Community-based resource management increases fisheries production, improves biodiversity and helps reduce climate change in coastal communities (Mustafa et al., 2017). To identify existing problems and perspectives for aquaculture in the hilly area and find applicable solutions. This research work will add a new dimension to improving the aquaculture sector in the hilly area of Bangladesh by generating a sustainable community-based aquaculture model.
A total of 1200 streams were constructed around Kaptai Lake and these created a huge potential of hill aquaculture (Alamgir and Ahmed, 2008). 2016) reported that the proper fishing right of fishermen in the hill area has not been fully established. According to Blake et al. 2004), women can be a vital part of CBFM and can contribute to increasing household income.
The study area is located in the hill areas of Chattogram, southeastern part of Bangladesh (Figure-01). For research purposes, 33.34% of the total number of companies were selected as a sample in the study area.
Field survey
- Selection of survey techniques and preparation of the questionnaire Five survey techniques were chosen, such as focus group discussion, field visit, farmer's
- Farmers' interview and field visit
- Focus group discussion
- Stakeholder's analysis
To explore fish farming systems, their potentials and problems and all other related issues in the study area, both field surveys and laboratory analyzes were conducted in the study area.
Laboratory analysis
Determination of water and sediment quality parameters
Water and sediment quality parameters including temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), iron, phytoplankton abundance, organic carbon and matter organic were determined in selected farms using different instruments and laboratory manual, which are described below Determination of water temperature. The pH of the water was determined using a pH meter (Instrument name: pH meter, model number: H198107 and company name: HANNA). Dissolved oxygen was determined using a dissolved oxygen meter (Instrument name: DO Meter, model number: DO200A and company name: HANNA).
The iron content of the pond and groundwater was determined using an iron meter (instrument name: hand-held iron colorimeter, model number: HR and company name: HANNA). Ten squares of S-R cells were counted for a qualitative and quantitative study of phytoplankton. The total number of planktonic cells was calculated in the water sample using the formula of Rahman (1992).
Organic carbon and organic matter of collected samples were determined in the ecology laboratory of Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (CVASU) according to the laboratory protocol followed by Saha (2010). Ten ml (1 N) K2Cr2O7 and 20 ml concentrated H2SO4 and a pinch of silver nitrate are taken and placed in the dark for 30 minutes.
Identification of hazardous substances
Then the solution was diluted with 200 mL of distilled water and 5 mL of phosphoric acid was added to the diluted solution. Finally, the solution was titrated against a standard FeSO4 solution with 1 ml of diphenylamine as an indicator. B= Volume of FeSO4 required for blank U= Volume of FeSO4 required for sample D= ml of K2Cr2O7 used.
Sediment samples were sent to Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Chattogram to determine the sediment iron content of the selected farms in the study area (Appendix-D).
Analysis and visualization of collected data
Problems and prospects are arranged in the study area Based on survey data using Microsoft Excel (Version-2016).
Formulation of community based aquaculture model
CHAPTER-04: RESULTS
- Diversity of occupation
- Important aspects of fish farming
- Costing of seed at source and transportation
- Costs associated with feeding
- Total cost analysis
- Profit scenario based on farming types
- Comparison of water quality and sediment parameters
- Presence hazardous substances
- Prospects and problems of aquaculture
Important aspects of fish farming in the study area were identified through the survey process. Twenty (20%) of the selected farmers claimed to have received government support such as consultation and training, and sixteen (16%) farm owners involved women in fish farming. Among the practiced methods, polyculture seemed to be popular in the study area (Figure-06 and appendix-H).
Eleven (11) fish species were identified as cultured species among the selected fish farms in the study area. Tilapia found the most popular culture species in the study area due to its high growth rate. Sources of fish seed were investigated in the study area and found that 45% farms brought fish fry from remote districts including Cumilla (35%), Lakshmipur (5%), Chattogram (5%), while the remaining eleven (55%) farms were found dependent on fingerlings from local nurses.
