Only a reliable induced breeding and larval rearing technique can provide quality fish seed (Mollah et al., 2008). According to Mohanta et al., (2008), there are more than 100 varieties of goldfish that appeal to a wide range of aquarium fish lovers. Ovulin hormone was used in induced breeding of twelve breeding strains (9 females and 3 males) of Clarias gariepinus (Maradun et al., 2018) to determine the effectiveness of different doses (0.3, 0.5 and 0.7 ml/ kg body weight).
Ayoola et al., (2012) used 0.5 ml/kg BW dose of natural fish hormone (Clarias gariepinus pituitary extract and frog Haplobutrachus occipitalis pituitary extracts) and artificial hormone (ovulin) to improve the hatching performance of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). compare. Zainal et al., (2014) investigated the performance of ovaprim, oxytocin and chicken pituitary gland extracts on induced breeding of seurukan fish (Osteochilus vittatus). Targon´ska et al., (2012) conducted an experiment to compare different synthetic hormones performance in induced breeding of crucian carp Carassius carassius (L.).
According to Ali et al., (2015) crucian carp broods (Carassius carassius) were administered at doses of 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mg PG kg-1 body weight to evaluate and compare breeding efficiency between doses. Mahadevi et al., (2018) conducted an experiment to evaluate the induced breeding performance of broods of telescopic-eyed goldfish (Carassius auratus auratus) (20-32 g) in captivity by WOVA-FH hormone at different doses and 1, 2 ml/ml to be injected. kg body weight) including control (non-injected broods).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
- Experimental site
- Collection of oranda brood fish
- Conditioning of broods
- Conditioning of brood fish
- Male and female oranda goldfish
- Broods in breeding bowl
- Hormone injection in fish
- Stripping and counting the eggs
- Determination of relative fecundity
- Determination of fertilization rate
- Fertilized eggs Plate 10: Unfertilized eggs 3.10 Determination of hatching rate
- Observation of the development of hatchlings
- Statistical analysis
To evaluate the breeding performance of oranda goldfish (C. auratus) 15 plastic trays with 20 liter water holding capacity were used as breeding trays. To maintain the constant temperature, immersion water heater is provided in each breeding tank and continuous aeration is ensured. Before hormone administration, fish were kept in hatchery for 24 hours and water quality parameters were properly maintained.
After the observation of the ovulation period, stripping was performed by gentle pressure on the posterior ventral side of the spawners. The female was then stripped and the eggs were collected in the breeding dish. Then the respective male was stripped into the same brood bowl and mixed well with previously collected eggs. For this purpose, egg samples from each bowl were placed on a microscope slide and viewed under the microscope (Optica B-192) and the fertilized eggs were counted using a soft thin brush.
Data of surviving larvae were collected for one week and survival rate of Oranda goldfish larvae was determined by the following formula used by Ayinla and Akande (1988). Number of larvae at the end of the experiment Survival rate Number of hatched larvae.
CHAPTER-4 RESULTS
- Fish response to different doses of hormone administration
- Reproductive performance of synthetic ovulin hormone
- Ovulation rate and period
- Observation of ovulation
- Relative fecundity
- Hatching period and rate
- Observation of hatching 0
- Larvae counting Plate 14: Survived larvae 0
- 7 day’s old goldfish (6mm) Plate 16: 14 day’s old larvae (9mm)
- 21 day’s old goldfish Plate 18: 30 day’s old goldfish
- Larval development
- Early hatched larvae b. 13- 20 hours old larva
- 15 hours Larvae
- Development of swim bladder
- Jaw development and evidence of caudal fin rays
- Various dimension of three weeks old oranda
- Various dimension of one month old oranda
- Cost-benefit analysis of the assay
A fruitful finding is that 100% ovulation occurred at all different doses of synthetic ovulin hormone. After 2 doses of ovulin administration according to different doses, ovulation occurred 8-13 hours after injection (Appendix 1). A significant difference was found between the four doses of ovulin hormone, while T2 was significantly (p<0.05) better than T1 and T4 (Figure 1 and Table 7).
A significant difference was found among the four doses of ovulin hormone, while T2 was significantly (p<0.001) higher than that of T1, T2 and T3 (Figure 2 and Table 7). Oranda goldfish eggs hatched within 36-50 hours of fertilization at 25-27oC among all treatments applied. . 27 | P a g e A significant difference was found among the four doses of ovulin hormone, while T2 was significantly (p<0.001) higher than that of T1, T2 and T3 (Figure 3 and Table 7).
There was a significant difference between the four doses of ovulin hormone, while T2 was significantly (p<0.001) higher than the other treatments. Newly hatched larvae (1-12 hours) freed themselves by frequent movements of the tail, which broke the eggshell. Some reduction in yolk sac size was found in tubular form due to the greater absorption at the front.
