The study was conducted with the aim of providing morphological guidance by examining important vascular variations of the abdominal aorta in the New Zealand white rabbit (Orictilagus cuniculus) to inform experimental research and clinical practice in this animal. Asymmetry of the even branches with their distribution and the mode of departure of the arteries of the abdominal aorta was observed. The pattern and variation of the abdominal aorta and aortic arch have been described in several domestic species (Koch, 1970), rabbits (Dabanolgu, 2000; Brudnicki et al., 2007) and leporids (Ding et al., 2006).
The organization of the celiac artery and its branches was discovered by separate studies in rabbits and dogs (Abidu-Figueiredo et al., 2005). Thus, the aim of the study was to provide morphological guidance by investigating the diameter, length and major vascular variation of the abdominal aorta in the New Zealand white rabbit to inform experimental research and clinical practice in this animal. The New Zealand white rabbit belongs to the family Leporidae of the order lagormorpha, which also includes hares and pikas.
Major branches of the abdominal aorta 6
Celiac artery 6
Caudal to the aortic arches, the paired dorsal aortas fuse to form a single descending aorta, which is present in the adult. In the adult, umbilical arteries continue to the urinary bladder and degenerate distal to the bladder. The celiac artery, the first major ventral branch of the abdominal aorta, originated as a single artery. its first main branch, the splenic artery, giving off several splenic branches to that organ, and also several short gastric arteries, to the greater curvature of the stomach.
The left gastric artery forms another short trunk with the hepatic artery continuing the coeliac, passing forward and to the right, giving small branches to the pancreas.
Cranial mesenteric artery 7
Its first main branch is the gastroduodenal artery. 2005) reported that, in the rabbit celiac artery, the first branch was the lienal artery. the second branch was the left gastric artery and the hepatic artery. 2010) found that the celiac trunk in the rabbit branched into two vessels: the common trunk for the hepatic artery and the common trunk for the gastric and splenic artery. 2005) showed that the left gastric artery arises from the celiac artery in dogs. In carnivores, cattle, pigs and horses, the hepatic artery arises directly from the celiac artery. The caudal pancreaticoduodenal artery arises from the left and caudal aspect of the parent artery or may originate from the first jejunal artery.
In horses, the cranial mesenteric artery arises from the ventral side of the abdominal aorta at the level of the first lumbar vertebra.
Renal artery 8
According to Getty (1975), in ruminants the cranial mesenteric region arises from the ventral aspect of the abdominal aorta, somewhat caudal to the origin of the celiac artery; in sheep it more commonly arises from a common trunk with the celiac artery. The pancreatic branches, numbers two to three, arise from the cranial, lateral, and caudal aspects of the cranial mesenteric artery. The middle colic artery passes cranially and, after dividing into two to three branches, supplies the ascending colon.
It is a large unpaired vessel, about 2 to 3 cm long, which is divided into: a) caudal pancreaticoduodenal artery, b) about 15 to 20 jejunal arteries, c) iliocecocolic artery, d) middle colic arteries.
Testicular or ovarian artery 8
Caudal mesenteric artery 8
Craige (1948) described the external iliac artery in the rabbit as the larger, lateral branch, directed toward the inguinal ligament, above which it passes to the medial surface of the extremity and becomes the femoral artery. Near its junction with the ligament it gives off the internal iliac artery, the main part of which passes forward in the medial part of the abdominal wall. Getty (1975) described that the external iliac artery arises from the abdominal aorta ventral to the fifth lumbar vertebra and usually just cranial to the origin of the internal iliac in the horse.
Internal iliac arteries 9
In this experiment, the lengths and diameters of the major branches of the abdominal aorta were measured. In addition to the diameter measurements, we also took the length of the celiac trunk (before dividing it into a common trunk for the hepatic, gastroduodenal, and right gastric artery and a common trunk for the splenic and left gastric artery), cranially. Renal arteries descended as separate branches from the abdominal aorta below the cranial mesenteric artery in 28 (100%) cases.
In men, testicular arteries descended from the abdominal surface of the aorta below the renal arteries in 14(100%) cases. The median caudal artery (0.69±0.19mm) descended on the dorsal surface of the abdominal aorta above the bifurcation of external iliac arteries. Fig:9 shows terminal branches of the abdominal aorta in a female New Zealand white rabbit Umbilical arteries showed no variation in their location.
The diameter of the caudal mesenteric artery showed only significant differences (p<0.05) in both sexes. In the present study, the first major branch of the abdominal aorta is the celiac artery, which descended as a single artery in all rabbits examined. The mesenteric artery is a unique vessel arising from the aortic artery slightly caudal to the origin of the celiac artery (Nickel et al., 1977; Getty, 1981).
