Chapter-i
INTRODUCTION
Geographically, Bangladesh is an Agro-based developing country. Livestock rearing is the integral part of farming system in Bangladesh, contributing 2.95% of the GDP of this country. Again, contribution of livestock to the agricultural GDP is around 17.32% (GOB, 2004). This branch generates 17% of the total foreign exchange earnings (BBS, 2003) and provides fulltime employment of 27% and part time employment of 55% of the population (GOB, 2004).
In spite of all these important contribution, the overall condition of this valuable resource is not satisfactory. The management practices of animals and geo-climatic condition of Bangladesh are favorable for the occurrence of various diseases. These diseases are responsible for reduced production and also mortality at times.
The developed countries, which emphasize livestock, have already developed a database of total livestock related problems, which can help them to take necessary steps for the improvement of their livestock sector. It can also help in National Disease Emergence Preparedness Planning.
A database of the common diseases of livestock in Bangladesh can help develop and implement a control strategy. However, the incidence of diseases varies with the species and age of the animals and seasons of the year (Hoque and Samad, 1996; Saifuzzaman, 1996; Sarker et al., 1999; Samad, 2001).
A healthy livestock population can be achieved by providing proper veterinary care and effective disease control programme. This requires more information on the pattern of the occurrence of different diseases in an area. The proper record keeping of disease incidence and veterinary care given from the veterinary hospital in an area can help determining the incidence and severity of various diseases in that particular area. This in turns helps in developing and implementing a correct control strategy. Therefore, in this communication an attempt was made to describe the pattern in the occurrence of different diseases in cattle, goats and chickens brought to the Upazilla Veterinary Hospital, Kaptai, Rangamati Hill Tracts.
The important objectives of this communication are-
1. To make a database of disease & disorders encountered in the UVH.
2. To determine disease prevalence in cattle, goat & poultry.
3. To facilitate the implementation of disease control programme.
4. To help in the planning of commercial farm.
Chapter-ii
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Here some literatures are cited from previous studies about the prevalence of main diseases and disorders encountered in my concerned UVH.
2.1 Parasitic diseases
Chowdhury et al. (2003) reported an overall prevalence of 63.8%, 73.7% and 70.6%
parasitic infection in cattle, buffaloes and goats respectively.
Amin and Samad (1988) reported fascioliasis in 16.12% diarrhoeal cases. Islam and Samad (1989) recorded 46.37% cases of cattle affected with both fasciola and amphistomes.
Rahman et al. (1972) reported the clinical incidence of 8.3% fascioliasis and 4.93%
GI nematodes. Hossain et al. (1988) reported the cause of death as a 54.22 % in calves due to helminthes infection.
Hossain et al. (1986) found 7.6% prevalence of Gid in goat in a 4-year study. Rahman et al. (1976) reported 13.8% GI parasitism and 4.34% Gid disease in goat.
Nooruddin and Dey (1990) reported that prevalence of mange in cattle is 2.47% in Bangladesh. Chowdhury et al. (2003) reported 2.2% and 31.2% mange in cattle and goat respectively. Rahman et al. (1972) reported 2.08% mange in cattle.
2.2 Bacterial diseases
Haque et al. (1988) recorded 0.04% general clinical incidence of Black Quarter and 50.74% case fatality rate among cattle of Pabna district.
Samad et al. (2001) found that in Bangladesh the morbidity and mortality rate of Black Quarter are 50.74% and 0.4% respectively.
Ramirez and Pijoan (1979) reported 10.4% incidence rate of pneumonia in goats in Mexico. Sriraman et al. (1982) recorded 40.79% mortality rate in goat of Andhra Pradesh due to pneumonia.
Banerjee et al. (1985) reported 5.8% prevalence rate of pneumonia in goats. Hossain et al. (1988) reported a higher rate of pneumonia (15.4%) in calves in Bangladesh.
Radostits (2000) claimed parasitic infection making animals more susceptible to such diseases.
Rahman et al. (1997) reported 18.5% sub-clinical mastitis and 13.3% clinical mastitis rate in crossbred cows in Bangladesh.
Chowdhury et al. (2003) reported 1.7% prevalence rate of clinical mastitis in
indigenous cows. Batra (1978) found that there is breed variation in susceptibility to clinical mastitis.
2.3 Viral Disaeses
Nooruddin and Dey (1990) reported 0.7% clinical incidence of warts in cattle from Bangladesh. Chowdhury et al. (2003) also reported 0.7% papilloma in cattle.
