bxr‡ki ÿgZvi `k©b

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bxr‡ki ÿgZvi `k©b

†gvt Avwidzj Bmjvg^*

†gvt Rvnv½xi Avjg^**

[Abstract: Frirdrich Nietzsche was one of the major influential German philosophers, cultural critic and essayist in nienteenth century. His writings on language, truth, aesthetics, cultural theory, history, nihilism, power, morality, consciousness, and the meaning of existence have left a palpable impact on intellectual history and western philosophy. He is famous for uncompromising criticism of traditional European morality, relegion, and conventional philosophical theory, social and political ideals. One of the most importent aspects of his thought is the acceptence of ‘will to power’ as a fundamental principle of life, where he states that ‘the will to power is the primitive form of affect, that all other affects are only developments of it’. By power Nietzsche meant ‘worldy power and social success is in the form influencing people. This imlies that to a powerful one power means a satisfaction of gratitude without which he (powerful one) feels himself powerless.’ The aim of this article is to delinate the salient features of the nature of ‘will to power’ and the state of ‘will to power’ in morality, theory of superman and democracy-nationalism.]

1.

eZ©gvb mvgvwRK-ivR‰bwZK-A_©‰bwZK-gb¯ÍvwË¡K bvbv cÖm‡½ ÿgZvi aviYvwU ¸iæZ¡ `vex K‡i| GB ÿgZv wb‡q †hme wPšÍvwe` ZË¡ w`‡q‡Qb Ges hv‡`i `k©‡b ÿgZvi AvKv•ÿv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Zv‡`i g‡a¨ bxr‡k¹ Ab¨Zg|

* W.†gvt Avwidzj Bmjvg: mn‡hvMx Aa¨vcK, `k©b wefvM, ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq, ivRkvnx|

** †gvt Rvnv½xi Avjg: mn‡hvMx Aa¨vcK, `k©b wefvM, ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq, ivRkvnx|

1. wd«‡WwiL bxr‡ki (15 A‡±vei 1844- 25 AvMó 1900) Zuvi †`k-Kvj-mgv‡Ri HwZnvwmK dj GwU mwZ¨| Z‡e GwUI Ab¯^xKvh© †h wZwb Zuvi Kv‡ji I mgv‡Ri cÖwZwôZ gZ, cÖ_v, Av`‡k©i Dci AvNvZ K‡i‡Qb µgvMZ| Zuvi wcZvgn Ges wcZv wQ‡jb cÖ‡U÷¨v›U ag©hvRK| gvZv wQ‡jb hvRK Kb¨v| d‡j wZwb ag©xq

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bxr‡ki g„Zz¨i ci Zuvi AcÖKvwkZ wKQz †jLvi m¼jb cÖKvwkZ nq The Will to Power bv‡g ZuviB †evb GwjRv‡e_ †dvi÷vi bxr‡ki (1846-1935)

m¤úv`bvq| G eBwU‡K A‡b‡K bxr‡ki `k©‡bi mvims‡ÿc e‡j g‡b K‡ib|

ivavK…òvY wj‡L‡Qb, “The last work was evidently intended as a resume of his whole philosophical position, but was left in an unfinished state.”² G MÖ‡š’ bxr‡k ÔÿgZvi B”QvÕ †K Rxe‡bi †gŠjbxwZ wn‡m‡e Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb| ag© I ˆbwZKZv, ivRbxwZ me©‡ÿ‡Î bxr‡ki wPšÍvi ZvwË¡K wfwË n‡jv GB ÔÿgZvi B”QvÕ|

2.ÿgZvi B”Qv

ÔÿgZvi cÖwZ B”QvÕ (Will to Power) n‡jv bxr‡ki `k©‡bi Ab¨Zg g~j welq| G‡ÿ‡Î wZwb Zuvi c~e©m~ix †kv‡cbnvIqvi KZ©„K cÖfvweZ n‡qI Zuvi

†_‡K wb‡R‡K c„_K K‡i‡Qb| †kv‡cbnvIqvi Zuvi fveev`x `k©‡b ÔB”QvÕ‡K

(Will) mËv wn‡m‡e Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb Ges G mËv‡K Rvbv hvq e‡j ¯^xKvi K‡i‡Qb| wZwb Bgvby‡qj Kv‡Èi Aefvm I mËvi g‡a¨Kvi cv_©K¨‡K †g‡b wb‡q‡Qb| wKš‘ KvÈ †hfv‡e mËv‡K Aefv‡mi KviY wn‡m‡e D‡jøL K‡i mËv‡K AÁvZ I A‡Áq e‡j‡Qb †kv‡cbnvIqvi Zv ¯^xKvi K‡ibwb|³ Zuvi g‡Z mËv A‡Áq bq, Aefv‡mi KviYI bq, eis G `ywU GKB gy`ªvi `yB

cwi‡e‡kB eo n‡q D‡Vb| Z‡e ag©xq cwi‡e‡k eo n‡jI wek¦we`¨vj‡q cÖ‡e‡ki mv‡_ mv‡_ Zuvi `„wófw½‡Z Avgyj cwieZ©b N‡U Ges wZwb cwiev‡ii me cÖPwjZ cÖ_v I ms¯‹…wZ eR©b K‡ib| G‡ÿ‡Î bxr‡ki gvbmf~wg MV‡b cÖfvewe¯ÍviKvix‡`i Ab¨Zg n‡jb cÖvPxb wMÖK `vk©wbK †nivwK¬Uvm, AvaywbK Kv‡ji `vk©wbK Av_©vi

†kv‡cbnvIqvi (1788-1860) I myiKvi fvMbvi bxr‡k cÖ_‡g Rvg©vbxi eb wek¦we`¨vj‡q Ges c‡i jvBcwRM wek¦we`¨vj‡q `k©b, mvwnZ¨ I aªæc`x fvlvZ‡Ë¡i QvÎ wQ‡jb| G mgqB Zuvi wPšÍvi DrKl© I †gŠwjKZv GZUvB ¯úó n‡q D‡V †h wWwMÖ AR©‡bi c~‡e©B gvÎ cuwPk eQi eq‡m wZwb ev‡Rj wek¦we`¨vj‡q aªæc`x fvlvZ‡Ë¡i Aa¨vcK c‡` wbhy³ nb (1869)| Zuvi iPbvKg©¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg n‡jv The Birth of Tragedy out of Spirit of Music (1872), Human, All Too Human (1878), Thus Spake Zarathustra (1883-1885), Beyond Good and Evil (1886), On the Genealogy of Morality (1887)|

2. S. Radhakrishnan, History of Philosophy Eastern and Western, Vol. 2, (London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1967), P. 293.

3. Arati Barua, The Philosophy of Arthur Schopenhauer (New Delhi: Intellectual Publishing House, 1990), pp.87-89.

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GB B”QvmËv Ges Aefvm `yB wb‡qB †kv‡cbnvIqv‡ii ˆØZev`| G B”QvB Zuvi g‡Z wek¦ RM‡Zi KviY I PvwjKvkw³| wZwb D‡jøL K‡i‡b, “Will is the think-in-itself, the inner content, the essence of the world. Life, the visible world, the phenomenon is only the mirror of the will.”⁵

Z‡e G B”Qv †Kej euvPvi B”Qv ev wU‡K _vKvi B‡”Q (Will to Live)| G B”Qv AÜ I A‡hŠw³K, wbw`©ó †Kv‡bv MšÍe¨ Zvi †bB| †h‡nZz euvPvi B”QvB mËv Ges Gi †_‡K †Kv‡bvfv‡eB gyw³ †bB ZvB †mv‡cbnvIqvi RMZ‡K

`ytLgq e‡j‡Qb| GRb¨ wZwb GKRb `ytLev`x (Pessimistic) wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ|

†kv‡cbnvIqvi †hLv‡b `ytLev`x bxr‡k †mLv‡b ÿgZvZvwoZ| GUv wVK

†h bxr‡k †kv‡cbnvIqv‡ii ÔB”QvÕ†K Rxe‡bi †gŠjbxwZ wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i‡Qb| Z‡e †kv‡cbnvIqv‡ii †_‡K bxr‡ki wfbœZv n‡jv bxr‡k Rxe‡bi

†gŠjbxwZ wn‡m‡e Ô†eu‡P _vKvi B”QvÕi cwie‡Z© ÔÿgZv jv‡fi B”QvÕ†K (Will to Power) MÖnY K‡ib| †kv‡cbnvIqvi B”Qv‡K AcwieZ©bxq mËv wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i‡Qb wKš‘ bxr‡k Ggb †Kv‡bv AcwieZ©bxq mËvi Aw¯ÍZ¡ ¯^xKvi K‡ibwb| G‡ÿ‡Î wZwb cÖvPxb wMÖK `vk©wbK †nivwK¬Uv‡mi Øviv cÖfvweZ e‡j g‡b nq| KviY bxr‡k †nivwK¬Uv‡mi m`v cwieZ©bkxj we‡k¦i ZË¡wU †g‡b wb‡q GKB iKg e‡j‡Qb †h e¯‘wbô w¯’iZv GKUv fvb Ges mËv GKwU åg|

cig e¯‘ e‡j Avm‡j wKQz †bB| cÖ‡Z¨KwU e¯‘ n‡q DV‡Z Pvq, Zvi A‡bK A‡bK m¤¢vebv‡K ev¯Íevqb Ki‡Z Pvq| ïb¨ †_‡K c~Y© n‡q DV‡Z I wb‡R‡K AwZµg Ki‡Z e¯‘ me mgqB mwµq| Avi Gme wKQzi †cQ‡b KvR Ki‡Q GKwU kw³| G kw³B n‡jv bxr‡ki ÿgZvi B”Qv| GLv‡b †Kv‡bv ivR‰bwZK ev †Kv‡bv A_©‰bwZK ÿgZvi K_v bxr‡k ej‡Qb bv, eis wZwb m¤¢vebv‡K ev¯Íevqb Kivi ÿgZvi K_v ej‡Qb| bxr‡ki gZvbymv‡i, †eu‡P _vKvi B”Qv Avm‡j ÿgZv cÖ`k©b I cÖ‡qv‡Mi B”Qv| †eu‡P _vKvi A_©B nj

4. in: W.K. Wright, History of Modern Phelosophy (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1962), p.361.

