Continued on next page..102 Figure 5-21: This figure shows the network overview of life cycle processes up to damage. Continued from previous page..105 Figure 5-24: This figure shows the relative contribution of life cycle processes to damage.
INTRODUCTION
Introduction
LCA techniques have emerged over the past thirty years and are now well established as an effective tool to measure the impact of a product or process on the environment in an effort to reduce environmental impact (Jiménez-González & Overcash 2000). The application of LCA in the field of process selection, design and optimization is gaining acceptance and methodological development (Clift 1997) (Clift 1998) (Azapagic 1999). The final step is the interpretation of the impact assessment results and suggestions for improvements (Allen & Shonnard 2002). Bangladesh's leather industry is considered to have significant growth and investment potential, ranking fifth in the sector for export earnings and accounting for 0.5% of the leather industry. the world's leather trade, which is worth $75 billion (Paul et al. 2013).
Method
- Objectives with specific aims and possible outcome
- Outline of Methodology
The results will be reported in the most informative way possible, and the need and opportunities to reduce the impact of the product and service on the environment will be systematically assessed. The need and the possibilities to reduce the impact of the product and service on the environment will be systematically assessed.
Organization of the thesis
The effects of the resource use and emissions generated will be grouped and quantified in a limited number of environmental indicators such as greenhouse gas emissions, human toxicity, eco-toxicity, acidification potential, etc. Action plan for the suggested improvement options like cleaner production options and others will be devised.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Introduction
Brief review of leather processing
- Process of tanning
- Pre-tanning operations
- Tanyard operations
- Post-tanning operations (wet finishing)
- Dry finishing operations
- Input vs. output in the tannery process
- Waste emission in tannery processes
Due to the high amount of moisture in the skins/hides, bacterial decomposition will occur. A wide range of mechanical finishing processes can be carried out to improve the look and feel of leather.
Life cycle assessment
- Principle
- Benefits of conducting an LCA
- Limitations of conducting an LCA
- Standards for LCA-ISO standards
Life cycle assessment is unique in that it covers all processes and releases to the environment, from the extraction of raw materials and the production of energy used to create the product, to the use and final disposal of the product. ISO 14044: Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - requirements ISO specifies requirements and provides guidance for life cycle assessment (LCA), including: definition of the objective and scope of LCA, analysis phase of life cycle inventory (LCI), life cycle impact assessment phase ( LCIA), life cycle interpretation phase, reporting and critical review of LCA, limitations of LCA, relationship between LCA phases and conditions for using value choices and choice elements.
ISO DIS 14067-carbon footprint of product
ISO 14025 - environmental labels and declarations - Type III environmental
Ecological Footprint
Product and supply chain standards greenhouse gas protocol (WRI/ WBCSD)
The Enterprise Value Chain and Product Lifecycle Accounting and Reporting Standards were published in October 2011. These new standards include requirements and guidelines for both product lifecycle accounting and enterprise calculation and reporting.
ILCD - International reference life cycle data system
It covers the accounting and reporting of the six greenhouse gases covered by the Kyoto Protocol—carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6).
Single issue standards
- Product category rules (PCR)
- Environmental product declarations (EPD)
ISO 14025, for example, is based on ISO 14040/44 and introduces two concepts: product category rules (PCR) and environmental product declarations (EPD). PCRs are specific guidelines for calculating the environmental impact of products within the same product category.
LCA and carbon footprint
Methodological considerations for CF of leather
It is therefore clear how important it is to harmonize all the standard schemes and practical experience on the market today in order to get a unique and direct methodology that is recognizable by the consumers.
Leather specific review of ISO DIS 14067 requirements
- Functional unit-ISO DIS 14067 requirements and recommendation
- System boundary and system boundary options-ISO DIS 14067 requirements and
- Quantification-ISO DIS 14067 requirements and recommendation
- Cut-off criteria-ISO DIS 14067 requirements and recommendation
- Data and data quality-ISO DIS 14067 requirements and recommendation
- Time boundary for data-ISO DIS 14067requirements and recommendation
- Use stage and use profile-ISO DIS 14067 requirements and recommendation
- End-of-life stage-ISO DIS 14067requirements
- Life cycle inventory analysis for the CFP-ISO DIS 14067requirements
- Allocation-ISO DIS 14067requirements and recommendation
The choice of the system boundary must be consistent with the objective of the CFP study. The setting of the system limit may differ depending on the intended application of the CFP examination.
Motivation for the study
However, the production of raw materials used for the production of all parts of the product will be included under the rules of cutting" (Finished Bovine Leather Product Category Rules 2011). Meat is the main product of slaughter, sharing the environmental burden on leather was based on the total market value share of rawhide (14%) among slaughterhouse products (Joseph & Nithya 2009).Allocation should be avoided whenever possible and, if unavoidable, should be physical relationship within the single process under consideration (UNIDO 2012).
LCA Software package-SimaPro
Previous studies on carbon footprint of leather
On the other hand, all inputs and outputs, almost throughout the life cycle of the skin, were measured in mass and referred to a mass flow of skin (not skin surface). Characterization was performed for each macro stage of the system life cycle: slaughterhouse, storage, tannery, factory solid waste management, factory wastewater treatment, chromium recovery. This study will help to identify the environmental burden and extent of upgrading tanneries, exploiting potential energy savings and reductions in different impact categories.
METHODOLOGY
Introduction
Goal definition and scope
According to the definition of quantification and the previous definition of the functional unit, the CF of leather is expressed as. All data related to process inputs and outputs were obtained directly from the company between June 2013 and June 2014. An analysis of physical and chemical characterization of wastewater emissions from leather processes was performed.
