Chapter 3
Security Market Indices
A security market index is a means to measure the growth of value of a set of securities.. Some famous indexes are the Dow Jones Industrial Index (DJIA), which is a group of 30 stocks of the largest American corporations, the Standard & Poor's Composite 500 Index (S&P 500), which comprises about 500 stocks, and the NASDAQ Composite Index, started on February 5, 1971 with a base value of 100, comprises most of the stocks on the NASDAQ trading system, and consists of many technology companies.
Definition of Security Market
Index
1. Indices helps to recognize the broad trends in the market.
2. Index can be used as a bench mark for evaluating the investor portfolio.
3. Indices function as a status report on the general economy. Impact of various economic policies are reflected on stock market.
4. The investor can use the indices to allocate funds rationally among stock. To earn return as per with the market return, he can choose the stock that reflect the market movement.
Uses of Indices:
5. Technical analysis studying the historical performance of the indices predict the future movement of the stock.
1.
The sample
• size
• breadth
• source
2.
Weighting of sample members
• Price-weighted series
• Value-weighted series
• Unweighted (equally weighted) series
Differentiating Factors in Constructing
Market Indexes
3.
Computational procedure
• Arithmetic average
• Compute an index and have all changes, whether in price or value, reported in terms of the basic index
• Geometric average
1.Price Weighted Index
• Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA)
• Nikkei-Dow Jones Average 2. Value-Weighted Index
• NYSE Composite
• S&P 500 Index
3. Unweighted Index
• Value Line Averages
• Financial Times Ordinary Share Index
Stock-Market Indexes
Best-known, oldest, most popular series
Price-weighted average of thirty large well known industrial stocks, leaders in their industry, and listed on NYSE
Total the current price of the 30 stocks and divide by a divisor (adjusted for stock splits and changes in the sample)
Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA)
Limited to 30 non-randomly selected blue-chip stocks
Does not represent a vast majority of stocks
The divisor needs to be adjusted every time one of the companies in the index has a stock split
Introduces a downward bias by reducing weighting of fastest growing companies whose stock splits
Criticism of the DJIA
Arithmetic average of prices for 225 stocks on the First Section of the Tokyo Stock Exchange (TSE)
Best-known series in Japan
Price-weighted series formulated by Dow Jones and Company
The 225 stocks represent 15 percent of all stocks on the First Section
Nikkei-Dow Jones Average
Value of a Price Return Index
D P n VPR
1 N
i
i i I
VPRI = the value of the price return index
ni = the number of units of constituent securities in the index N = the number of constituent securities in the index
Pi = the unit price of constituent security i D = the value of the divisor
Calculation of Single-Period Price Return
N
i
N
i i
i i
i i
i I
I I
I
1 1 0
0 1
0 PR
0 PR 1
PR
P P w P
PR V w
V PR V
PR
I= the price return of index portfolio I
PR
i = the price return of constituent security iw
i = the weight of security iP
i1= the price of constituent security i at the end ofthe period
P
i0= the price of constituent security i at thebeginning of the period
Security
Beginning of Period Price
(€)
Ending of Period Price (€)
Dividends per share
(€) Shares Outstanding
LMN 10.00 12.00 0.50 200
OPQ 25.00 24.00 1.00 100
RST 15.00 18.00 0.25 400
Divisor
= 100
Calculation of Single-Period Price Return
% 29 . 14 1429
00 . . 105
00 . 105 00
. PR 120
00 . 100 120
) 18 400
( )
24 100
( )
12 200
V (
00 . 100 105
) 15 400
( )
25 100
( )
10 200
V (
1 PR
0 PR
I I I
Calculation of Single-Period Total Returns
N
i
N
i i
i i
i i i
i I
I
I PRI
I I
1 1 0
0 1
0 PR
0 1
PR
P
Inc P
w P TR
w TR
V
Inc V
TR V
TRI = the total return of the index portfolio
IncI = the total income from all securities in the index TRi = the total return of the constituent security i
Inci = the total income from security i
00 . 3 100
)]
25 . 0 400 (
) 00 . 1 100 (
) 50 . 0 200 [(
Inc
I
% 14 . 17 1714
00 . . 105
00 . 3 00 . 105 00
.
TRI 120
Security
Beginning of Period Price (€)
Ending of Period Price
(€)
Dividends per share
(€) Shares
Outstanding
LMN 10.00 12.00 0.50 200
OPQ 25.00 24.00 1.00 100
RST 15.00 18.00 0.25 400
Divisor 100
EXHIBIT 2-1 Example of a Price-Weighted Index
EXHIBIT 2-3 Example of an Equal-Weighted Equity Index
EXHIBIT 2-4 Example of a Market-Capitalization-Weighted Equity Index
Relatively new and not widely published
Growth in fixed-income mutual funds increase need for reliable benchmarks for evaluating performance
Many managers have not matched aggregate bond market return.
o increasing interest in bond index funds
– requires an index to emulate
Bond-Market Indicator
Series
Universe of bonds is much broader than that of stocks
Range of bond quality varies from U.S. Treasury securities to bonds in default
Bond market changes constantly with new issues, maturities, calls, and sinking funds
Bond prices are affected by duration, which is dependent on maturity, coupon, and market yield
Correctly pricing individual bond issues without current and continuous transaction prices available poses significant problems.