However, Nooruddin et al. (1986) found 3.04% incidence in rural cattle.
Nooruddin and Barik (1989) recorded 1.2% prevalence of contagious ecthyma (Orf) in goat.
Haque and Samad (1996) reported that the percentage of Foot and Mouth disease (FMD) occurrence in cattle was 5.7%. Sarker et al. (1999) reported this disease prevalence as 8.5%.
Chowdhury et al. (2003) reported 0.6% occurrence in indigenous cattle. Islam et al.
(1998) reported that in a FMD outbreak in Tangail 5.0% calves died among 10.43%
affected animals.
Debnath (1995) reported that Black Bengal goats (67.24%) are more susceptible to PPR than Jamunapary (32.76%) goats. Sil et al. recorded 53.0% incidence of PPR even in goats regularly vaccinated with Rinderpest vaccine.
2.4 Reproductive diseases
Muller and Owens (1974) reported that the overall incidence rate of Retained placenta is lower in August to November compared to other months.
Rahman et al. (2000) reported that a high incidence of reproductive disorders resulted due to defective management practices.
Cappa and Vecchiotti (1976) reported 18% incidence rate of retained placenta over a 10 years study.
Rogoziewiez and Jaskowski (1976) reported 9% incidence in cows. Sinha et al.
(1978) reported an overall 14.1% incidence with highest in Summer (26%).
Shukla et al. (1983) recorded 8.4% incidence of retained placenta in local cows.
2.5 Non-specific disorders 2.5.1 Fever
Haque and Samad (1997) reported 9.04% and 12.1% fever in cattle and 10.37% fever in goats from Bangladesh. Chowdhury et al. (2003) reported 6.6% fever in cattle and 13.9% in goat.
2.5.2 Indigestion
Sen et al. (1988) reported 29% incidence of Indigestion among hospital cases in cattle. Chowdhury et al. (2003) reported 1.5% Indigestion in cattle.
2.5.3 Tympany & Bloat
Sutradhar et al. (2003) reported 1.7% incidence of bloat in cattle.
Chowdhury et al. (2003) reported 1.3% and 5.1% occurrence of bloat in goats and cattle respectively.
Cockrem et al. (1978) claims larger rumen volume and insufficient eructation associated with bloat.
Rahman et al. (1999) reported 4.0% and 0.37% prevalence of tympany in buffaloes and cattle respectively.
Chapter-iii
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This report is based on the analyses of the hospital records of the care and attention given to the animals brought to the Upazilla Veterinary Hospital, Kaptai, Rangamati during the period from January 2007 to January 2009.
Study Population
A total of 1090 cattle, 2030 goats and 257 chickens were included in this study. I selected all the cases which were recorded in UVH register for last 2 years.
Anamnesis
The history of the sickness of the animals and birds were recorded by carefully asking questions to the owner. Age and sex of the animals were also recorded.
Age of the animals was determined by dentition and asking the owners.
Clinical Examination
Among clinical examinations body condition, temperature, consistency of faeces and any prominent clinical signs were recorded. Based on these findings a presumptive diagnosis was made. In addition, skull bone was palpated to feel the thickness of bone, the umbilical region of the calves were examined for any swelling, wound or hernial ring. The hindquarter and thigh muscles were observed to see lameness and crepitation on palpation. The udders of the cows were palpated to detect any enlargement, reddening or pain. The body surface of animals was examined for any swelling, wound or solid outgrowth. In ungulate animals mouth and feet were observed to detect any vesicle, wound or salivation.
Cows with the history of failure to conceive were examined by rectal palpation whether there are any abnormalities of reproductive tract. Cows were observed with the hanging of retained foetal membrane after 12hrs of parturition. Ruminal movement was observed through palpation. Different joints of the animals were examined to detect any swelling or pain. Abnormal sound of respiratory tract was detected through stethoscope. Birds were examined for abnormal droppings, anorexia, drowsiness, unthriftyness, torticolis, ruffled feather, droping of wings etc.
Post-mortem Examination
Post-mortem examination was done for the dead birds. Some live sick birds were also sacrificed for post-mortem examination. Post-mortem findings were noted, e.g.;
hemorrhage in brain, muscle, trachea, proventriculus and intestinal mucosa; necrotic lesions in liver, intestine; congestion of lungs, liver; air sacculitis, abnormalities in Bursa of Fabricius etc. Sometimes samples were collected for laboratory tests.