5. Arthur Schopenhouer, The world as will and Idea, Vol. 1, p. 354, in:Arati Barua, The Philosophy of Arthur SchopenhauerI, p.73.

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kw³kvjx nIqvi, wU‡K _vKvi, wbR‡K cÖKvk Kivi Ges cÖ‡qvRb Abymv‡i AMÖmi nIqvi ÿgZv| GKK_vq, †eu‡P _vKvi B”QvgvÎ ÿgZv AR©‡bi B”Qv| RxebgvÎB AwZwi³ ÿgZv AR©‡bi cÖ‡Póv| bxr‡ki g‡Z, gvbyl Ávb-weÁvb, mvwnZ¨, wkíKjv, ms¯‹…wZ cÖf„wZ meB PP©v K‡i ÿgZv AR©‡bi j‡ÿ| A_©vr mgv‡Ri mg¯Í cwieZ©‡bi g~‡j i‡q‡Q ÿgZvi cÖwZ AvKv•Lv|

bxr‡ki fvlvq, “[My theory would be:-] that the will to power is the primitive form of affect, that all other affects are only developments of it;”⁶ bxr‡k WviDBb I nve©vU †¯úÝvi Øviv cÖfvweZ wQ‡jb wKš‘ mvgvwRK weeZ©‡bi wel‡q bxr‡ki gZev` Zv‡`i †_‡K wfbœ| GgbwK wZwb hš¿ev` I Roev` cy‡ivcywi cwiZ¨vM K‡i ÿgZvi AvKv•LvB †h g~j welq †m wel‡q `„p gZ †cvlY K‡ib| G cÖm‡½ ivBU wj‡L‡Qb, “Nietzsche rejects machanism and materialism entirely. He believes that the fundamental impulsive force in nature is the will for power”⁷

GKwU welq GLv‡b D‡jøL Kiv cÖ‡qvRb †h, Uª¨v‡RwWi Rb¥ I

†gwW‡Ukb Gi g‡Zv cÖ_g w`‡Ki iPbv¸‡jv‡Z bxr‡k ÿgZv‡K N„Yv K‡i‡Qb| Uª¨v‡RwWi Rb¥Õ †Z wZwb e‡j‡Qb, ÔÿgZv me mgqB AïfÕ|⁸KviY ÿgZvi AvKv•ÿvq Ges ÿgZvi †cQ‡b QzU‡Z wM‡q gvbyl wb‡Ri cÖwZ wek¦vmNvZKZv K‡i| †gwW‡Uk‡b bxr‡k D‡jøL Ki‡Qb Zuvi ¸iæ fvMbvi mvdj¨ I ÿgZvi ¯^v` †c‡qB A‡avcwZZ n‡qwQ‡jb Ges Pv‡P©i ek¨Zv †g‡b wb‡qwQ‡jb|⁹ Z‡e wnBg¨vb, Aj Uz wnDg¨vb MÖš’wU †_‡K Zuvi

`„wófw½ cvëv‡Z _v‡K|mgv‡R gvby‡li cÖwZwU AvPi‡Yi †cQ‡b ÿgZv Kxfv‡e KvR K‡i Zvi GKwU gb¯ÍvwZ¡K KvVv‡gv †`evi †Póv K‡i‡Qb wZwb G MÖ‡š’| Zuvi g‡Z, gvbyl †h K…ZÁZv †cvlY K‡i, KiæYv †`Lvq wKsev AvZ¥Z¨vM K‡i meB ÿgZv AR©‡bi Rb¨| †hgb K…ZÁZv ÿgZvi B”Qvi GKwU cÖKvk| K…ZÁZv cÖKvk †h‡bv DcKvixi cÖwZ GKUz g„`y

6. F. W. Nietzsche, The Will to Power, Trans. by Walter Kaufmann and R.J.

Hollingdale, Edited by Walter Kaufmann (New York: Vintage Books, 1968), p.366.

7. W.K. Wright, History of Modern Phelosophy, p.393.

8. in: Walter Kaufmann, Nietzsche (New York: Meridian Books, 1960 5th Printing), p. 154.

9. in: Kaufmann, Nietzsche, p. 154.

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cÖwZ‡kva|¹⁰`„óvšÍ w`‡q bxr‡ki GgZwU †evSv‡bv †h‡Z cv‡i| mvaiYZ me mgv‡R K…ZÁZv †cvlY Kiv‡K m`¸Y wn‡m‡e †`Lv nq| aiv hvK; K L Gi DcKvi Ki‡jv| L Gi cÖ‡qvRb wQj e‡jB †m K Gi wbKU †_‡K mvnvh¨

MÖnY Ki‡jv| wKš‘ mvnvh¨ wb‡qB L wb‡Ri wbKU Ges GKB mv‡_ K Gi wbKU †Qv‡Uv n‡q †M‡jv| G Ae¯’vq L wb‡Ri gh©v`v evov‡bvi Rb¨, K Gi mv‡_ wb‡Ri gh©v`vMZ `~iZ¡ Kgv‡bvi Rb¨, wb‡Ri nxbgb¨Zv‡eva `~i Kivi Rb¨ A_©vr wKQzUv ÿgZv AR©‡bi Rb¨ K Gi cÖwZ K…ZÁZv †cvlY K‡i, abëv` †`q| welqUv Ggb †h DcKviUv L Gi cÖvc¨ wQj| L wb‡Ri Ae¯’vbwU Nywi‡q w`‡Z Pvq, ej‡Z Pvq AvwgI ÿgZevb, Zzwg Avgvi †mev Ki‡j| Ôabëv`Õ †Zvgvi Rb¨ cyi¯‹vi, KviY abëv` me mgq Dci †_‡K Rvbv‡bv nq| G A‡_© GLv‡b abëv` cÖ`vb ev K…ZÁZv †cvlY g„`y cÖwZ‡kva wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡Z cv‡i| GLv‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© n‡jv bxr‡k gvby‡li ˆbwZK g~j¨‡eva‡K ÿgZvi B”Qv Øviv e¨vL¨v K‡i‡Qb| Abyiƒcfv‡e, KiæYv, K…”QZvmvab, webq, AvZ¥Z¨vM GgbwK ÿgZv Z¨vM‡K ÿgZv jv‡fi B”Qv wn‡m‡e e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq|

bxr‡k ÿgZv AR©‡bi B”Qv‡K BwZevPKfv‡e MÖnY Kivq hviv kw³gvb Zv‡`i cÖksmv K‡i‡Qb Ges GgbwK hy×‡K g›` welq wn‡m‡e bq eis MÖnYxq e‡j g‡b K‡i‡Qb| KviY Zuvi g‡Z, hy‡×i ga¨ w`‡q‡B DbœZZi RM‡Zi m„wó nq Ges Av‡Z¥vrmM©, mvnm, gnË¡ BZ¨vw` m`&˜¸‡jv weKwkZ nq|

bxr‡ki G g‡bvfve Dwbk kZ‡K BD‡iv‡ci cÖPwjZ mgvR fvebvi we‡ivax|

Dwbk kZ‡K BD‡iv‡c ga¨weË gvbwmKZvi cÖvav‡b¨i d‡j gvby‡li †h Qwe dz‡U D‡VwQj, Zvi g~j K_v n‡jv cÖK…wZMZfv‡eB gvbyl cwikÖgx, cÖ‡qvR‡b jv‡M Ges mK‡ji mv‡_ wg‡j wg‡k _vK‡Z Pvq| Gi iKg MocoZv mvaviY gvbyl bq eis bxr‡ki Av`k© n‡jv `ytmvnmx I kw³gvb gvbyl whwb †hv×vi Rxeb cQ›` Ki‡eb|

Z‡e bxr‡k ÿgZvi Aïf w`KwU m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb wQ‡jb| Zuvi g~j e³e¨ n‡jv ÿgZvi AšÍwb©wnZ g~j¨wU Aïf bq| ÿgZvi e¨envwiK g~j¨

e¨enviKvwiB wba©viY K‡i GUv mwZ¨| GUvI mZ¨ †h, kvmK gvÎB ÿgZvai| ZvB e‡j ÿgZvevb n‡jB AZ¨Pvix nIqv Avewk¨K bq| bxr‡k g‡b K‡ib Ab¨‡K AvNvZ †`IqvUv ÿgZvi cwiPq bq| cÖK…Z ÿgZvevb

10. in: Kaufmann, Nietzsche, p. 157.

