfq cÖwµqvq cÖvwY‡K hvwš¿K cwi‡e‡k ev wbqwš¿Z cwi‡e‡k ivLv nq|
• Dfq cÖwµqvq DÏxcK I cÖwZwµqvi g‡a¨ ms‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g wkÿY N‡U _v‡K|
• Dfq wkÿ‡Y ÿzavZ© cÖvwY e¨envi Kiv nq|
• Dfq‡ÿ‡ÎB cÖvwY DÏxc‡Ki A‡_© wkÿv jvf K‡i| †hgb, wPivqZ mv‡cÿ‡Y N›UvaŸwbi A_© Lv`¨cÖvwß Ges KiY wkÿ‡Y Pvwe‡Z Pvc
†`Iqvi A_© Lv`¨cÖvwß|
• Dfq wkÿ‡YB eje„w×i cÖ‡qvRb nq| †hgb, wPivqZ mv‡cÿ‡Y gvs‡mi UzKiv Ges KiY wkÿ‡Y Lv`¨ eje„w× wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq|
• Dfq ai‡bi wkÿ‡Yi †ÿ‡ÎB wejywß, ¯^ZtùzZ© cybivMgb BZ¨vw`
welq¸‡jv N‡U _v‡K|
wPivqZ mv‡cÿY I KiY wkÿ‡Yi cv_©K¨
• cÖ_gZ, wPivqZ mv‡cÿ‡Y DÏxc‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ‡Z GKwUgvÎ cÖwZwµqv N‡U| †hgb, c¨vfj‡fi cixÿ‡Y gvs‡mi UyKiv (DÏxcK) †`L‡j KzKz‡ii gyL w`‡q jvjv wbM©Z (cÖwZwµqv ) nq| wKš‘
KiY wkÿ‡Y †Kvb GKwU we‡kl cwiw¯’wZ‡Z GKvwaK cÖwZwµqv N‡U| G Rb¨ †Kvb DÏxc‡Ki cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| †hgb, w¯‹bvi e‡· GKwU ÿzavZ© B`y‡ii †`Šov‡bv, AvuPo KvUv, Kvgov‡bv BZ¨vw`
n‡”Q KiY cÖwZwµqv|
• `ycÖKvi wkÿYB ej ea©‡Ki Dci wbf©ikxj| Z‡e wPivqZ mv‡cÿ‡Y ejea©K cÖwZwµqvi
c~e©Mvgx| A_¨©vr Av‡M Lv`¨, c‡i jvjv wbtmiY| Ab¨w`‡K KiY wkÿ‡Y ejea©K cÖwZwµqvi c‡i Dc¯’vwcZ nq| A_©vr Av‡M `Û Pvc, c‡i Lv`¨|
• wPivqZ mv‡cÿ‡Y cÖwZwµqvi †cQ‡b GKwU mwe‡kl DÏxc‡Ki f‚wgKv _v‡K| wKš‘ KiY wkÿ‡Y cÖwZwµqvi †cQ‡b †Kvb mwe‡kl DÏxcK _v‡K bv|
• wPivqZ mv‡cÿ‡Y cÖvYx A‡cÿvK…Z wbw®Œq _v‡K| †hgb, c¨vfj‡fi cixÿ‡Y ÿzavZ© KzKyi‡K
‡eu‡a Zvi mvg‡b gvs‡mi UyKiv Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq| wKš‘ KiY wkÿ‡Y cÖvwYwU‡K we‡klfv‡e mwµq n‡Z nq| w¯‹bvi e‡· Lvevi AbymÜv‡bi Rb¨ B`yiwU‡K ‡`Šov‡bv, Kvgov‡bv, AvuPo KvUv BZ¨vw`
Kv‡R eªZx n‡Z nq|
• wPivqZ mv‡cÿ‡Y cixÿ‡Ki `ÿZv ‡ewk _v‡K| Ab¨w`‡K KiY wkÿ‡Y cixÿ‡Ki `ÿZv Kg _v‡K|
• wPivqZ mv‡cÿY wkï‡`i wkÿv`v‡bi Rb¨ DËg e¨e¯’v| KiY wkÿY cÖvß eq¯‹‡`i wkÿv`v‡bi Rb¨ DËg e¨e¯’v|
• cÖ_gZ, wPivqZ mv‡cÿ‡Y DÏxc‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ‡Z GKwUgvÎ cÖwZwµqv N‡U| †hgb, c¨vfj‡fi cixÿ‡Y gvs‡mi UyKiv (DÏxcK) †`L‡j KzKz‡ii gyL w`‡q jvjv wbM©Z (cÖwZwµqv ) nq| wKš‘
KiY wkÿ‡Y †Kvb GKwU we‡kl cwiw¯’wZ‡Z GKvwaK cÖwZwµqv N‡U| G Rb¨ †Kvb DÏxc‡Ki cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| †hgb, w¯‹bvi e‡· GKwU ÿzavZ© B`y‡ii †`Šov‡bv, AvuPo KvUv, Kvgov‡bv BZ¨vw`
n‡”Q KiY cÖwZwµqv|
• `ycÖKvi wkÿYB ej ea©‡Ki Dci wbf©ikxj| Z‡e wPivqZ mv‡cÿ‡Y ejea©K cÖwZwµqvi
c~e©Mvgx| A_¨©vr Av‡M Lv`¨, c‡i jvjv wbtmiY| Ab¨w`‡K KiY wkÿ‡Y ejea©K cÖwZwµqvi c‡i Dc¯’vwcZ nq| A_©vr Av‡M `Û Pvc, c‡i Lv`¨|
• wPivqZ mv‡cÿ‡Y cÖwZwµqvi †cQ‡b GKwU mwe‡kl DÏxc‡Ki f‚wgKv _v‡K| wKš‘ KiY wkÿ‡Y cÖwZwµqvi †cQ‡b †Kvb mwe‡kl DÏxcK _v‡K bv|
• wPivqZ mv‡cÿ‡Y cÖvYx A‡cÿvK…Z wbw®Œq _v‡K| †hgb, c¨vfj‡fi cixÿ‡Y ÿzavZ© KzKyi‡K
‡eu‡a Zvi mvg‡b gvs‡mi UyKiv Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq| wKš‘ KiY wkÿ‡Y cÖvwYwU‡K we‡klfv‡e mwµq n‡Z nq| w¯‹bvi e‡· Lvevi AbymÜv‡bi Rb¨ B`yiwU‡K ‡`Šov‡bv, Kvgov‡bv, AvuPo KvUv BZ¨vw`
Kv‡R eªZx n‡Z nq|
• wPivqZ mv‡cÿ‡Y cixÿ‡Ki `ÿZv ‡ewk _v‡K| Ab¨w`‡K KiY wkÿ‡Y cixÿ‡Ki `ÿZv Kg _v‡K|
• wPivqZ mv‡cÿY wkï‡`i wkÿv`v‡bi Rb¨ DËg e¨e¯’v| KiY wkÿY cÖvß eq¯‹‡`i wkÿv`v‡bi Rb¨ DËg e¨e¯’v|
