I further authorize CVASU to reproduce the thesis in whole or in part by photocopying or otherwise, at the request of other institutions or individuals, for scientific research. All praise and the sincere feeling of gratitude belong to the Almighty ALLAH, the Merciful, the Almighty and the Supreme Ruler of the Universe, who mentally and physically enabled the author to complete her research work and write the thesis for the degree of Master of Science in Theriogenology. The author would like to appreciate the contributions of her valuable time, vast knowledge, constant motivation and ideas to make this work productive and stimulating.
The author sincerely thanks her batchmate Nurun Nahar Chisty and Aumi Chhetri for their kind cooperation during this study. The author would like to thank all the AI technicians who helped during her study, especially Md. The author is extremely grateful to all of them and regrets the inability to mention them all by name.
Last but not the least, the author wishes to thank his family, seniors, friends and other well-wishers for their continued inspiration, helpful guidance and friendly cooperation from the beginning of the research work. One of the essential elements for achieving a high conception rate in dairy cows is good semen quality.
Introduction
The goal of the AI is to maximize the number of viable offspring per breeding animal per unit time. Hickson (2015) reported that calf birth weight was influenced by semen and that the average birth weight was 27.6 kg for Holstein Friesian calves, Holstein Friesian-Jersey calves and Jersey calves respectively. 2006) found no significant differences in respiratory problems between calves from crossbred bulls and Holstein bulls. 2013) reported that male calves weighed more than female calves. A number of risk factors may be responsible for this, such as paternal or maternal effects, microorganisms, environment, unsanitary condition, etc.
Literature review
- Definition and history of AI
- AI over natural service
- Major factors associated with success of AI
- AI techniques
- Disadvantages of AI
- National breeding policy and practices
- Types of semen used in AI
- Performance of different crossbreds
- Semen quality of different sire breed
- Bull semen producer and importer commercial companies
- Performance of commercial semen
- Factors related to semen quality
- Effect of semen on progeny performance
- Effect of sire on birth weight of progeny
- Effect of sire on congenital abnormalities in progeny
- Effect of sire on sex of progeny
- Effect of sire on infection in calves
- AI/ semen borne diseases
- Common neonatal problems
It was observed in the study of Hossain et al. 2012), the maximum average sperm concentration was obtained from Sahiwal (1858.4 million/ml) than Frisian and native father. Everett and Bean et al. 1982) found that increasing or decreasing the collection interval and frequency of collection had a poor impact on sperm quality. The direct genetic effects of sire on calf birth weight were highly significant in the study by Olson et al.
In a study by Coleman et al. 2021) the average birth weight of calves sired by Angus was found to be 36 kg, similar to the value of 36.1 for calves sired by Hereford. In a study of Jersey × Holstein crosses in the United States, Maltecca et al. 2006) reported that 33% of calves had some degree of respiratory disease in the first seven days after birth. The percentage of calf scab or neonatal diarrhea in calves during the study by Meganck et al.
The possibility of venereal transmission of Neospora caninum is very low to non-existent (Ferre et al., 2008). This incidence is reported to vary between 0 and 70% among herds worldwide (Bcndali and Bichct et al., 1999).
Materials and Method …
- Study location and duration
- Study population and design
- Recording of data
- Data management and analysis
Before starting the interview, the objectives of the study were explained to the farmers in a friendly manner and informed verbal consent was obtained before their inclusion in the study. Data included address, date, number of bull and cow on respective farm, semen source, date of AI, breed of cow, age, parity, body condition score (BCS), vaccination, deworming, service rate for conception, expected date of birth, nature of birth and anomalies after pregnancy. The offspring's data including their sex, birth weight, congenital anomalies, respiratory distress, umbilical infection, calf clearance and other data relevant to the study were recorded.
Frequency distribution of variables was presented according to categories of each selected factor (sperm source, blood percentage, cofactors and progeny factors). Pearson chi test was performed to assess the association between the responsible independent variables; semen source, blood percentage and the progeny variables studied (sex, birth weight, congenital abnormalities, respiratory distress, umbilical infection and calving). Pearson chi test was also retrieved to identify association between the cofactors and offspring variables.
The significant difference in the ratio of factors among different categories of independent variables was determined at p ≤ 0.05.