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m„RbkxjZvi gva¨‡g Zvui ÿgZvi cwiPq †`q| bxr‡ki g‡Z hviv `~e©j ZvivB wbišÍi AvNvZ w`‡q Avb›` Dc‡fvM K‡i| bxr‡k ÿgZvai gvby‡li µg K‡i‡Qb Ges †hme ee©i Ab¨‡K AvNvZ K‡i wZwb Zv‡`i‡K me‡P‡q wb¤œ †kÖYxi e‡j D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| Avi m‡e©v”P ¯Í‡i †i‡L‡Qb †mme ÿgZvai‡K huviv Ab¨‡K bq eis wbR‡K Kó †`q| Zuvi g‡Z ÿgZvi m‡e©v”P cÖKvk AvZ¥cxo‡b| ivR‰bwZK ÿgZvi h‡_”Pvi‡K bxr‡k ee©iZvi cwiPvqK e‡j g‡b K‡ib| ÔivBLÕ Gi ÿgZv bxr‡ki wbKU Kvg¨ bq, wemgvK©I bxr‡ki wePv‡i wb‡Pi w`‡K _vK‡eb| wKš‘ whï _vK‡eb G‡Kev‡i Dc‡ii w`‡K| bxr‡ki GB ÿgZvi `k©‡bi cÖfve †`Lv hvq ˆbwZKZv m¤ú‡K© Zuvi wPšÍvi wfwËg~‡j|

3. ˆbwZKZv cÖm‡½

bxr‡ki g‡Z, †h KvR cvw_©eRM‡Z gvbyl‡K ÿgZvevb Ki‡e †mUvB Kiv DwPr| Zuvi jÿ¨ mvgwóK gvbyl bq, †Kej e¨w³ gvby‡li cvw_©e Rxeb| G Kvi‡Y wZwb Bgvby‡qj Kv‡›Ui ÔK…”Q¡Zv ZË¡Õ (Rigorism), Rb ÷zqvU© wgj I

†R‡ivgx †eb_v‡gi ÔmyLev`Õ (Hedonism), wKsev wLªó a‡g©i ˆbwZKZvi aviYv‡K Zxeªfv‡e mgv‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| Kv‡›Ui ÔK…”Q¡Zv mvabZË¡Õi g~j e³e¨ n‡jv ÔKZ©‡e¨i Rb¨ KZ©e¨Õ (Duty for Duty Sake), KZ©e¨ †_‡K

†Kv‡bv gyw³ †bB| Kv‡›Ui KZ©‡e¨i GB ˆbwZKZv‡K bxr‡k A¯^xKvi K‡i‡Qb| GgbwK bxr‡k wgj I †eb_v‡gi myLev`x gZev` †hLv‡b Ôme©vwaK

†jv‡Ki Rb¨ me©vwaK myLÕ Kvgbv Kiv nq †mwU‡KI A¯^xKvi K‡i‡Qb|

G‡ÿ‡Î bxr‡ki hyw³ n‡jv wgj-†eb_v‡gi myLev`x gZev‡` e¨w³ gvby‡li myL‡K eo K‡i †`Lv nqwb| GKR‡bi Rb¨ hv ïf A‡bï Rb¨ Zv-B ïf GUvB myLev`x‡ì g~j K_v| wLª÷a‡g©i Aïf cÖfv‡e myLev`x‡ì bxwZi D™¢e e‡j bxr‡k g‡b Ki‡Zb| bxr‡ki Av‡iv hyw³ n‡jv A‡bK mgqB gvbyl myL‡K wemR©b †`q ÿgZv jv‡fi Rb¨| Avm‡j gvbyl hv AR©b Ki‡Z Pvq Zv myL bq ÿgZv|¹¹ bxr‡ki gZ Zz‡j ai‡Z wM‡q d«v¼ w_wj gšÍe¨ K‡i‡Qb,

“What men desire ultimately is not pleasure – if this term is taken to imply the absence of pain. Men willingly Sacrifice pleasures and

11. Kaufmann, Nietzsche, p. 223.

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incur suffering for the sake of greater power...”¹² bxr‡k Av‡iv D‡jøL K‡ib gvby‡li ÿgZv AR©‡bi cÖ‡Póvi g‡a¨ ïay myL bq `ytLI RwoZ _v‡K|

ZvB `ytLnxb weï× myLx Rxeb bq eis ÿgZvi m„wókxj cÖ‡qv‡Mi g‡a¨B cÖK…Z myL wbwnZ e‡j bxr‡k g‡b K‡ib| cÖkœ n‡jv G Rxeb Kxfv‡e m¤¢e?

bxr‡ki wek¦vm cÖe„wË‡K `gb K‡i ÿgZv‡K mwVKfv‡e cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡j

†h‡Kv‡bv gvbyl mvaviY Ae¯’v †_‡K AwZ D‡”P D‡V AwZgvb‡ei

(Superman) ch©v‡q †cuŠQy‡Z mÿg n‡e|

bxr‡k ˆbwZKZvi Av‡cwÿK ¸iæZ¡ wePvi Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Qb| Zuvi wbKU fvj-g›` welqwU Av‡cwÿK, Gi †Kv‡bv P~ovšÍ A_© †bB| Ri_y¯¿ MÖ‡š’ wZwb ej‡jb ÒÔfv‡jvÕ Kx? hv kw³i Abyf~wZ‡K evovq, kw³i B”Qv‡K evovq- †mB kw³ hv gvby‡li wbR¯^| Ôg›`Õ Kx? `ye©jZv †_‡K hv Rb¥vq, ZvB| myL Kx?

kw³ †h evo‡Q Zvi Abyf~wZ, me evav `~i n‡q hv‡”Q, G Abyfe...|Ó¹³ bxr‡ki g‡Z gvbyl myL Kvgbv K‡i, KviY †m ewa©Z kw³ ev ÿgZvi Abyfe

†c‡Z Pvq| my‡Li me‡P‡q eo Drm n‡jv kw³ ev ÿgZv| GB ÿgZvB fvj- g›` wePv‡ii gvcKvwV| bxr‡ki fvj-g‡›`i aviYvwU wVK MYZvwš¿K Av`k©

ej‡Z hv †evSvq Zv bq| GgbwK Dc‡hvMev`x Av`‡k©i Av‡jv‡K msL¨vMwi‡ôi my‡Li cÖwZ AwZgvbe AšÍivq bv n‡jI me©vwaK †jv‡Ki myL AR©b Zuvi g~j jÿ¨ bq| AwZgvb‡ei jÿ¨ n‡jv m„wókxjZv|

bxr‡k Zuvi †R‡bvjwR Ae gi¨vjm& MÖ‡š’ meai‡bi ˆbwZK Z‡Ë¡i g‡a¨

GKwU myÎ †LuvRvi †Pôv K‡i‡Qb| Ges Gme bxwZZ‡Ë¡i g‡a¨ wZwb `ywU aviv

†`L‡Z †c‡q‡Qb| GKwU n‡jv kvmK ˆbwZKZv (Master Morality) I Ab¨wU n‡jv `vm ˆbwZKZv (Slave Morality)| Zuvi g‡Z `yB ai‡bi ˆbwZKZv‡ZB ÿgZvi AvKv•ÿvi cÖKvk N‡U‡Q, Z‡e Avjv`v fv‡e| kvmK ˆbwZKZvq ÿgZv‡K mivmwi ¯^xKvi K‡i †bIqv n‡q‡Q, Avi `vm ˆbwZKZvq ÿgZv‡K A¯^xKvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| bxr‡k g‡b K‡ib hv‡`i A`g¨ B”Qvkw³ I cÖvYkw³ i‡q‡Q Zviv kvmK ˆbwZKZvi AwaKvix| Ab¨w`‡K, hviv `~e©j, memgq `~tLfvivµvšÍ, fxZz I civwkÖZ Zviv `vm ˆbwZKZvi AwaKvix| wZwb

12. F. Thilly, A History of Philosophy (New York: Hopt, Rinehart and Winston, 1957), p. 504.

13. M„nxZ: kÖvešÍx †fŠwgK, †eu‡P _vKvi `k©b (KjKvZv: Ges gykv‡qiv,2008), c„. 59|

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g‡b K‡ib `~e©‡jivB me mgq mK‡ji mgvb AwaKvi, mgZv cÖf„wZi K_v e‡j Ges msL¨vMwiô `~e©jivB ˆbwZKZvi †`vnvB w`‡q ÿgZvevb‡K †U‡b bvgv‡Z Pvq| bxr‡k wLª÷xq ˆbwZKZv‡K `vmm~jf ˆbwZKZv e‡j Awfhy³ K‡i‡Qb| KviY wn‡m‡e wZwb wLª÷a‡g©i †cÖg, webq, KiæYv, f`ªZv, `qv cÖf„wZ wkÿvi K_v D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi g‡Z, G ai‡bi ˆbwZKZv mvnmx gvby‡li Rb¨ bq, `~e©j‡`i Rb¨| wLª÷ ag© I ˆbwZKZvi weiæ‡× bxr‡ki Awf‡hvM n‡jv G‡Z e¨w³ gvby‡li h_vh_ g~j¨vqb Kiv nq bv| wLªó a‡g©i