On the other hand, in the camel, it originates from the jejunal artery, which supplies the initial part of the jejunum (Smuts and Bezuidenhout, 1987), and in goats, the caudal duodenal artery and pancreatic branches are given separately from the cranial mesenteric artery (Yousef, 1991). However, only one pancreaticoduodenal artery arising from the gastroduodenal artery of the celiac artery anastomosing with the jejunal arteries has been described in sheep (May, 1970). However, the number of jejunal arteries varies between species (Schummer and Wilkens 1981).
The ovarian and vagal arteries descended asymmetrically from the ventral surface of the aorta above or below the caudal mesenteric artery. Nowicki, 2007: Changes in the aortic arch arteries in the brown rabbit (Lepus Europaeus). Pastea, 1977: Anatomical variants of celiac disease in sheep with special reference to the coelomesenteric arterial trunk.
Histological variation in aortic diameter and its 9
Blood pressure in aorta 10
The aorta consists of a heterogeneous mixture of smooth muscle, nerves, intimal cells, endothelial cells, fibroblast-like cells and a complex extracellular matrix. The thickness of the aorta encourages an extensive network of small blood vessels, called vas vasorum, that feed the outer layers of the aorta. The aortic arch contains baroreceptors and chemoreceptors that transmit information about blood pressure and blood pH and carbon dioxide levels to the medulla oblongata of the brain.
This information is processed by the brain, and the autonomic nervous system mediates homeostatic responses (Mackey et al., 1997).
Various pathologic conditions related to aorta 10
Atherosclerosis 10
Atherosclerosis and hemodynamics 10
Texon (1996) reported that atherosclerotic lesions occur more frequently at the bends and junctions of medium and large arteries. Contributing factors to this degenerative disease include the individual's genetic makeup, diet and lifestyle, and local arterial hemodynamics. Abnormal hemodynamic events, often labeled as "disturbed flow," such as low wall shear stress (WSS), high particle residence times, excessive arterial wall stresses, and wall compliance mismatch , play an important role in the regulation of vascular biology and localization of atherosclerosis.
Of all the hemodynamic factors that act directly on the endothelium, the WSS and its derivatives, as well as the transport and vascular wall uptake of monocytes and lipoproteins, are the most important ones associated with the initiation and spread of atherosclerotic lesions (Buchanan et al. reported that The flow field in the abdominal aorta containing the left and right renal arteries is significantly more disturbed in rabbits that exhibit a small distance between these two branches. Their research has shown that the fluid mechanical interactions between arterial branches depend on the distances between the branches and their relative orientations, as well as on the various geometric and flow parameters that determine flow disruption in the presence of arterial branches and curvatures.
Aortic aneurism 11
Physical examinations of the rabbits were performed and healthy rabbits were selected for this study. Photographs of different arteries were taken with a digital camera (Sony, Cybershot, 12 Mega Pixel) with 4×zoom capability. The abdominal aorta enters the abdominal cavity through the aortic hiatus of the diaphragm and ends with paired common iliac arteries.
The first branch of the abdominal aorta in the New Zealand white rabbit is the celiac artery (Fig. 1), which is divided into two trunks, namely the common trunk for the hepatic, gastroduodenal, and right gastric arteries, and the common trunk for the splenic and left gastric arteries (Fig. 4a). ,4b). The length of the cranial mesenteric trunk to the level of the origin of the ileocecocolic artery and the jejunal artery (Figure 5) was from 15.11 mm to 24.64 mm. According to Nickel et al. 1983) in ungulates, celiac disease arises at the level of the 17th and 18th thoracic vertebra, in cattle and carnivorous animals at the level of the 1st lumbar vertebra.
However, Abidu-Figueiredo (2005) showed that the celiac artery arises between the 1st and 2nd lumbar vertebra or at the level of the 2nd lumbar vertebra in carnivores. Craigie (1969) reported that it arose immediately behind the origin of the inferior mesenteric artery in rabbit, similar structures were observed in our study. But in guinea pigs the ovarian artery arose either from the aorta at about the level of origin of the renal arteries, direct branches of renal arteries, or common trunks with renal artery and in some cases formed anastomoses with branches of the renal arteries (Hossain) and O'Shea, 1983).
Matsuzaki, 1996: Ultrasound assessment of the early state of experimental atherosclerosis of the descending aorta in rabbits. Kolb, 1987: Arterial and venous supply to the bovine jejunum and the proximal part of the ileum.
Aortic dissection 11
Verminous mesenteric arteritis 11