It appears that the costs associated with the transportation of seeds were high in the area under consideration (Figure-08). In the total transport costs per year, 76.45% was transport of gilts and 23.55% was transport of gilts. Average mortality was found to be 7.2% for gilts and 2.8% for gilts in total mortality for each category (Figure-09).
Feed categories used in the study area were analyzed and found that 90% of sampled farms used commercial pellet feed and 10% on farm feed (Figure-10). Seed and feed costs (84.7% of the total costs) were found to be significant costs for the fish farm among the selected fish farms (Figure-12). Figure-12: Comparison of the different cost types among the farms 4.11 Cost, production and income analysis.
Various water and sediment quality parameters of the selected farms were measured and average values were obtained (Appendix-J). Important problems and perspectives were identified through the questionnaire and later ranked according to farmers' opinions in the focus group discussion (Figure-17 and 18). According to the analyzed data, the important problems of aquaculture were the lack of hatcheries in the study area, the excessive cost of buying feed, the lack of strong connection of stakeholders, the lack of proper knowledge, guidance and consultancy and the assumption that hilly land has low production rates.
Lack of breeding ground in the study area Excessive cost for feed purchases Lack of strong stakeholder linkage More of proper knowledge, guideline and. After analyzing collected data, a community-based aquaculture model was formulated based on the problems and prospects of the current fish farming methods in the study area.
CHAPTER-05: DISSCUSSION
- Diversity of occupation
- Ownership, types of waterbody, area and farming type
- Important aspects related to fish farming
- Fish culture methods
- Culture species
- Types and sources of seed
- Seed transportation and mortalities
- Total cost analysis
- Production and Income
- Prospects identified
- Problems identified
Dependence on remote districts for fish seed was evident in the study area (Figure said that scarcity of fish seeds of large carp is one of the main problems for the development of aquaculture in Bangladesh. According to current study, seed purchase cost was found 89% and seed transportation cost was 11% of the total seed cost (Figure-10) The average value of TDS value was higher poultry fish farm than the non-poultry fish farm due to the use of poultry excrement in the poultry fish farms in the study area .
According to Allison (2011), aquaculture and fisheries have the potential to contribute to job creation for young people. 2015) reported a lack of proper initiatives to implement training for fish farmers in the aquaculture sector in Bangladesh. After analyzing the collected data, a community-based aquaculture model was formulated based on the problems, prospects and SWOT analysis of the current fish farming in the study area (Figure-19).
As there was no hatchery in the study area, farmers usually depend on distant sources for seed collection. Therefore, the establishment of hatcheries in the study area proved to be very important to overcome the limitations of seed supply for fish farming. In the study area, 75% of farmers said that feed cost is the second most important problem in aquaculture because they lack capital to buy feed (Figure 18).
Feed costs were estimated at 58.4% of the total aquaculture costs in the study area (Figure 12). The practice of raising poultry in the study was not found to be safe as they deposit gallons of poultry directly into the fish pond to minimize feed costs. Thus, the introduction of a safe integrated aquaculture system in the study area is necessary to increase fish production and profits and improve the natural productivity of the soil and water.
Inclusion of women in the production line will reduce production costs and ensure women's rights and gender equality in the study area. The government agency lacks manpower, so they could not provide sufficient support to fish farmers in the study area. It will ensure the generation of loans and capital for aquaculture by government, NGOs and private organizations in the study area.
CHAPTER-06: CONCLUSION
CHAPTER-06: RECOMMENDATIONS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
Food selection, electivity and diet overlap among planktivorous Chinese and Indian large carp fry and fingerlings reared in extensively managed rain-fed ponds in Bangladesh. Economic feasibility of community-based fish culture in seasonally flooded rice fields in Bangladesh and Vietnam. The effects of community-based fish culture in seasonal floodplains on income, food security and employment in Bangladesh.
Challenge of Community Based Fish Culture Program in Bangladesh: Case Study on Floodplain Beel Post in Rajshahi. Local institutions for floodplain management in Bangladesh and the influence of the flood action plan.