†cÖ‡gi evYx‡K wZwb K‡Vvi mgv‡jvPbv K‡ib| wLªó ˆbwZKZvq cÖwZ‡ekx‡K fvjevmvi wkÿv †`Iqv nq| wKš‘ bxr‡k g‡b K‡ib fvjevmv ev †cÖg fq

†_‡K m„ó| Zuvi g‡Z, cÖwZ‡ekx‡K Avgiv fq cvB e‡jB ej‡Z ïiæ Kwi ÔAvgiv cÖwZ‡ekx‡K fv‡jvevwmÕ, hw` kw³ _vK‡Zv Z‡e cÖwZ‡ekx‡K N„Yv KiZvg| Avi GUvB mZ¨| gvbyl †h KL‡bv wbt¯^v_©fv‡e fv‡jvevm‡Z cv‡i bxr‡ki wbKU †mUv m¤¢e e‡j g‡b nqwb| bxr‡k cÖwZ‡ekx‡K fv‡jvevmvi K_v e‡jbwb| wZwb e‡jb, Ò`~i‡K fv‡jvev‡mv; cÖwZ‡ekx bq, Avwg ewj eÜz

†Luv‡Rv|Ó¹⁴ Zuvi Av`k© wQj Ôgnr gvbylÕ- hvi g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv mnvbyf~wZ †bB, whwb n‡eb PvjvK, wbg©g I wbôzi| huvi GKgvÎ AvKv•ÿv _vK‡e †Kej wbR ÿgZv e„w×|

wLªó ˆbwZKZv cÖm‡½ bxr‡ki Ae¯’vb Av‡iv cwi¯‹vi nq hLb wZwb Ck¦‡ii g„Zz¨ †NvlYv K‡ib| wZwb e‡jwQ‡jb Ck¦i gviv †M‡Q|¹⁵ cÖkœ n‡jv Kxfv‡e Ck¦i gviv †M‡jb? bxr‡ki gZ n‡jv gvby‡li Rb¨ KiæYv Ki‡Z Ki‡ZB Zuvi g„Zz¨ n‡jv| GRb¨ wZwb GB KiæYv †_‡K mZK© n‡Z e‡j‡Qb|

Zuvi g‡Z, KiæYv GKUv Amy¯’Zv Ges Kv‡Ri c‡_ evav| Zuvi g‡Z, Rxe‡bi c‡_ G¸‡Z n‡j g‡b ivLv cÖ‡qvRb †h, Ck¦iwenxb G c„w_ex‡Z KiæYv ev b¤ªZv bq eis K‡VviZvB GKgvÎ ag©| Z‡e Ck¦i hw` bv _v‡K Z‡e Kx Av‡Q? bxr‡ki g‡Z Av‡Q †Kej GB RxebUzKzB| GB RxebUzKz Av‡Q nv‡Zi g‡a¨ Ges G‡K B‡”Q gZ ˆZix Kiv hvq| bxr‡ki g‡Z Rxeb cÖwZeÜKZvq

14. F.W.Nietzsche, Thus Spake Zarathustra, Trans. by A. Tille, (London: J.M.

Dent & Sons Ltd.,1960), p 53.

15. F.W.Nietzsche, The Gay Science, Ed. by Bernard Williams & Trans. by Josefine Nauckhoff (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008 7th printing), pp. 119-20, Section 125, The Madman.

http://www.holybooks.com/wp-content/uploads/The-Gay-Science-by- Friedrich-Nietzsche.pdf

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I msNv‡Z c~Y©, Rxeb µzi I KK©k| Rxe‡bi †Kv‡bv c~e© wba©vwiZ A_© †bB|

gvbylB B‡”QgZ Rxeb‡K A_©c~Y© Ki‡Z cv‡i| cÖkœ n‡jv B”Qv gvbyl‡K †Kvb w`‡K ZvwoZ K‡i? bxr‡ki g‡Z B”Qv gvbyl‡K ÿgZv ev kw³ AR©‡bi w`‡K wb‡q hvq| G kw³ AR©‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb nq PvwiwÎK K‡VviZv| Avi Gi

†fZi w`‡q m¤¢e n‡e cÖPwjZ wbqg-Kvbyb I KZ©„‡Z¡i †kKj wQ‡o cyivZb a¨vb-aviYv, cvc-c~Y¨, fv‡jv-g›`, we‡eK cÖf…wZ aviYvi cwieZ©b mvab|

D‡jøL¨, bxr‡k wKš‘ AvÿwiK A‡_© Ck¦‡ii g„Zz¨i K_v K‡jbwb| eis wZwb ej‡Z †P‡q‡Qb mgv‡R gvby‡li Pjvi Rb¨ Ck¦‡ii cÖ‡qvRb †bB| GB cÖ‡qvRbnxbZv‡KB wZwb g„Zz¨i mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡i‡Qb|

D‡jøL¨ †h, Aw¯ÍZ¡ev‡`i RbK wKqv‡K©MvW© (1813-1855) I bxr‡k DfqB e¨w³¯^vaxbZvq wek¦vmx| Z‡e cv_©K¨ n‡jv wKqv‡K©Mv‡W©i wPšÍv wQj Ck¦igyLx| wLª÷a‡g©i Av‡jv‡KB wZwb e¨vL¨v K‡iwQ‡jb e¨w³gvby‡li

¯^vaxbZv| bxr‡k wVK GKB jÿ¨ AR©b Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Qb wfbœ Dcv‡q;

wLª÷a‡g©i mgv‡jvPbv I we‡ivwaZv K‡i| Zuvi g‡Z, my`xN© mgqKvj a‡i wLª÷a‡g©i cÖwZ Av¯’v gvby‡li Rb¨ Kj¨vY e‡q Av‡bwb| Ges wLª÷xq ˆbwZKZv ÿgZvi B”Qvi cwicš’x Ges Zv gvbeZv‡K Ava¨vwZ¥K w`K w`‡q c½y K‡i Zz‡j‡Q| cÖm½µ‡g ivavK…òvY D‡jøL K‡ib, “His whole criticism of current morality and religion is that they do not give proper scope for the exercise of the will.”¹⁶

bxr‡k Zuvi ˆbwZKZvq †Kej cvw_©e Rxe‡biB g~j¨ ¯^xKvi K‡i‡Qb|

Zuvi G wPšÍv MV‡b †nivwK¬Uv‡mi cwieZ©‡bi `k©‡bi cÖfve i‡q‡Q g‡b nq|

KviY †nivwK¬Uv‡mi gZ RM‡Zi Aweivg cwieZ©bkxjZvi Dci wZwb ¸iæZ¡

w`‡qwQ‡jb| Zuvi g‡Z gvby‡li wPšÍv me mgq GB me©`v cwieZ©bkxj Aw¯Í‡Z¡i g‡a¨ AcwieZ©bxq I wbZ¨Zvi AbymÜvb K‡i| G Kvi‡YB Ck¦i, mËv, weg~Z© aviYv, †`e-†`ex, c~e©cÖwZwôZ wbqg-bxwZ, cÖvwZôvwbK KZ©„Z¡

cÖf…wZi wPÎ KíYv Kiv nq| cwieZ©‡bi Dci w¯’wZ‡K Ges we‡k‡li Dci mvwe©‡Ki cÖwZôvi cÖ‡Póv jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| Ggwbfv‡e †PZbv Aw¯ÍZ¡‡K weK…Z K‡i| †PZbvi m‡½ Aw¯Í‡Z¡i G Ø‡›Øi †Kv‡bv †kl †bB| Aw¯Í‡Z¡i Kvh©KviYnxbZv, k„•LjvnxbZv, D‡Ïk¨nxb engvbZv‡K †g‡b †bevi ÿgZv

