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Chapter 3

Security Market Indices

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security market index is  a  means  to  measure  the  growth  of  value  of  a  set  of  securities..  Some  famous  indexes  are  the Dow Jones Industrial Index (DJIA),  which is a group of 30 stocks of the largest American  corporations,  the Standard & Poor's Composite 500 Index (S&P 500),  which  comprises  about  500  stocks,  and  the NASDAQ Composite Index,  started  on  February 5, 1971 with a base value of 100, comprises  most  of  the  stocks  on  the  NASDAQ  trading  system,  and consists of many technology companies.

Definition of Security Market

Index

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1. Indices  helps  to  recognize  the  broad  trends  in  the  market.

2. Index can be used as a bench mark for evaluating the  investor portfolio.

3. Indices  function  as  a  status  report  on  the  general  economy.  Impact  of  various  economic  policies  are  reflected on stock market.

4. The  investor  can  use  the  indices  to  allocate  funds  rationally among stock. To earn return as per with the  market return, he can choose the stock that reflect the  market movement.

Uses of Indices:

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5. Technical analysis studying the historical performance  of the indices predict the future movement of the stock.

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1. 

The sample

• size

• breadth

• source

2. 

Weighting of sample members

• Price-weighted series

• Value-weighted series

• Unweighted (equally weighted) series

Differentiating Factors in Constructing

Market Indexes

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3.

Computational procedure

• Arithmetic average

• Compute an index and have all changes, whether   in price or value, reported in terms of the basic index

• Geometric average

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1.Price Weighted Index

  • Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA)

• Nikkei-Dow Jones Average 2. Value-Weighted Index

• NYSE Composite

• S&P 500 Index

3. Unweighted Index

• Value Line Averages

• Financial Times Ordinary Share Index

Stock-Market Indexes

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 Best-known, oldest, most popular series

  Price-weighted  average  of  thirty  large  well  known  industrial stocks, leaders in their industry, and listed on  NYSE

Total the current price of the 30 stocks and divide by a  divisor  (adjusted  for  stock  splits  and  changes  in  the  sample)

Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA)

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 Limited to 30 non-randomly selected blue-chip stocks

 Does not represent a vast majority of stocks

 The divisor needs to be adjusted every time one of the  companies in the index has a stock split

 Introduces a downward bias by reducing weighting of  fastest growing companies whose stock splits

Criticism of the DJIA

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  Arithmetic  average  of  prices  for  225  stocks  on  the  First Section of the Tokyo Stock Exchange (TSE)

 Best-known series in Japan

  Price-weighted  series  formulated  by  Dow  Jones  and  Company

  The  225  stocks  represent  15  percent  of  all  stocks  on  the First Section

Nikkei-Dow Jones Average

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Value of a Price Return Index

D P n VPR

1

N

i

i i I

VPRI = the value of the price return index

ni = the number of units of constituent securities in the index N = the number of constituent securities in the index

Pi = the unit price of constituent security i D = the value of the divisor

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Calculation of Single-Period Price Return

 





N

i

N

i i

i i

i i

i I

I I

I

1 1 0

0 1

0 PR

0 PR 1

PR

P P w P

PR V w

V PR V

PR

I  

= the price return of index portfolio I 

PR

i = the price return of constituent security i

w

i = the weight of security i

P

i1= the price of constituent security i at the end of 

the period

P

i0= the price of constituent security i at the 

beginning of the period

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Security

Beginning of  Period Price 

(€)

Ending of  Period  Price (€)

Dividends  per share

(€) Shares  Outstanding

LMN 10.00 12.00 0.50 200

OPQ 25.00 24.00 1.00 100

RST 15.00 18.00 0.25 400

Divisor 

= 100

Calculation of Single-Period Price Return

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% 29 . 14 1429

00 . . 105

00 . 105 00

. PR 120

00 . 100 120

) 18 400

( )

24 100

( )

12 200

V (

00 . 100 105

) 15 400

( )

25 100

( )

10 200

V (

1 PR

0 PR

 

 

 

 

 

I I I

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Calculation of Single-Period Total Returns

 





N

i

N

i i

i i

i i i

i I

I

I PRI

I I

1 1 0

0 1

0 PR

0 1

PR

P

Inc   P

w P TR

w TR

V

Inc   V

TR V

TRI = the total return of the index portfolio

IncI = the total income from all securities in the index TRi = the total return of the constituent security i

Inci = the total income from security i

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00 . 3 100

)]

25 . 0 400 (

) 00 . 1 100 (

) 50 . 0 200 [(

Inc

I

       

% 14 . 17 1714

00 . . 105

00 . 3 00 . 105 00

.

TRI 120

Security

Beginning of  Period Price (€)

Ending of  Period Price 

(€)

Dividends per  share

(€) Shares 

Outstanding

LMN 10.00 12.00 0.50 200

OPQ 25.00 24.00 1.00 100

RST 15.00 18.00 0.25 400

Divisor 100

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EXHIBIT 2-1 Example of a Price-Weighted Index

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EXHIBIT 2-3 Example of an Equal-Weighted Equity Index

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EXHIBIT 2-4 Example of a Market-Capitalization-Weighted Equity Index

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Relatively new and not widely published

  Growth  in  fixed-income  mutual  funds  increase  need  for reliable benchmarks for evaluating performance

Many  managers  have  not  matched  aggregate  bond  market return. 

o       increasing interest in bond index funds

– requires an index to emulate

Bond-Market Indicator

Series

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Universe of bonds is much broader than that of stocks

  Range  of  bond  quality  varies  from  U.S.  Treasury  securities to bonds in default

Bond  market  changes  constantly  with  new  issues,  maturities, calls, and sinking funds

  Bond  prices  are  affected  by  duration,  which  is  dependent on maturity, coupon, and market yield

  Correctly  pricing  individual  bond  issues  without  current  and  continuous  transaction  prices  available  poses significant problems.

Difficulties in Creating and Computing Bond-

Market Indicator Series

Referensi

Dokumen terkait

[email protected] S&P GCC Composite Shariah index The Fund is an open-ended fund which aims to achieve long-term capital growth through investing in shares of companies

December 31, 2022 S&P 500 Index N/A N/A Fidelity International N/A Percentage of fees for the management of the invested funds 10.00 5/26/1992 3,505,751 International Equity USD