Laboratory Examination
The animals or birds with signs suspected for parasitic infections were subjected to faecal sample examination. The faeces collected directly from rectum were examined by direct smear method (Soulsby, 1982). A small quantity of faeces was taken and placed on a clean, grease free slide, mixed with a small drop of water, spread out, covered with a cover slip and examined thoroughly under a microscope.
Samples collected from poultry with signs of bacterial diseases were subjected to microscopy. Slides were prepared and stained with Gram’s or Giemsa stain and then observed under the microscope to study the morphology of the organisms.
Analysis of data
Data were analysed on the basis of the seasons of the year. The year was divided into three arbitrary seasons viz. Summer (March to June), Rainy (July to October) and Winter (November to February). Data were organised in the MS Excel spreadsheet and analysed for percentage of disease conditions prevalent in different seasons.
Chapter-iv
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In this study, I tried to distribute the occurrence of diseases and disorders among 3 seasons. All the details of the results are presented in Tables 1-3 and Fig.1-3.
4.1 Diseases of Cattle
Amongst all different disease conditions parasitic infection emerges as the number one problem affecting 57.2% cattle, 64.1% goats and 20.7% chickens. This is not unexpected since the very conducive environmental condition in Bangladesh highly favors the development and multiplication of the parasite.
Slightly lower rate of infection in summer further justifies the importance of weather in the survival of parasites.
Fig.1 shows that except the parasitic infections other diseases or disorders were higher during summer compared with two other seasons.
Table 1: Percentage of disease occurrence in cattle in different seasons-
Diseases/ Infections Overall infection (%) (N=1090)
Seasonal distribution of diseases (%) Summer
(n=235)
Rainy (n=385)
Winter (n=470)
Parasitic 57.2 47.7 59.1 64.8
Fascioliasis 32.8 31.2 32.4 34.8
Nematodiasis 11.3 10.5 10.1 12.7
Mixed infection 7.6 0.3 4.4 11.6
Mange 5.5 6.4 4.9 5.2
Bacterial 12.2 14.2 11.9 10.5
Black Quarter 1.4 2.5 2.0 0.0
Pneumonia 6.3 4.2 7.8 6.9
Pink eye 1.8 2.8 1.9 0.7
Mastitis 2.7 3.1 1.7 3.3
Viral 1.8 2.6 1.8 1.0
Papillomatosis 0.7 1.3 0.7 0.3
FMD 0.8 0.6 1.1 0.8
3-Day sickness 0.3 0.5 0.2 0.3
Reproductive 5.6 6.8 4.2 5.8
Dystocia 2.3 2.6 1.8 2.5
Retained placenta 2.1 2.5 1.6 2.2
Parturient paresis 1.2 1.2 0.6 1.8
Non Specific 23.2 25.1 17.2 15.3
Fever 6.3 9.1 5.2 4.2
Bloat 5.1 5.2 5.9 4.3
Indigestion 1.5 1.6 2.3 0.7
Abscess 4.6 9.2 5.2 2.2
Wound/injury 5.7 10.2 4.5 2.5
The percentage of foot and mouth disease infection in cattle was similar to the study of Chowdhury et al. (2003) and lower than Hoque and Samad (1996) and Sarker et al. (1999) who reported 5.7% and 8.5% infection respectively, an indication of reduction of the incidence foot and mouth disease. The control of FMD in the endemic countries like Bangladesh can be achieved by vaccination (Rahman et al., 1985). This can also be achieved by restricting movement of animals during infection period. However, these two factors might have contributed in lowered percentage of FMD prevalence.
The incidence of bloat was high in cattle (Table 1) compare to that reported by Sutradhar et al., (2000) who reported 1.7% incidence of bloat. The increased incidence of bloat in adult cattle is mostly dietary in origin (Church and Pond, 1988) and might be associated with their larger rumen volume and insufficient eructation (Cockrem et al., 1978).
In the present study, the incidence of mastitis (2.7%) was slightly higher than Chowdhury et al. (2003) however much lower compared with that of Rahman et al.
(1997) who reported 18.5% prevalence rate of clinical mastitis in cows. This was possibly because the present study was made mostly on indigenous cows where as
Rahman et al. (1997) made the study on crossbred and exotic dairy cows.