Impact assessment
- Units
- Midpoint categories
- Damage categories
- Normalization
- Weighting
The center CFs are expressed in kg PM2.5-eqinto air/kg and obtained by dividing the damage factor of the considered substance by the damage factor of the reference substance (PM2.5 in air). The midpoint CFs are expressed in kg triethylene glycol in water eq/kg and obtained by dividing the damage CF of the substance considered by the damage CF of the reference substance (triethylene glycol) in water. The damage category resources is the sum of the center categories non-renewable energy consumption and mineral extraction.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Introduction
Steam consumption of full chrome processes ton/year 121 Steam consumption of full chrome processes ton/m2 0.00044 Steam consumption of regenerated chrome processes ton/year 14. Steam consumption of crust leather dryer full chrome calculated by multiplying the percentage of the percentage of total production. The steam consumption of the chromium regenerated crust leather dryer is calculated by multiplying the percentage by the percentage of the total production.
Raw material supply
Input chemical consumption
The soaking, soaking and liming drum can process 1400 kg (150 pieces) of salted raw hides per drum. After the above mentioned processes are completed, the next processes are delineation-processing, pickling and chrome blackening or registration (chromium revived leather) where chemicals are added based on the weight of the lime pellet. Then, after several mechanical operations (sammying, splitting and shaving) the wet blue leather is subjected to further processes such as acid washing, rechroming or light rechroming (chromium revived leather), neutralization, revival, fat filling and top fat where chemicals are added based on shaved weight.
Water and steam consumption
Steam consumption/m2 of fully chromed crust leather 0.000444 Table 4-8: Proportion of boiling water and boiling water temperature of chrome-tanned crust leather. Dryer steam consumption for fully chromed and retanned chromed leather, calculated by multiplying the percentage of total production. The calculation of steam consumption in the dryer for chrome tanned crust leather followed the same procedure as above, but the percentage of all chrome tanned crust leather is 20%.
Pollutant emission characterized from wastewater of full-chrome and chrome retanned
Annual average total amount of steam consumed by dryer is 266 tons, percentage share of all full chrome crust leather of total crust leather production is 60%, full chrome natural crust leather percentage share is 70% of total full chrome share and total area of full chrome natural crust leather is 273134 m2.
Electricity and transport loads
Carriage loads of full chrome and chrome retanned crust leather for raw material, chemicals and delivery are shown in Tables 4-15 through 4-17. Then, transport load for raw material of both systems has been calculated according to the previously mentioned percentage concept. Transport load for a single trip is obtained by multiplying the distance from Chittagong (263 km) by the capacity of the truck.
Solid waste generation of both systems
Air emission from combustion of diesel in boiler
The input unit of the SimaPro approximate procedure "Diesel fuel burned in an industrial boiler" is liter, so these emission factors are simply converted to kg/l.
Production processes of full-chrome and chrome retanned leather
Z (styrene acrylate with . glutardialdehyde) RWP (phenol-based condensation syntan) Tanigan OS (pre-machine syntan) Sodium Bi carbonate Bushan 30L accumulation. Trilon B (EDTA) Mimosa SD R7 SA (Syntan Bleaching) Tanigan OS (Syntan Preprocessor) GM Mimo GS Basyntan AN Tanigan OS (Syntan Preprocessor) GM Provol 100 Water.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Introduction
The midpoint characterized values and endpoint damage values indicated which life cycle processes contributed a lot and the comparative assessment of these values indicated which system is less burdensome to the environment.
Characterization assessment
- Aquatic ecotoxicity
- Aquatic acidification
- Aquatic eutrophication
- Carcinogens
- Global warming
- Ionizing radiation
- Land occupation
- Mineral extraction
- Non-carcinogens
- Non-renewable energy
- Ozone layer depletion
- Respiratory inorganics
- Respiratory organics
- Terrestrial acidification- nutrification
- Terrestrial ecotoxicity
This figure shows the relative contribution of life cycle processes to the non-renewable energy impact category during the production of full chrome and chrome retanned crust leather. This figure shows the relative contribution of life cycle processes to ozone depletion in the impact category between production of chrome leather and retanned chrome leather. This figure shows the relative contribution of life-cycle processes to inorganics in the respiratory tract of the impact category during the production of chrome-plated and chrome-retanned leather.
Damage assessment
- Climate change
- Ecosystem quality
- Human health
- Resources
5-25 shows the relative contribution of life-cycle processes to the ecosystem quality of the damage category, and this category is strongly dominated by manufacturing processes for full chrome systems and vice versa for chrome reworked systems. The ecosystem quality of the damage category of the full chrome system is 2.53 times higher than that of the chrome retanning system, and the total amount is 1.77 and 0.698 PDF*m2*year. It is clear that the full chrome system is far superior to the chrome tanned system for both categories.
SCOPE FOR IMPROVEMENTS
- Introduction
- Aquatic eutrophication
- Solution to aquatic eutrophication
- Aquatic acidification
- Non-carcinogens
- Solution
- Aquatic ecotoxicity
- Water reduction
Use of these acids results in reduction of chloride and sulfates in the discharge fluid (EC 2001). Chemical modification of chromium tanning salt may be one of the possibilities to increase the absorption of chromium. Increasing the chromium uptake by oxazolidine tanning and a reduction of the chromium load in wastewater can be achieved (Sundarapandiyan et al. 2011).
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Conclusion
Harm analysis, linking health effects to DALYs, using estimates of Years Lived Disability (YLD) and Years of Life Lost (YLL). PAF is calculated from the combination of the estimated distribution function and the calculated field concentration. Since the surplus energy is dependent on the choice of N, the absolute value of the surplus energy has no real meaning.
The consequence of this arbitrary choice is that the absolute value of the excess energy has no significance. The sole purpose of the concept of surplus energy is to have a relative measure of the damage caused by the depletion of a mineral or fossil resource.