†ewkifvM gvby‡li bvB| ZvB bxr‡k g‡b K‡ib mvaviY gvbyl ag©, cÖwZôvb,

16. S. Radhakrishnan, History of Philosophy Eastern and Western, P. 293.

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wbqg-bxwZ, cÖPwjZ I cÖwZwôZ a¨vb-aviYvq AvkÖq †Luv‡R| Gme gvby‡li wbKU m‡Zï †P‡q wbivcËv Ges Aweivg wRÁvmvi †P‡q mywbwðZ DËi †ewk Kvw•ÿZ| wKš‘ †PZbvi †P‡q Aw¯ÍZ¡ A‡bK †ewk cÖej, me©e¨vcx I AvwÀšÍnxb| d‡j gvbyl fvj-g›`, b¨vq-Ab¨vq, DwPr-AbywP‡Zi †h me©Rbxb gvb`Û ˆZix K‡i wKsev ag© I weÁv‡bi gva¨‡g †h mf¨Zv I ms¯‹…wZ M‡o †Zv‡j cwieZ©bkxj Aw¯Í‡Z¡i Kvi‡Y evievi Zv wejyß nq| ZvB bxr‡ki ch©‡eÿ‡Y BwZnv‡m cÖMwZ e‡j wKQz †bB, Av‡Q Ø›Øgq †cŠbtcywbK PµMwZ, Av‡Q Avw`gZv I mf¨Zvi µwgK AveZ©b| BwZnv‡m †Kv‡bv wbwðZ cÖwZkÖæwZ wKsev D‡Ïk¨c~Y© fwel¨r hvÎv †bB| bxr‡ki g‡Z Aweivg cwieZ©bkxj RM‡Z †Kv‡bv ¯’vqx m¤úK© Am¤¢e| GQvov cwieZ©bkj AwbZ¨‡K wb‡q wbf©i‡hvM¨ aviYv, wbqg, ag©, weÁvb ùvov‡Z cv‡ibv| Ges G D‡Ïk¨nxb, A_©nxb, wbišÍi cÖev‡n DwPZ-AbywPZ, fvj-g›`, b¨vq- Ab¨v‡qi cv_©K¨KiY Am¤¢e| GiKg Ae¯’vq RM‡Z ˆbwZKZvi †Kv‡bv me©Rbxb I wbZ¨ gvb`Ð _vK‡Z cv‡i bv| ˆbwZKZvi †hme Av`k© cÖPwjZ i‡q‡Q Zvi meB Dci †_‡K Pvwc‡q †Ìq, f½yi I Av‡cwÿK| ‰bwZKZvmn RMr m¤ú‡K© Gme mZ¨ Rvbvi Rb¨ bxr‡k mvaviY gvbyl‡K Dchy³ e‡j g‡b K‡ibwb| Zuvi g‡Z †Kej cÖK…Z `vk©wbK I wkíxivB wbišÍi wRÁvmvi gva¨‡g G mZ¨‡K Rvb‡Z cv‡ib|

bxr‡ki ˆbwZKZvi Av‡iv GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ˆewkó¨ a‡g©i K‡Vvi mgv‡jvPbv| wZwb ag©‡K cÖv‡Yi Awe”Qbœ cwieZ©bkxjZvi we‡ivax e‡j g‡b Ki‡Zb| Zuvi hyw³ n‡jv; ag© gvbyl‡K Rxe‡bi w`‡K GwM‡q wb‡q hvq bv, ag© gvby‡li wRÁvmv‡K ¯Íä K‡i †`q, meiKg cwieZ©b‡K †VwK‡q ivL‡Z Pvq, fq I †jvf †`wL‡q gvbyl‡K †cQ‡bi w`‡K †V‡j †`q, d‡j gvbyl Av‡iv bvevjK n‡q c‡o| bxr‡ki g‡Z hviv cwieZ©bkxj Aw¯Í‡Z¡i gy‡LvgywL n‡Z fq cvq Ges hviv wbišÍi wRÁvmvi e`‡j wbwðZ DËi †Luv‡R ag©

Zv‡ì Aej¤^b| me mgv‡R kw³gvb ev kvm‡Kiv a‡g©i bv‡gB wewfbœ bxwZ- ˆbwZKZv, AvPvi Abyôvb cÖPjb K‡i `~e©j I kvwmZ‡ì g‡b `vmg~jK g‡bvfve m„wó K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K, `~e©‡jiv ag©wek¦v‡mi mnvqZvq Zv‡ì e¨_©Zv‡K XvK‡Z †Póv K‡i| bxr‡k me ag©‡K AvµgY Ki‡jI Zuvi cÖavb jÿ¨ wQj wLªóag©| Zuvi gZvbymv‡i wLªóa‡g©i Rb¥ n‡q‡Q `vmg‡bvfve †_‡K Ges wLªóa‡g©i cÖmv‡ii d‡j RbRxe‡b `vme„wË n‡q‡Q ˆbwZKZvi wfwË|

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ag©‡eva‡K gvby‡li ˆkkeKvjxb I mf¨Zvi Avw`g hy‡Mi Af¨vm wn‡m‡e wPwýZ K‡i bxr‡k AwfgZ cÖKvk K‡ib †h- G Af¨vm‡K AwZµg K‡i gvbyl‡K cwiYZgb¯‹ n‡Z n‡e| GRb¨ kvixwiK ÿgZvi cÖ‡qvRb n‡jI me

†_‡K ¸iæZ¡c~Y© n‡jv gvbwmK kw³ AR©b| G gvbwmK kw³ w`‡qB cÖwZwôZ I cÖPwjZ cÖvPxb gyj¨‡eva I KZ…©‡Z¡i †kKj †f‡½, cÖPwjZ cvc-cy‡Yï aviYv‡K wemR©b †Ìqv m¤¢e n‡e| Gfv‡e gvbyl GwM‡q hv‡e AwZgvbe Gi mËvi w`‡K| bxr‡k e‡j‡Qb, ÒAvwg Aby‡iva Kwi, †kvb, wek¦vm Ki c„w_ex‡K| wek¦vm K‡iv bv Zv‡ì, wg_¨v GK Acvw_©e ¯^‡M©i Avkv w`‡q hviv cÖewÂZ K‡i gvbyl‡K| gvby‡li Rxe‡b wel Qovq ZvivÑ nq‡Zv ÁvZmv‡i A_ev AÁvZmv‡i|Ó¹⁷ Ri_y¯¿ MÖ‡š’ wZwb Ri_y‡¯¿i Revbx‡Z Av‡iv e‡jb, Ò†kvb eÜz, Zzwg †h bi‡Ki K_v ejQ, Avgv‡K wek¦vm Ki, †Kv_vI †bB Zvi

†Kv‡bv Aw¯ÍZ¡| †bB †Kv‡bv biK, †bB †Kv‡bv kqZvb| †Zvgvi †`‡ni g„Zz¨

NUevi c~‡e©B NU‡e †Zvgvi †PZbvi g„Zz¨| AZGe fxZ nIqvi †Kv‡bv KviY

†bB|Ó¹⁸ wLª÷xq ˆbwZKZvq gvby‡li Aeg~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ bxr‡k whï‡K `vqx bv K‡i †mB›U cj‡K `vqx K‡i‡Qb| wMÖK cyiv‡Y Ab¨Zg `yB †èZv Wv‡qvwbmvm Ges A¨v‡cv‡jv| Wv‡qvwbmvm Av‡eM, Db¥v`bv Avi AvwZk‡hï cÖZxK| Ab¨w`‡K, A¨v‡cv‡jv n‡jb cwiwgwZ †eva, ¯^”QZv, hyw³wbôv,†mŠ›`‡h©i cÖZxK| bxr‡ki `„wó‡Z Wv‡qvwbmvm I A¨v‡cv‡jv †èZvi b¨vq hxïI wQ‡jb AbšÍ mËvi cÖZxK¯îƒc|

bxr‡ki ˆbwZKZvi Av‡iKwU w`K n‡jv bvixi cÖwZ N„Yv| wZwb bvix‡K AZ¨šÍ Agh©v`vKifv‡e Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb Zvi †jLv¸‡jv‡Z| Ri_y¯¿ MÖ‡š’ wZwb ej‡Qb bvixiv eÜz n‡Z cv‡i bv, Zviv gvR©vi, cvLx A_ev Lye †ewk n‡j Miæi gZ| cvIqvi MÖ‡š’ bxr‡k e‡j‡Qb, Avgiv bvix‡K †mŠ›`h©¨, KgbxqZv ev evqexq mËvi cªZxK wn‡m‡e †`‡L Avb›` cvB| Ggb cÖvYx hviv †Kej bvP‡Z cv‡i, ev‡R e‡K, †ekfzkv cQ›` K‡i| Zv‡`i m½ jv‡f Kx jvf|

Avi bvix‡`i Gme ˆewkó¨ ZLbB cÖKvk cvq hLb Zviv cyiæ‡li Aaxb

17. F.W.Nietzsche, Thus Spake Zarathustra, p.6. G D×…wZwUi Abyev‡`i Rb¨ mvnvh¨

†bIqv n‡q‡Q gnxDÏxb Abyw`Z †d«WvwiK bxU‡k, Ri_y¯¿ ej‡jb (XvKv:

w`e¨cÖKvk,2014 Z…Zxq gy`ªY), c„. 22|

18. F.W.Nietzsche, Thus Spake Zarathustra, p.11. G D×…wZwUi Abyev‡`i Rb¨

mvnvh¨ †bIqv n‡q‡Q gnxDÏxb Abyw`Z †d«WvwiK bxU‡k, Ri_y¯¿ ej‡jb, c„. 28|

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_v‡K| ¯^vaxbZv †c‡jB Amnbxq n‡q D‡V| GQvov weqÛ GÛ Gwfj MÖ‡š’

wZwb D‡jøL K‡i‡b †h cÖv‡Pï gvbyl bvix‡ì m¤úwË fv‡e Ges G fvebvwU mwVK| bvix‡ì m¤úwË fvevB DwPr|

4. AwZgvbe ZË¡

bxr‡ki ÿgZvi `k©‡bi Av‡iKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq n‡jv AwZgvb‡ei