Yellow pigmentation was greatly increased than before, and the density of pigment spots (xanthophores) was exaggerated in the head, dorsal musculature and lateral line. The posterior end of the string was slightly bent upwards and the rays of the caudal fin were visible in the fold of the fin between the melanophores under the curved string. A distinct lateral line was noted and the alimentary canal appeared as a straight tube that enlarged anteriorly.
The total length was 8.7-11.5 mm and the larvae apparently resemble their parents, but the actual goldfish coloration was not obtained. The yellow pigmentation is heavy and the general body surface takes on a translucent appearance. The caudal fin length advances over 3.5-4.2 mm and the dorsal fin consists of 8-12 true rays.
At the end of the experimental study, cost-benefit analysis was performed based on the dose of 0.4 ml and 0.6 ml/kg body weight. After the analysis, it was concluded that induced breeding using 0.4 ml of ovulin hormone is profitable, which was found almost three times higher than 0.6 m/kg body weight of ovulin hormone (Table 8 and Table 9).
CHAPTER-5 DISCUSSION
Afzal et al., (2007) recommended a temperature range of between 25oC to 32°C for good performance of fish. Relative fecundity of crucian carp ranged between 13-17%, which is also consistent with the present study while using 0.5ml/kg body weight natural carp pituitary hormone (Targon´ska et al., 2012). Relative fecundity of oranda goldfish is also collaborated with the findings of the study of common goldfish (Vahid et al., 2012).
Mahadevi et al., (2018) administered different doses of WOVA-FH hormone to low-weight telescopic-eyed goldfish (Carassisus auratus auratus), while the highest egg count was estimated at 1189 eggs. The significant result of the stripped eggs of the current study was found to be higher than that of crucian carp (Targon'ska et al., 2012). Mahadevi et al., (2018) reported that the increase in hormone doses shortens the ovulation period in goldfish (Carassius auaratus).
Targon´ska et al., (2012) found 14-16 hours of ovulation in induced reproduction of crucian carp (Carassius carassius). These findings are in strong agreement with the study by Khan et al., (2013) while using ovatid hormones in large carp. The ovulation rate of this study is also comparable to that of large carp where 95-100% ovulation was achieved Basavaraj et al., (1999).
The fertilization rate of this study is also comparable to the study of Mahmud et al., (2012), who administered different doses of ovaprim hormone to comet goldfish where the highest fertilization rate was found 51.47% at the dose of 0.7 ml/kg. In the present study, fertilization rate was found higher with low dose of ovulin in oranda goldfish compared to the study of Mahmud et al., (2012) conducted in comet goldfish. Comet goldfish eggs need 76 hours of fertilization in the temperature range of 15-20oC (Mahmud et al., 2012).
The extraction rate of comet goldfish (Mahmud et al., 2012) was found lower than the present study. The highest hatching rate occurred in telescopic eyed goldfish (Mahadevi et al., 2018) while compared to the present study. Maradu et al., (2018) found the highest survival rate (88.12%), while applying the hormone ovulin in Clarias gariepinus.
CHAPTER-6 CONCLUSIONS
CHAPTER-7
RECOMMENDATIONS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
Effect of brood stock size on egg fertilization, hatchability and fry survival rate of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus. Effect of different doses of ovulin hormone on the induced breeding performance of Clarias gariepinus. Effect of synthetic luteinizing hormone - releasing hormone (LH-RH) on ovulation and pituitary cytology of the Goldfish (Carassius auratus).
2018. Induced Breeding of Telescopic Goldfish (Carassius auratus auratus) Using Synthetic Hormone (WOVA-FH). Goldfish, molly, guppy rearing technique and its impact on rural economy of Purba Midnapore district, West Bengal, India. Effect of different doses of ovulin hormone on the induced breeding performance of Clarias gariepinus.
2010. Ornamental Fish Trade, Production and Trade: Technical-Managerial and Legislative Aspects. Induced breeding of African mud catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1822) and the use of different doses of normal salt-diluted ovaprim. Fertility, survival and growth of the seahorse Hippocampus ingens (Pesces: Syngnathidae) under semi-controlled conditions, International.
Effects of thermocycling on body weight gain and gonadal growth in redfish (Carassius auratus) Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. Controlled reproduction of crucian carp (Carassius carassius) by combining temperature and hormone treatment in eggs. Effect of variable dose of ovulin on breeding performance of Clarias gariepinus in improved hatchery tanks at Benue State University, Nigeria.
APPENDICES
Data of breeding performances of oranda goldfish
