Name of the tables Page. i) Comparative prevalence of diseases and conditions in young, cows and bulls, and goats and sheep. ii) Frequency and distribution of clinical diseases and conditions in cattle. based on category. The size of contribution of livestock sector to GDP in Bangladesh is 3.5% (BBS, 2006). Moreover, livestock diseases are one of the major obstacles to the development of livestock farming in this country.
Prevalence of diseases and disorders in young animals
- Fever
- Umbilical hernia
- Black Quarter
- Abscess
- Navel- ill
Black quarter is an infectious disease of ruminants, especially young cattle, characterized by muscle inflammation, severe toxaemia and a high mortality rate. Spring to autumn is the suitable time for the occurrence of the Black Quarter (BQ). The Black Quarter (BQ) mortality rate is very high and can reach 90%. This showed that infection of the navel and associated structures is common in newborn farm animals and occurs mainly in calves.
Prevalenee of diseases and disorders in cows and bulls
- Babesiosis
- Fescioliasis
- Mastitis
- Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD)
- Tympanic indigestion
- Simple indigestion
- Diarrhoea
- Endometritis
- Retain placenta
Shukla et al., (1983) reported an overall 8.4% incidence of retained placenta in local breed of cows, but the incidence rate was found to be higher in crossbred cows. Islam et al., (1984) reported the clinical characteristics of 30 cattle affected with gastro-intestinal nematode infection. Samad et al., (1989) analyzed case records of retained placentas of 4595 foals over a seven-year period at Saver Dairy.
Prevalence of diseases and disorders in goat and sheep
- Contagious ecthyma
- Rabies
- PPR (Pesti des petits ruminants)
- Tetanus
Rahman et al. (1978) reported the occurrence of psoroptic mange in a black Bengal goat with clinicopathological findings. Samad et al. (1979) reported the occurrence of Fasciola gigantica infection in sheep and goats with the therapeutic efficacy of Accedit®, Bilevon-M® and Zanil® against ovine and caprine fascioliasis. The dog was and still is the main source of rabies in Bangladesh. The prevalence of rabies in buffalo was 0.5%.
Clinical signs of some diseases and disorders as follows
- Anorexia
- Digestive disorders
- Respiratory disorders
- Corneal opacity
- Foot diseases
- Mastitis
- Black quarter
- Navel ill
- Salmonellosis and colibacillosis
- Papilomatosis
- Babesiosis
- Milk fever
- Ketosis
- Bloat
- Retained placenta
- Urolithiasis
It is an acute infectious disease that affects all domestic species and humans and is caused by the toxins (tetanospasmin, tetanolysin) of the bacterium Chlostridium tetani. The spores of Chlostridium tetani can survive in the soil for many years and are found in animal feces. Infection usually occurs through deep wounds that become infected with tarpaulin containing the spores. Mastitis is not only responsible for economic losses in the dairy industry, but also serves as one of the biggest obstacles to achieving a white revolution in the country.
The presence of inflammatory lesion on the umbilicus in young animals within 3 months of age was considered as umbilicus disease, palpation of the enlarged umbilicus revealed pain and drainage of purulent materials with or without needle prodding, elevated rectal temperature. Presence of fever, profuse salivation and vesicular eruption in the mouth and on the feet of some animal with the history of rapid spread of the disease in cattle population was considered as FMD. Although more or less similar signs are produced by the different nematodiasis diseases, their severity depends on the age of the host, number of parasites, nutritional status and affected organs. Gastroenteritis-related lesions cause impaired digestion and absorption, leading to diarrhea, anorexia, and emaciation.
Loss of appetite, dullness, depression, weakness, high body temperature (103ºF -107ºF), labored breathing, suppression of rumination, dryness of the muzzle, constipation, anemia, jaundice, hemoglobinuria and death. The majority of occurrences of uterine prolapse have been recorded during postpartum, but sometimes before delivery, usually during the last trimester of pregnancy. The majority of cases of prolapseuterus are presented for treatment quite late or with improper reduction with uterine mass occupying the vaginal passage, as a result these cases of prolapsed uterine mass become dirty, inflamed and edematous.
Urinary tract stones, caused by obstruction, were mainly recorded in castrated goats and stones lodged in the sigmoid plexus, urethral process and occasionally in the neck of the bladder.