(ubermenscs/superman) m„wó, Zuvi ÔAwZgvbe ZË¡Õ| Ri_y¯¿ MÖ‡š’ Ri_y¯¿

ej‡Qb ÒAvwg †Zvgv‡ì AwZgvb‡ei wkÿv †è| gvbyl GKwU Ae¯’v, G‡K AwZµg K‡i DV‡Z n‡e Dc‡i| †Zvgiv Kx Ki‡Qv Zv‡K Qvwo‡q hvevi Rb¨?Ó¹⁹ bxr‡k g‡b Ki‡Zb Ck¦iwenxb RM‡Z gvbyl wb‡RB n‡q DV‡e wbR fv‡Mï wbqš¿K| †h Ck¦‡ii g„Zz¨ †NvlYv bxr‡k K‡i‡Qb †m Ck¦i wLªóvb a‡g©i Ck¦i, GB GK I AwØZxq Ck¦iB Rxeb I RM‡Zi ¯ªóv Ges mKj wbq‡gi cÖ‡YZv| bxr‡k GB GKk¦iev`‡K N„Yv Ki‡Zb KviY GB G‡Kk¦iev`

GKwU gvÎ mZ¨‡K ¯^xKvi K‡i| GB G‡Kk¦iev‡`i e`‡j bxr‡k cQ›`

Ki‡Zb c¨vMvb eû‡èZvev`‡K| KviY GB eû‡èZvev‡` eû g‡Zi ¯^xK…wZ i‡q‡Q| bxr‡k e¨w³¯^vZš¿ëv‡ì mg_©K| e¨w³gvby‡li ¯^vaxbZvq wZwb wek¦vm Ki‡Zb| cÖkœ n‡jv gvbyl Kx ev gvby‡li g~j êwkó¨ Kx? bxr‡ki g‡Z cÖwZwbqZ wb‡R‡K AwZµg K‡i PjvB gvby‡li ag©| GB AvZ¥ AwZµgYB gvbyl‡K AwZgvb‡e cwiYZ Ki‡e e‡j bxr‡k g‡b Ki‡Zb| bxr‡k AwZgvb‡ei †Kv‡bv msÁv †`bwb, Avi Zv †ÌqvI m¤¢e bq| KviY †Kv‡bv wKQzi msÁv w`‡j Zvi A_© wba©vwiZ n‡q c‡o Ges m¤¢vebvnxb Roe¯‘‡Z cwiYZ nq| Aek¨ bxr‡k g‡b K‡ib †ewki fvM gvbylB m¤¢vebvnxb Roe¯‘i gZ Rxeb AwZevwnZ K‡i| wKš‘ GB gvby‡li ga¨ †_‡KB AwZgvb‡ei Avwef©ve n‡e e‡j bxr‡k gZ cÖKvk K‡ib| cï Ges AwZgvb‡ei gv‡S

†mZz wn‡m‡e gvbyl‡K we‡ePbv K‡i‡Qb bxr‡k| wZwb g‡b Ki‡Zb gvby‡li g‡a¨ GKw`‡K Av‡Q †hgb cïmËv, †Zgwb Av‡Q m„wókxj mËv| m„wókxj gvbyl cï-gvbyl‡K AwZµg K‡i µ‡gB AwZgvbe n‡q DV‡e e‡j bxr‡k wek¦vm Ki‡Zb| Ri_y‡¯¿i Revbx‡Z bxr‡k ej‡Qb ÒAvwg gvbyl‡K wkÿv †`e

19. F.W.Nietzsche, Thus Spake Zarathustra, p.5.

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AwZgvbe nevi gnvb wkÿv| AwZgvbe n‡”Q gvby‡li Nbxf~Z Kv‡jv †gN

†_‡K wbM©Z we`y¨r|Ó²⁰

bxr‡k n‡jb GKRb e¨w³¯^vZš¿¨ev`x wPšÍvwe`| e¨w³¯^vZš¿¨ev‡` e¨w³ gyL¨, mgvR †MŠY Ges e¨w³i cÖ‡qvR‡bB mgwó ev mgvR| bxr‡ki `k©‡b mgv‡Ri Kj¨v‡Y e¨w³i ewj`vb jÿ¨ Kiv hvq bv, eis mgv‡R gvby‡li cÖK…ZMZ ¯^vZš¿¨ Zuvi wPšÍvq ¸iæZ¡ †c‡q‡Q| G‡ÿ‡Î bxr‡ki wPšÍv jvBewb‡Ri wPrcigvYyi `k©‡bi mv‡_ Zzjbv‡hvM¨| jvBewb‡Ri wPrcigvYy Z‡Ë¡ †`Lv hvq mËv GK bq, eû Ges G wek¦RMZ AmsL¨ AwefvR¨ ¯^Zš¿

wPrcigvYy w`‡q MwVZ| GB wPrcigvYy¸‡jv mËvi w`K †_‡K Ro bq,

†PZbgq| wPrcigvYy¸‡jv ¯^Zš¿fv‡e Ges wbi‡cÿfv‡e RMZ‡K cÖZ¨ÿ K‡i| jvBewb‡Ri GB wPrcigvYyi `k©‡bi mv‡_ Ck¦‡ii g„Zz¨ †NvlYv K‡i bxr‡k e¨w³i ¯^Zš¿ ˆewkó¨ Zz‡j ai‡jb| ZvB e‡j me gvby‡li g‡a¨B †h GB ¯^vZš¿¨ me mgqB _vK‡e GK_v bxr‡k g‡b Ki‡Zb bv| Zuvi g‡Z, msL¨vMwiô mvaviY gvbyl, hv‡`i g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv ¯^vZš¿¨ †bB Zviv mK‡j wg‡j nq RbZv| bxr‡k G RbZv‡K cïi cv‡ji mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡i‡Qb|²¹

¯^vZš¿¨nxbZv cïi cv‡ji ag©| mvaviYZ cv‡ji †Mv`v †hw`‡K hvq Af¨vmekZ cv‡ji Ab¨vb¨ cïivI Zv‡K AbymiY K‡i| †Kv‡bv cïi g‡a¨B

¯^Zš¿ fvebv KvR K‡i bv| bxr‡ki g‡Z †h e¨w³ wn‡mwe Ges mveavbx n‡q Rxeb-hvcb K‡i G RwUj c„w_ex Zv‡K mnRfv‡e MÖnY K‡i| wKš‘ bvbv ai‡bi m¼U I †mB m¼U mvgvav‡b Ges eû m¤¢vebvi †Luv‡R huviv ¯^Zš¿ I

¯^vaxbfv‡e wPšÍv K‡ib, ZuvivB Amnvq n‡q c‡ob| mgvR Zuv‡`i m‡›`‡ni

†Pv‡L †`‡L| A_P GB ¯^Zš¿ fvebvi g‡a¨B i‡q‡Q Áv‡bi MfxiZv I AvaywbKZv| bxr‡k g‡b K‡ib mvaviY RbMYI ¯^Zš¿ fvebv-wPšÍv‡K ¯^xK…wZ

†`q bv| †hme gvbyl e¨wZµgag©x I ¯^Zš¿ wPšÍv-fvebv K‡i mgvR cÖPwjZ wbqg-Kvby‡bi gvb`‡Ð Zv‡`i wePvi K‡i, GKN‡i K‡i iv‡L, KL‡bv KL‡bv wbe©vmb †`q| Z‡e †Kv‡bv GKRb e¨w³ hw` mKj cÖwZeÜKZv‡K Rq K‡i bZzb †Kv‡bv wbqg ev bZzb †Kv‡bv g~j¨ m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i ZLb RbZv Zuvi

`v‡m cwiYZ nq| †m hv Av‡`k K‡i RbZv ZvB cvjb K‡i| G ¯^Zš¿

e¨w³B AwZgvbe| bxr‡k GK bZzb Av‡jvi mvÜv‡bi `vex K‡i‡Qb; †hLv‡b

20. Ibid., p.12.

21. Ibid., p.14.

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wZwb RbZv ev cïi cv‡ji ivLvj ev †Kv‡bv g„Z‡`n wKsev †Kv‡bv ag©wek¦vmx KvD‡K bq eis Rxe‡bi mnPi wn‡m‡e †P‡q‡Qb RxešÍ KvD‡K, hviv n‡e m„wókxj| wZwb ej‡Qb,Òwbg©vZv, AvniYKvix, Rxeb Djøv‡m DjøwmZ e¨w³ivB n‡e Avgvi Rxe‡bi mv_x| Avwg Zv‡ì‡K †`Lve Rxe‡bi isaby Ges †`Lve AwZgvb‡e †cŠuQv‡bvi wmuwo|Ó²² Roe¯‘i g‡Zv hv‡ì Rxeb, hviv Ajm Zv‡ì wWw½‡q Rxeb Pjvi c_ m„wói cÖ‡Póv bxr‡ki wPšÍvq jÿ¨ Kiv hvq|

cÖkœ n‡jv AwZgvb‡ei m„wó n‡e Kxfv‡e? bxr‡k g‡b K‡ib mwVK Rb¥, B”Qv, D`¨g I mwVK wkÿv cÖf…wZ GKRb e¨w³‡K AwZgvb‡ei w`‡K GwM‡q wb‡q hv‡e| bxr‡k g‡b Ki‡Zb mwVK Rb¥ wbf©i K‡i mwVK weev‡ni Dci|