A low incidence of reproductive disorders 5.6% found in this study with the highest (6.85) incidence in summer season. Lower incidence may be due to higher attention in management (Rahman et al., 2000). Amongst other diseases in cattle, 23.2% were of non-specific nature, whereas 12.2% was bacterial, 1.8% was viral and 5.6% was reproductive disorders (Table-1).
4.2 Diseases of Goat
Table-2: Percentage of disease occurrence in goat in different seasons-
Disease/
Disorders
Overall infection (%) N=2032
In different seasons Summer
(n=390)
Rainy (n=457)
Winter (n=1185)
Parasitic 64.1 62.8 59.1 70.4
Fascioliasis 17.2 15.4 16.4 19.8
Monieziasis .7 8.3 7.7 10.1
Mixed 12.3 4.9 15.7 16.3
Mange 25.3 28.8 21.4 25.7
Gid 0.6 0.2 1.1 0.5
Bacterial 12.3 14.9 13.8 10.5
Pneumonia 9.2 8.0 12.5 7.1
Cl. Mastitis 3.1 2.9 1.1 2.2
Viral 6.8 6.9 6.5 6.1
Ecthyma 4.8 3.4 2.9 6.1
PPR 2.0 2.3 3.1 0.8
Non-specific 16.8 19.2 19.7 12.5
Bloat 2.7 2.7 3.5 1.9
Wound 1.6 1.9 1.0 1.8
In goat, parasitic infection is the highest (64.1%) with 25.3% mange and 17.2%
fascioliasis. The high incidence of mange may be due to high density of mites in hilly area. Fascioliasis is also higher compared to the report of Rahman et al. (1972) who recorded 8.35% may be due to maximum snail population in Kaptai.
Among bacterial diseases (12.3%) in this study, 9.2%(Table-2) occurrence of Pneumonia is found as a major problem for goat. Frequent rainfall and high humidity may be responsible for this (Banerjee, 1985).
Among viral diseases (6.8%) though Ecthyma is higher (4.8%) is not so fatal as PPR (2%) due to high mortality. The prevalence can be reduced by regular immunization with PPR vaccine from LRI (www.dls.gov.bd).
In goat, the percentages of bacterial and viral infections were comparatively lower (Table-2), although 16.8% animals had non-specific disease condition. Among nonspecific diseases, fever is the highest with 12.5%, which is slightly higher than Haque and Samad (1997) who reported 10.7%.
4.3 Diseases in Chicken
Table-3 shows that among 257 chickens the highest infection 39.1% was caused by Newcastle Disease (ND) virus in which morbidity and mortality rate may be up to 100%
and 10-50% respectively. The possible cause of this higher rate may be ignorance of farmers about vaccination of birds.
Table-3: Percentage of disease occurrence in chicken in different seasons- Disease/
Disorders
Overall infection (%)N=257
In different seasons
Summer (%) Rainy (%) Winter (%)
Parasitic 20.7 19.2 20.6 22.3
Viral (ND) 39.1 40.3 32.3 44.7
Salmonellosis 15.7 16.4 16.1 14.6
Non specific 24.5 19.6 26.6 27.4
Fig. 3 indicates that greater attention should be given to control ND in backyard chicken.
Fig.3: Prevalence of different categories of diseases in Chickens
The second highest infection is parasitic as 20.7%. This problem results because people are in the dark about parasitic infection in birds, although somewhat informed about helminthes of farm animals.
Among three species, poultry has the highest bacterial infection (Salmonellosis) of
in chicken compared to other two species in which parasitic infection is more.
Chapter-v
CONCLUSION
With this attempt, I have made a complete scenario of occurrence of cases in Upazilla Veterinery Hospital, Kaptai. Similar studies in every upazilla will help developing a database of the common diseases of livestock in Bangladesh that is necessary for developing and implementing any disease control programme. A relatively very high incidence of parasitic infection compared with other diseases or disorders suggest that the geo-climatic condition in Bangladesh highly favours the parasitic infection that greatly affects the production.
Therefore, adopting a regular deworming programme could greatly increase the production and thus reduce the enormous economic loss due to parasitic infection. However, there is no scope of ignoring the importance of the life threatening bacterial or viral diseases and also the reproductive disorders.
Finally, making people aware of the prevalent diseases and by implementing proper control strategy, we can make our livestock more profitable. Thus it can play a crucial role in the growth of our national economy.
Chapter-vi
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