CHAPTER-III
Techniques and tools use for data collection
A prepared questionnaire (Appendix-I) was used for collecting different types of information regarding age, sex, owner's complaint, management, previous treatment and preventive measures during animal examination. The general clinical examination inspection, palpation, percussion, auscultation, method was applied to examine the animals.
Signaling: case number, date of administration, species, breed, age, sex, class, physiological state, temperament and body weight. b). Rumination, breathing character, belly size, skin and hair, head (eyes, ear, horn, face, nose, tongue and lips, etc.), tail, finger, mammary gland, testicles, vulva, foreskin, navel, breast and lymph nodes, etc. . b).
Some picture that was found during study
CHAPTER –IV
RESULT
- Prevalence of diseases and disorders in young animals
- Prevalence of diseases and disorders in cows and bulls
- Prevalence of diseases and disorders in goat and sheep
- Comparative Prevalence of diseases and disorders in young, cows and bulls, and goat & sheep
- Frequency of diseases on the basis diseases of category due to treatment facilities
- Category basis disease distribution in cattle
- Category basis disease distribution in goat
- Comparative disease prevalence in different categories of cattle and goats In addition there were 25% bacterial infection in cattle where as 29.6% in sheep and goat
- Clinically treatment of the diseases and disorders in young, cattle and goat and sheep
- Fever
- Anorexia
- Digestive disorders(mainly diarrhoea)
- Respiratory disorders
- Corneal opacity
- Foot diseases
- Mastitis
- Black quarter
- Navel ill
- Salmonellosis and colibacillosis
- Tetanus
- Papilomatosis
- Fascioliasis and Paramphistomiasis
- GI Nematodiasis
- Schistosomiasis
- Babesiosis
- Milk fever
- Bloat
- Uterine prolaps
- Retained placenta
- Skin diseases
- Urolithiasis
Comparative prevalence of diseases and conditions in young, cows and bulls, and goats and sheep and goats and sheep. The various clinical research techniques and laboratory methods were used to investigate the clinical prevalence of diseases and conditions in young calves, cattle and sheep goats. During this three-month period, a total of 120 calves, 200 cows and 120 goats were clinically examined and of the samples considered significant for diagnostic purposes, the diagnostic techniques were used. Of the 120 calves, 200 cows and 120 goats examined, 14 serious diseases and conditions were recorded in calves, 21 in cows and 15 in goats during this three-month study period.
These febrile cases were considered infectious fever and accordingly antibiotics were used as therapeutic management, which responded well in this study. However, Hypobeta-20(R) (Marek Sharp and Dohme) and Anorexon(K) (Pfizer Ltd.) have been reported to be quite effective in the treatment of non-specific anorexia syndrome in ruminants (Prasad. et al, 1976, Samad. et al ., 1978). Foot diseases and disorders versus lameness cause huge economic losses to the air and beef industries and reduce bull power while it is one of the most neglected conditions affecting cattle and accordingly the reports are very rare.
Clinical manifestations of mastitis in cows and goats have been reported from Bangladesh (Rahman and Samad, 1984). However, mastitis is not only responsible for huge economic losses in the dairy industry, it is also one of the biggest obstacles to achieving white skin. revolution in the country. Infection of the umbilicus and associated structures usually occurs in newborn domestic animals and appears to be particularly common in calves, but this disease has not been reported in the literature from Bangladesh. Colibacillosis is one of the most common diseases of newborn domestic animals, caused by the pathogen Escherichia co1i.
Drugs have been used for the treatment of Salmonellosis and colibacillosis Diseases or. 1991) identified the prevalence of Type O, Asia-1 and Type C, FMD virus in cattle from Bangladesh. It is a protozoan and tick-borne disease in domestic animals. Drugs have been used to treat Babesiosis. Neglect by the farmers of delay in the treatment of this disease can lead to permanent damage to the reproductive organs followed by their dysfunction.
CHAPTER-V
The high incidence of urinary stones observed in urban area (Dhaka city) may be due to excessive feeding of wheat bran which is very rich in phosphate as reported by Mia (1967). However, both subcutaneous and internal abscesses have been reported in animals elsewhere (Ramakrisna et al., 1982, Shearer, 1986, Singh et al, 1988). Among the anomalies, artery ani is frequent in our country, but occasionally this condition was associated with defects of other body systems such as no tail, excessive limbs (Hossain et al., 1980, Ali and Hossain, 1986, Samad and Huque, 1986). .