GRb¨ wZwb AwfRvZ mw½bx cQ‡›`i Dci †Rvi w`‡Zb| mwVK wkÿv gvbyl‡K Kó mwnòz I `vwqZ¡evb K‡i Zzj‡e e‡j wZwb wek¦vm Ki‡Zb|

bxr‡k Zuvi AwZgvb‡ei Pwi‡Î †h ¸Y¸‡jv Av‡ivc K‡iwQ‡jb †m¸wj GiKg- Rxeb‡K fv‡jvev‡m, cÖej B”Qvkw³ m¤úbœ, wbf©xK, axiw¯’i, cÖmbœwPË, AvZ¥wbg©v‡Y mÿg, cÖwZwôZ I cÖPwjZ wbqg-wek¦vm-g~j¨‡ev‡ai c~bg©yj¨v‡Y wek¦vmx, wkí I †mŠ›`‡h©i ¯ªóv, †fv³v, ¯^vaxb, Awbqwš¿Z I AwfRvZ|

wek¦gvb‡ei Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ AwZgvb‡ei kw³i cÖ‡qvRb i‡q‡Q e‡j bxr‡k g‡b Ki‡Zb| G kw³ AR©‡bi Rb¨ cª‡qvR‡b b¨vqbxwZi wemR©b‡K wZwb Ab¨vq g‡b K‡ibwb| KviY Ôkw³ZËÕ¡ me ai‡bi b¨vq-bxwZ, fv‡jv- g‡›`i D‡a©| KviY G¸‡jv kw³ jv‡fi c‡_ evav ¯^iƒc| bxr‡ki g‡Z, g›`

†jv‡Kiv mgv‡Ri hZ bv ÿwZ K‡i, bxwZevb, mr ev fv‡jv †jv‡Kiv bZzb

†Kv‡bv wKQz †Zv m„wó K‡iB bv eis hviv K‡i Zv‡`i c‡_ evav m„wó K‡i|

†cÖg w`‡q gvbe RvwZ‡K GKmv‡_ Ave× Kivi K_v bxr‡k KíbvqI Av‡bbwb| Zuvi g‡Z †cÖ‡gi gwngv KxZ©b KvcyiælZvi jÿY| †cÖg Øviv cÖfvweZ n‡q A‡b¨i wbKU gv_v bZ Kiv wKsev Rxeb msMÖvg n‡Z weiZ n‡q gvbe RvwZi fwel¨Z‡K wemR©b †`Iqv AwZgvb‡ei MyY bq e‡j bxr‡k g‡b K‡ib| eis Zvi g‡Z AwZgvb‡ei kw³i wbKU mviv c„w_exi gvbyl gv_v bZ Ki‡e| Ges GiKg kw³gvb e¨w³i ØvivB †Kej we‡k¦i Kj¨vY m¤¢e n‡e|

bxr‡k Avkv K‡ib †h, Zvi cÖ¯ÍvweZ AwZgvb‡e Av‡e‡Mi m‡½ wPšÍv, AvPiY I wkíKjvi GK PgrKvi mgš^q M‡o DV‡e| Avwef©ve NU‡e Avb›`

22. Ibid., p.14.

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I †MŠi‡ei m‡½ †eu‡P _vKvi B”Qv| Gfv‡eB M‡o DV‡e GK bZzb RvwZi, GK wek¦Rbxb ms¯‹…wZ I mf¨Zvi| `ye©‡ji Dci me‡ji AZ¨vPvi wbh©vZ‡bi Aemvb NU‡e, cZb NU‡e wLª÷xq Ck¦‡ii| ÿgZvq Avwef©~Z n‡eb GKRb AwZgvbe whwb c~Y© `vwqZ¡ MÖnY Ki‡Z mÿg n‡eb| wZwb cÖUv‡Mviv‡mi gZ ÔgvbylB me wKQyi cwigvcKÕ GwU‡K wKQyUv cwieZ©b K‡i MÖnY K‡ib|

ivavK…òvY D‡jøL K‡ib, “He therefore accepts the protagorean doctrine with a change: Not man, but the man, is the measure of all things.”²³

bxr‡ki g‡Z, BwZnv‡mi †h cwieZ©b Zv mvaviY gvby‡li gva¨‡g nq bv, nq GKRb ¯^Zš¿ e¨w³, AwZgvbe Z_v exicyiæ‡li Kj¨v‡Y| GLv‡b gvbyl jÿ¨

bq, evnb| Zuvi fvlvq, Ògvbyl GKwU `wo| G `wo we¯Í…Z i‡q‡Q `yB cÖv‡šÍ|

Gi GK cÖv‡šÍ gvbyl, Ab¨ cÖv‡šÍ gnvgvbyl| Avi wb‡P i‡q‡Q fqven MnŸi|...

gvby‡li gnË¡ GBLv‡b †h gvbyl GKwU c_-wKš‘ c‡_i †kl jÿ¨¯’j bq| G Rb¨B Zv‡K fv‡jvevmv hvq, †Kbbv †m ÿYRxex, †m g„Zz¨kxj|Ó²⁴

5. MYZš¿ I RvZxqZvev` cÖm‡½

bxr‡ki ÿgZvi `k©‡b jÿYxq welq n‡jv ivR‰bwZK Av`k© wn‡m‡e MYZ‡š¿i e`‡j AwfRvZZ‡š¿i cÖwZ †SuvK| Zuv‡K wb‡q bvbv ai‡bi weZ‡K©

Ab¨Zg KviY n‡jv GwU| KviY AvaywbK mgvReë¯’vq †hLv‡b MYZš¿ I mvg¨ me‡P‡q MÖnY‡hvM¨ I gvbweK Av`k© wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…Z †mLv‡b bxr‡ki Ae¯’vb wfbœ| GB `yB Av`k©‡K wZwb N„bv Ki‡Zb| bxr‡ki mgqKv‡j MYZ‡š¿i cÖmvi NU‡jI wZwb wQ‡jb Gi †Nvi we‡ivax wQ‡jb| RbMY‡K mve©‡fŠg e‡j MY¨ Kiv‡K wZwb wbe©yw×Zvi cwiPvqK e‡j g‡b Ki‡Zb| Zuvi g‡Z, MYZš¿ e¨w³‡K ch©ewmZ K‡i AwZÿz`ª, †MvjvKvi, cjKv evjyKYvq, Ges MYZ‡š¿ mevB Zzjbv‡hvM¨| †mLv‡b msL¨vMwió wbK…óiv msL¨vjwNó cÖwZfvevb‡ì aŸsm K‡i ¸Ynxb I mvaviY MocoZv gv‡bi ivóª cÖwZôv K‡i| wZwb g‡b K‡ib, DrK…ó‡ì wbi¼zk ÿgZvi cÖwZôv I cÖ‡qvM e¨ZxZ mf¨ mgvR m¤¢e bq| Zuvi g‡Z, kvmK‡ì KvR nj k³ nv‡Z †`k‡K kvmb Kiv Ges RbMY‡K miKv‡ii cÖwZ Av¯’vkxj I AbyMZ _vK‡Z eva¨ Kiv|

23. Ibid., P.294.

24. Ibid., p.7.

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GK”QÎev`| GKB mv‡_ ¯^cœ †`‡LwQ‡jb Ggb GK wek¦ m„wói, hvi d‡j mKj wPšÍvwe` †cvlY Ki‡eb wek¦Rbxb g‡bvfve| mwZ¨Kvi A‡_© bxr‡ki

`k©‡bi g~j welq nj ÿgZvi cÖwZ B”Qv Ges ag©xq ˆbwZKZvi LÐ‡bi †fZi w`‡q AwZgvbe Z_v exiZ‡š¿i RqMvb| Gm. ivavK…òvY D‡jøL K‡ib,

“What he as in fact done is to show that the will to power is the only truth and the superman the only good.”²⁵

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cÖwZôvi †NvlYv K‡ib ZLb bxr‡k †mB NUbv‡K eY©bv K‡i‡wQ‡jb ÔmvgwiK AvB‡bi K…wÎg RvZxqZvev`Õ wn‡m‡e, hv iÿvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb nq PvjvwK, wg_¨vPvi I A¯¿kw³| RvZxqZvev`‡K bxr‡k Zzjbv K‡i‡Qb ÔwksIqvjv Rv‡bvqvi RvwZi ag©Õ wn‡m‡e| Ab¨ Avi GK hvqMvq wZwb wj‡L‡Qb Ôfv‡jv Rvg©vb n‡Z n‡j Av‡M A-Rvg©vb n‡Z n‡eÕ| GQvov, wZwb hv‡ì AwZgvbe e‡j †f‡e‡Qb Zviv †KDB †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó †`k ev RvwZi bq| wZwb †h bZzb mgv‡Ri K_v e‡j‡Qb †mwU êwk¦K, †Kv‡bv ivóª‡Kw›`ªK bq| wek¦‡K kvmb Ki‡Z cvi‡e Ggb GKwU AvšÍR©vwZK AwfRvZ kvmK †Mvóx wQj Zuvi AvKvw•ÿZ| A_P wnUjvi Ges Zvi bvrmx cvwU© AwZgvb‡ei `k©‡bi †fZ‡i Luy‡R wb‡qwQ‡jb Rvg©vbxi †kÖó‡Z¡i `k©b| bxr‡k AwZgvb‡e †h êwkó¨

Av‡ivc K‡iwQ‡jb wnUjvi Ges Zvi Abymvix‡`i g‡a¨ Zvi A‡bKwKQzB Abycw¯’Z wQj| ZvB †Kv‡bvfv‡eB bxr‡k‡K bvrmxev‡`i cÖeZ©K ejv hvqbv|

