Cardiovascular Disease and Hematological Disorders

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Angina pectoris, commonly known as angina, is the sensation of chest pain, pressure, or squeezing, often due to ischemia of the heart muscle from obstruction or spasm of the coronary arteries.

Stable angina: Also known as effort angina, this refers to the classic type of angina related to myocardial ischemia. A typical presentation of stable angina is that of chest discomfort and associated symptoms precipitated by some activity (running, walking, etc.) with minimal or non-existent symptoms at rest or after administration of sublingual nitroglycerin.

Unstable angina: Unstable angina (UA) (also "crescendo angina"; this is a form of acute coronary syndrome) is defined as angina pectoris that changes or worsens.[1] It has at least one of these three features:

i. It occurs at rest (or with minimal exertion), usually lasting 3–5 minutes ii. It is severe and of new onset (i.e., Within the prior 4–6 weeks)

iii. It occurs with a crescendo pattern (i.E., Distinctly more severe, prolonged, or frequent than before).

Myocardial infarction (MI) or acute myocardial infarction (AMI), commonly known as a heart attack occurs when blood flow stops to part of the heart causing damage to the heart muscle.

Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is usually from cardiac causes, heralded by abrupt loss of consciousness within one hour of the onset of acute symptoms. Signs of Sudden cardiac death include the following:[2]

•Loss of consciousness

•Racing heartbeat

•Dizziness

•Chest pain/shortness of breath (an hour before SCA)

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In the developed world PAD is equally common among men and women while in the developing world women are more commonly affected.[5] In 2013 PAD resulted in about 41,000 deaths up from 16,000 deaths in 1990.[18]

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The ankle brachial pressure index (ABPI or ankle brachial index (ABI) is the ratio of the blood pressure in the lower legs to the blood pressure in the arms.

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Claudication, literally 'limping' (Latin), is a medical term usually referring to impairment in walking, or pain, discomfort or tiredness in the legs that occurs during walking and is relieved by rest.[1][2] The perceived level of pain from claudication can be mild to extremely severe. Claudication is most common in the calves but it can also affect the feet, thighs, hips, buttocks, or arms.[1] The word "claudication" comes from the Latin "claudicare" meaning to limp.

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