Result …
- Descriptive statistics of semen sources and blood percentages
- Descriptive statistics of progeny related variables
- Distribution of cow level factors (n=170)
- Correlation of semen sources with progeny variables
- Correlation of progeny variables with blood percentages of semen source A
- Correlation of progeny variables with blood percentages of semen source B
- Association of cow factors with progeny performance
Various types of reproductive problems occurred in the cows after parturition, but there were no problems in the cows. Correlation analysis was performed to compare seed source A with seed source B and expressed in Table 4.3. The result showed that more congenital abnormalities (n=83.33%) were found in semen source A and it was statistically significant (P=0.03).
However, other progeny variables such as sex, birth weight, respiratory distress, navel and calf infection were not statistically significant (P≤0.05) with semen sources. Correlation of offspring variables with blood percentages of source A semen Table 4.4 presents the correlation of offspring variables with blood percentages Table 4.4 presents the correlation of offspring variables with blood percentages of semen source A. Among the studied offspring variables, none of the variables were statistically significant with different blood percentages of the origin of semen A.
Correlation of offspring variables with blood percentages of sperm source B Table 4.5 describes the relationship between offspring variables and blood Table 4.5 describes the relationship between offspring variables and blood percentages of sperm source B. The study showed that among the offspring variables of studied, only Respiratory distress was found to be highly significant (P=0.01) with sperm B source blood percentages. Among the progeny variables studied, congenital anomalies were statistically significant (P=0.03) with cow age.
The highest congenital abnormalities (n=58.33%) were found in offspring born to cows over 5 years old. Analysis also showed that respiratory distress in the offspring was significantly correlated (P = 0.04) with maternal BCS. Breathing problems were more common in offspring (n=55.56%) born to cows with a body condition score lower than 3 or higher than 4.
Calf clearance in offspring was found to be highly significant (P=0.01) with vaccination in cows. The present study showed an unexpected association between congenital anomalies (P=0.02) and calf clearance (P=0.001) of offspring with deworming in dams. Analyzes showed that the highest congenital anomalies (n=75.00%) and the highest calf scratch (n=68.75%) were found in offspring born to deformed cows.
Discussion …
No significant differences were found between calves from crossbred and Holstein sires for respiratory disease, nor were any differences found between Holstein sired calves from primiparous and multiparous dams in the study of Maltecca et al. Various microorganisms, several predisposing causes, and environmental risk factors have been associated with respiratory problems found in the study by Snowder et al. This finding is consistent with the study of Ibrahim et al. 2015) who reported that offspring breed had no significant effect (P≥0.05) on calf birth weight.
But various studies have reported that sire influences the birth weight of calves. 1986) reported that the sire is an important source of birth weight variation in a herd of Zebu cattle. Paternal effects on birth weight include genotypic differences between breeds and differences between males within a breed (Bourdon and Brinks, 1982).
Variation between sires for offspring birth weight showed that selection of offspring can change birth weight by up to 8 kg in litters, even when sires are selected from the same breed. European cross calves had heavier birth weights and Zebu cross calves had lower birth weights as a consequence of maternal influences studied by Notter et al. However, the highest birth weight (62.86%) was recorded in calves produced from A source semen in this study. 2006) found that the average birth weight of calves from crossbred sires tended to be lower than that of Holstein sires, as indicated by a contrast of 1.9 kg.
Several reports showed that maternal age appears to influence birth weight of both sexes equally for cows aged 3 to 10 years (Koch and Clark, 1955). Overconditioned cows have an increased incidence of peripartum and postpartum problems, as shown in the study by Lacetera et al. BCS of cows did not affect the birth weight of calves born to mothers of second, third or greater parity.
These findings are similar to the study by Meganck et al. 2014) who has found that calves born to unvaccinated dams are less likely to shed Clostridium parvum and suffer from calf scours (Trotz-Williams et al., 2007). Helminthiasis and nutritional inequities have also been reported responsible for scouring of beef worldwide (Lema et al. 2001). However, a clinical trial study was conducted in Uganda on pregnant women by Ndibazza et al. 2010) who found that anthelmintic treatment during pregnancy has no effect on congenital anomalies in infants.
Conclusions
Limitations and recommendations
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