Z‡e †h‡nZz bxr‡k mgv‡R bvix-cyiæ‡li mgZvq wek¦vm Ki‡Zb bv, eis cÖPÐ

25. S. Radhakrishnan, History of Philosophy Eastern and Western, P. 295.

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bvixwe‡Ølx wQ‡jb| ZvB GKw`‡K MYZ‡š¿i we‡ivwaZv Ab¨w`‡K mv‡gï we‡ivwaZvi Kvi‡Y mgv‡jvPKiv Zuv‡K bvrmxev‡ì ZvwË¡K wPšÍK wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Ki‡Zb|mwZ¨Kvi A‡_©, bxr‡k Bûw` we‡Ølx wQ‡jb bv| GLv‡bB Rvg©vb d¨vwmev‡ì mv‡_ Zuvi cv_©K¨|

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†gwKqv‡fjxi The Prince MÖ‡š’i ivR‰bwZK e³‡e¨i m‡½ bxr‡ki ivR‰bwZK wPšÍvi mv`„k¨ i‡q‡Q| bxr‡k I †gwKqv‡fjx Df‡qiB GKwU ˆbwZK Av`k© wQj hv ÿgZv‡Kw›`ªK Ges mywPwšÍZ I m‡PZbfv‡e wLª÷ag©

we‡ivax|

†`‡L‡Qb| `yÕR‡bi wPšÍvq ZvwË¡K a¨vb-aviYv I ˆbwZK wek¦vm Av‡cwÿK|

`yÕRbB ey‡R©vqv ms¯‹…wZi D‡”Q‡`i c‡ÿ| `yÕRbB mgv‡R ms¯‹v‡ii cÖ‡qvR‡b kw³ cÖ‡qvM I i³cv‡Z wØavnxb| Z‡e Zuv‡`i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ n‡jv gvK©m

†hLv‡b cÖMwZ‡Z Av¯’vkxj Ges kÖwgK Z_v cÖ‡jZvwi‡qZ †kÖYxi msMÖv‡gi ga¨ w`‡qB G cÖMwZ Avm‡e e‡j wbwðZ wQ‡jb| †mLv‡b bxr‡k BwZnvm‡K

†`‡Lb Ø‡›Øi Awbt‡kl Pµ wn‡m‡e| Ges mf¨Zvi G m¼U †_‡K mvgwqKfv‡e D×viKZ©v wn‡m‡e kw³gvb AwZgvb‡ei KíYv K‡ib| Z‡e gvK©mxq mgvRZš¿ †hgb ivwkqvq ej‡kwfK‡`i Øviv weK…Z n‡qwQ‡jv †Zgwb Rvg©vbx‡Z wnUjv‡ii bvrmxev‡`i Øviv bxr‡ki AwfRvZZš¿ weK…Z n‡qwQ‡jv|

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bxr‡ki gZ iv‡mjI ÿgZv‡K mgv‡Ri mg¯Í cwieZ©‡bi †gŠj welq wn‡m‡e wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb|²⁶ Z‡e bxr‡k †hLv‡b ÿgZv‡K m`_©KZfv‡e MÖnY K‡i kw³ AR©‡bi ga¨ w`‡q AwZgvb‡e †cuŠQv‡bvi wPÎ A¼b K‡i‡Qb

†mLv‡b iv‡mj ÿgZvi Aïf AvKv•ÿvi wbqš¿‡Yi gva¨‡g mgvR-iv‡óª Kj¨v‡Yi K_v †f‡e‡Qb|²⁷ iv‡mj bxr‡k‡K ÿgZvZvwoZ `vk©wbK wn‡m‡e Zxeªfv‡e mgv‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| iv‡m‡ji hyw³ n‡jv bxr‡k GKwU mgMÖ RvwZi

`yt‡Li Zzjbvq GKRb AwZgvb‡ei `ytL‡K †ewk ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q‡Q|²⁸ Avevi, bxr‡k hv‡`i cÖksmv K‡i‡Qb Zviv mK‡j mvgwiK e¨w³| Ges †h cÖej ÿgZvi B”Qvi K_v bxr‡k e‡j‡Qb Zv fq †_‡K m„wó| A_P GB ÿgZv wZwb Zuvi AwZgvbe‡K w`‡Z Pvb| bxr‡k m¤ú‡K© iv‡m‡ji Av‡iv Awf‡hvM n‡jv bxr‡k evB‡e‡j ewY©Z wLª÷xq ˆbwZKZv‡K `vmm~jf g‡b K‡i GKw`‡K evwZj K‡i w`‡”Qb Ab¨w`‡K Zvi cwie‡Z© cÖeZ©b Ki‡Qb AwZgvb‡ei Dc‡hvMx ˆbwZK gZ|²⁹ GQvov, bxr‡ki ˆbwZKZvi †ÿ‡Î mvaviY gvbyl I kvmK mgvbfv‡e wePvh© bq| mvaviY gvby‡li †Kv‡bv ¯^Kxq g~j¨ †bB, AwZgvbe ev kvm‡Ki gnË¡ AR©‡bi Dcvq wn‡m‡e Gi g~j¨ i‡q‡Q|

AwZgvbe wb‡Ri DbœwZi Rb¨ mvaviY gvbyl‡K AvnZ Kivi AwaKviI iv‡Lb| iv‡m‡ji gZ n‡jv ÿgZvi AvKv•ÿv gvbe cÖK…wZi ¯^vfvweK Ask, wKš‘ ÿgZvZvwoZ `vk©wb‡Kiv mywbw`©ó I my¯úó A‡_© cÖK…Z¯’ bb|³⁰ Z‡e Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbvq †`Lv hv‡”Q bxr‡k m¤ú‡K© iv‡m‡ji G e¨vL¨v AvR bZzbfv‡e c~Yg©yj¨vwqZ n‡”Q|

7.

26. Bertrand Russell, Power – A New Social Analysis (London: G. Allen &

Unwin Ltd., 1938), p.10.

27. `ªóe¨: W. †gv. Avwidzj Bmjvg, ÔevU©ª¨vÐ iv‡m‡ji wPšÍvq ÿgZvi aviYvÕ, A‡š^lY, cÂ`k msL¨v, wW‡m¤^i 2016, c„. 43-60| GQvov ÿgZvi cÖK…wZ I Zv wbqš¿Y K‡i Kxfv‡e e¨w³gvby‡li Rb¨ GKwU Kj¨vYg~jK I cÖMwZkxj mgvR wbg©vY Kiv hvq G wel‡q iv‡mj wewfbœ MÖš’ I †jLvq Av‡jvKcvZ Ki‡jI we¯ÍvwiZ fv‡e cwiKíYv Zz‡j a‡ib Power – A New Social Analysis MÖ‡š’|

28. Bertrand Russell, History of Western Philosophy, pp. 731-32.

29. Russell, Power- A New Social Analysis, p.269.

30. Ibid.,268.

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Dch©y³ Av‡jvPbv †k‡l †`Lv hv‡”Q †h bxr‡ki wPšÍvi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq n‡jv mgv‡Ri mg¯Í cwieZ©‡bi g~‡j gvby‡li ÿgZv jv‡fi B”Qv‡K wPwýZKiY| †hLv‡b wZwb g‡b K‡ib gvby‡li Ávb-weÁvb-mvwnZ¨-wkíKjv- ms¯‹…wZ cÖf…wZ PP©vi g~j jÿ¨ n‡jv ÿgZv AR©b| G ÿgZvi B”Qvi cwicš’x nIqvq bxr‡k Kv‡›Ui ÔK…”QZv mvabZË¡Õ, wgj I †eb_v‡gi myLev` Ges wLªóxq ˆbwZKZv A¯^xKvi K‡i‡Qb| we‡kl K‡i gvbyl‡K ˆbwZKfv‡e `v‡m cwiYZ Kiv Rb¨ wZwb wLªó a‡g©i †cÖg, webq, KiæYv, f`ªZv, `qv cÖf…wZ wkÿv‡K `vqx K‡i‡Qb| cwieZ©bkxj G RM‡Z ˆbwZKZvi †Kv‡bv wbZ¨ I me©Rbxb gvb`Ð †bB, ˆbwZKZv Dci †_‡K Pvcv‡bv I Av‡cwÿK| bxr‡ki GB ÿgZvi `k©‡bi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq n‡jv AwZgvb‡ei m„wó| wZwb RM‡Z Ck¦‡ii cÖ‡qvRbxZv‡K A¯^xKvi K‡i‡Qb| wZwb g‡b Ki‡Zb RM‡Z gvbyl wb‡RB n‡q DV‡e wbR fv‡M¨i wbqš¿K| KviY cÖwZwbqZ wb‡R‡K AwZµg K‡i PjvB gvby‡li ¯^fveag©| GB AvZ¥ AwZµgYB gvbyl‡K AwZgvb‡e cwiYZ Ki‡e| we‡k¦i mKj gvby‡li g½‡ji Rb¨ Ggb GKRb AwZgvb‡ei cÖ‡qvRbxqZv bxr‡k ¸iæ‡Z¡i mv‡_ Zz‡j a‡ib| Avevi, wek kZ‡K Rvg©vbx‡Z wnUjvi I Zuvi bvrmx cvwU© Zv‡`i ivR‰bwZK wPšÍvi c_

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