DISCUSSION
- Fever
- Anorexia
- Doarrhoea
- Respiratory disorders
- Corneal opacity
- Foot diseases
- Mastitis
- Black quarter
- Navel ill
- Salmonellosis and colibacillosis
- Foot-and-month disease
- Tetanus
- Papilomatosis
- Fascioliasis and Paramphistomiasis
- GI Nematodiasis
- Schistosomiasis
- Babesiosis
- Milk fever
- Ketosis
- Bloat
- Retained placenta
- Skin diseases
- Urolithiasis
- Abscess
- Atresia ani
The findings of the highest clinical incidence of BQ in summer (1.12%) compared to autumn (0.56%), winter (0.28%) and spring (0.29%) months support the previous report by Haque et al., (1988) who recorded the highest infection rate in the warmer months of the year. However, the 9.80% clinical cases of salmonellosis recorded in this study correlated with the report of Guptu and Choudhuiry (1978) who reported 11.80% Salmonella spp. This study recorded 7.17% diarrheal disease in calves associated with this infection, which is much lower than the rate of 32.43% recorded by Amin et al., (1988).
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) was recorded in 11 (5.5%) cows, but not in goats based on clinical findings. The highest clinical prevalence rate of FMD in calves (3.03%) in winter compared to spring (2.79%), summer (1.97%) and autumn (2.26%) recorded in this study, supports the earlier report of Kumuruddin and Panndit (1988) ) It may occur due to lack of proper vaccination or less accuracy of the vaccine. Babesiosis caused by Bubesia bigemina was recorded in only 5 (2.5%) cows. However, a comparatively lower incidence of rats (0.16%) of clinical babesiosis in cattle from other parts of Bangladesh has been reported by Samad (1988b).
The clinical incidence of babesiosis in cattle was recorded in all four seasons of the year in this study, but relatively higher incidence rates were recorded during summer and autumn (1.22%) compared to winter (1.02%) and spring (1.10%) months. Samad et al., (1979) reported demodectic mange in cattle, and Noruddin et al. 1987) reported various skin diseases in Black Bengal goats that are comparable to the results of this study. Abscesses were recorded only in 5(4.16%) calves and 4(3.16%) goats, but not any abscesses in adult cattle during the study period.
Congenital malformation mainly atresia ani, was recorded in 2(1.67%) newborn calves during this three month study period.
CAPTURE-VI
However, 1liliu and Haque (1967b) reported that humsore is the most common skin diseases, followed by demodectic mange and papillomatosis (7-8%) in adult cattle in Bangladesh. The clinical incidence of urinary tract obstruction in goats due to urolithiasis has been reported to be 2.5% from Bangladesh (Mia, 1967, Hossain et al, 1974, Dewan and Das, 1488). This abnormal variation occurred because the calves in the study area were fed more concentrated feed than milk, resulting in the prevalence of urolithiasis being higher in calves than in goats.
CONCLUTION
Most livestock farm owners thought the researcher was a government agent and therefore initially did not want to cooperate with the researcher. Due to the short duration of the study period, the relationship of different types of diseases and conditions with season cannot be investigated. Bhuiyan, Amin MR and Islam MR Effect of successful fertility in goats due to reproductive disorders.
Studies on the relationship between macro- and micro-techniques of CFT for typing of foot-and-mouth disease virus. A summary of the proceedings of the BSVER Symposium on Eradication of Rinderpest and Related Disease December 2 Gastrointestinal parasite infestation of cattle in some villages of Dacca and Tangail districts of Bangladesh.
Report of the task forces in Bangladesh Development Strategies of 1990's volumes two and four, University press limited, Dhaka, Bangladesh Grommers, F.J., Brands, F.A. A report on surgical diseases and reproductive disorders recorded at the Veterinary Hospital of Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh. Hossain, M.M., Hossain M.I., Baki, M.A and Mondal, M.M.H., (1988) Survey of disease occurrence in cattle in selected areas of Mymensingh district of Bangladesh.
A survey of helminths parasitizing the gastrointestinal tract of goats and sheep in eastern Pakistan.
