The aim of the study is to generate information to improve the nutritional status of diabetic patients and improve their nutritional education to control diabetes at a normal range. The main aim of the study is to determine the nutritional status of Diabetic patients in Chattogram area, Bangladesh. Malnutrition defines a condition when the body does not have enough of the required nutrients (undernutrition) or has an excess of required nutrients (overnutrition) (Miere et al., 2007).
Anthropometry is the measurement of the body's physical dimensions and composition (Onis et al., 1996). 50.4% of the male patients were affected by diabetes compared to 49.6% of the female patients. In Mohlakotsana-Mokhehle (2014), survey of a total of 124 subjects was conducted viva-voice to collect information about diabetes patients.
The majority (50.7%) of the housewives had diabetes. 2010) study of a total of 90 patients were randomly selected for the study. Most of the patients consumed more carbohydrate-rich food than protein- and fat-containing food. Respondents relied on medication compared to diet to control diabetes. 2016) a cross-sectional study was conducted to collect information on the 153 diabetic patients who were in hospital.
Significant differences were also observed between the mean score of the different nutritional status groups.
MATERIALS AND METHODS 3.1 Study Region
- Subject Selection
- Study Design
- Study Population
- Inclusion Criteria
- Exclusion Criteria
- Study Tools
- Anthropometric Tools
- Weight
- Height
- Body Mass Index
- Ideal Body Weight
Socio-demographic characteristics, medical history, physical activity, anthropometric data and data on dietary habits were collected from each subject. The study included three hundred and seven diabetic respondents between the ages of 20-69 who attended the Chattogram District Diabetes Hospital. Diabetic patients who were not patients of the Chattogram district were not included in the study population.
Also, diabetic patients from the selected groups, but not younger than 20 years or older than 69 years, were not included in the study. The main tool was a structured questionnaire divided into different sections according to the objectives. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect information on socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents.
The nutritional status of the diabetic patients was classified according to the following classes as provided by WHO. Obesity was defined as anyone with a BMI equal to and above 25 kg/m2 according to WHO recommended guidelines.
1000 3.8.5 Blood Test
- Data Collection Procedure
- Administration of the Questionnaire
- Socio-demographic characteristic
- Medical history
- Anthropometric Measurements
- Dietary pattern
- Data Quality Control
- Accuracy of Anthropometric Measurements
- Minimizing Biases
- Data processing and analysis
17 | The heels were held together and the body was positioned so that the shoulder blades, buttocks and heels touched the vertical surface of the altimeter. The feet remained flat on the floor, albeit slightly apart, with a straight back and arms hanging freely at the sides. When standing still, the horizontal headrest was slightly but firmly placed against the head perpendicular to the altimeter.
Each patient's height was then read to the nearest 0.1 cm at the point where the headboard touched the height gauge. Two measurements were taken for each patient and the average height was calculated as the actual height of the patient. Two readings were recorded to the nearest 0.1 kg and their average was taken as his/her actual weight.
Food frequency questionnaire was used to obtain data on the types of food consumed by the diabetic patients. Data quality control measures were applied during data collection as follows: 3.11 Standardization/calibration of instruments. Standardization tests were performed each morning prior to fieldwork with known weights to ensure that the weight used was accurate and reliable.
Accuracy of the measurements was achieved through proper training and supervision of the field assistants by the principal investigator. During the height and weight measurement, two measurements were taken from the same patient and the average of the two measurements was taken as the actual measurement. To minimize bias and obtain complete and reliable information, survey respondents were informed about the purpose of the survey.
We cross-checked the completed questionnaires with regard to the completeness of the data, the consistency of the answers and measurements obtained, and the correctness of filling in the questions. After data entry, data cleaning was performed to ensure correctness of data entry into the computer. Data from completed questionnaires and anthropometric measurements were collected, refined and analyzed using IBM SPSS/PC version 21 statistical software.
RESULTS
This study also found that the age group 50-59 belonged to a higher number of diabetes patients. The frequency of the physical activity level and nutritional status of the respondents is described in table 4.2. The patient's lifestyle reveals that 38.4% (Both light and sedentary) have no regular physical activity.
The medical history of the respondents indicates that 25.4% of the family members had diabetes while 74.6% of the family had no diabetes. The amount of blood glucose level, e.g. fasting and after two hours of breakfast, were described in Table 4.4. According to this blood glucose level, which was higher than the normal range in both fasting and after two hours of breakfast.
A higher blood glucose level represents the condition of diabetes that is out of control in both male and female patients. Associations of socio-demographic circumstances with the nutritional status of the diabetic patient are shown in table 4.6. There is no significant relationship between the respondents' income and their nutritional status.
The duration of the diabetic disease and the types of treatment showed a significant relationship with nutritional status. The relationship between diet and nutritional status of diabetic patients is analyzed in Table 4.9. Diabetic patients can have a small meal after a short break of a day to control blood glucose levels.
DISCUSSION
The increased incidence of diabetes in women because most of the women lead a sedentary life and are therefore more overweight, engage in less strenuous activities compared to the men. This study also confirms that the onset of duration of diabetes was found in the category of 6-10 years and above, showing significant correlation with nutritional status. The results of this study showed that 58.6% of patients took medication and diet therapy, while 4.6% of patients took only diet therapy.
According to the current study, the respondent's nutritional status describes that half of the respondents (44.3%) were overweight and 11.1% were obese. In particular, one in three adults in the world is overweight and one in ten is obese (Wahome and Kibi, 2016). The risk of diabetes increased with higher BMI range and this study showed that female respondents had a high-risk condition.
This can be managed by maintaining proper nutritional balance, i.e. intake of food according to the requirements of the body (Anjuman et al., 2004). Lifestyle study of the patients showed that the respondents (Light 35.8% and sedentary 2.6%) did not have a regular activity pattern. This percentage is lower than that reported by Oladapo et al., (2013) who found that 70% of the respondents did not exercise regularly, and also Firouzi et al., (2015) found that 59% of the subjects rarely or never doing exercise.
In particular, one in three adults in the world is overweight and one in ten is obese (WHO, 2008). Overweight and obesity are associated with increased cellular resistance to insulin activity (WHO, 2002). According to the respondents' blood glucose readings, the majority were above normal blood glucose levels both fasting and after two hours of breakfast.
This may explain the lower glycemic control and the occurrence of diabetes since eating more than their requirements and lack of physical activity have been linked to diabetes. 30 | P a g e The nutritional needs of the respondents are met when they follow a traditional vegetarian or non-vegetarian food pattern. In this study, 66.8% of subjects consumed fast food daily or often, and a higher percentage of students with higher socioeconomic status had more frequent fast food.
CONCLUSION
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Questionnaire of The Study
MEDICAL HISTORY i. Family history of diabetes
NUTRITIONAL KNOWLEDGEAND FOOD HABIT PATTERN TEST 1. What is Diabetes?
Data Collection
Data Analysis
Brief Biography
