Design and Integrate Dual Renewable Energy in A Residential

With due gratitude, the authors would like to convey their gratitude to Almighty Allah for making this dissertation possible. In this thesis, different types of solar modules, the effect of temperature and, in short, the cooling system on energy generation have been analyzed.

Working principle

Other hybrid combination

Background

Objectives

Thesis layout

Connecting accessories and safety components are also discussed in this chapter, including the PV combination box, mounting structures and filters. Methodology for absorbing heat, how the cooling system works and the arrangement of the cooling system are also described in this chapter.

Photovoltaic

Working Principle of Photovoltaic

When light energy hits a solar cell, electrons are knocked loose from the atoms in the semiconductor material. If electrical conductors are attached to the positive and negative sides forming an electrical circuit, electrons can be trapped in the form of an electrical current, i.e. electricity.

Different types of Photovoltaic Systems

Solar cells are made from the same kinds of semiconductor materials, such as silicon, that are used in the microelectronics industry. Due to the low voltage of an individual solar cell, several cells are combined into photovoltaic modules (commonly called solar panels), which are then connected together to form a solar system.

Terawatt Challenge

This is for a horizontal surface, while solar panels are normally mounted at an angle and receive more energy per unit area. The small black dots represent the surface area of solar panels required to generate all the world's energy using 8% efficient photovoltaics.

Grid Connected System

This means that the consumer gets a bi-directional meter that measures the electricity he buys from the utility (one direction) and the electricity he sells to the utility (the opposite direction).

Decentralized grid-connected PV systems

Figure 2.5 shows the block diagram of the electricity supply for a house with a decentralized PV system and connection to the grid.

Figure 2.5: Block diagram of the power supply for a house with a decentralized PV system and grid connection

Central grid-connected PV systems

The value of the PV electricity is also higher because it is equal to the sales price of the replaced electricity grid, and not the costs of generating it.

Smart Grid-Connected Solar Systems: A vision for the future

Many smart grid features readily visible to consumers, such as smart meters, serve the energy efficiency goal. Such capabilities allow load control switches to control large energy-consuming devices such as water heaters so that they consume electricity when it is cheaper to produce.

Geometrical Considerations

Optical Tilt Angle

PV Systems In Connection With Buildings

Potentials
Installation on the roof
Roof-integrated systems
Facade-integrated systems

The solar modules that make up the solar generator are mounted on a support structure on the surface of the flat roof. Another advantage of installing a solar generator on a flat roof is that it is possible to optimally mount the solar modules in orientation and slope.

Figure 2.11: Example of an installation on a slope roof [6]

Important Parameters

Final yield
Performance ratio
Possibilities of quality control and control of energy yield of
Solar module
Inverter
Mounting racks and fixing materials
Cables

For a low-power PV system (maximum 5 kWp), a monthly reading of the electricity meter (DC) of the PV system is sufficient. It has been observed that martens have a particular preference for the plastic sheets of the cables of PV systems.

Figure 2.16 shows the development of the PR in Germany during 1993 to 2002. The number of PV plants in each reported year is variable

Electric Safety Of Grid-Connected PV Systems

Biogas

First phase: bacteria are broken down into complex organic materials, such as carbohydrates and chain molecules, fruit acid material, proteins and fats. The disintegration produces acetic acid, lactic acid, propanoic acid, butanoic acid, methanol, ethanol and butanol, carbon dioxide, H2S and other non-organic materials. At this stage, the most important microorganisms are those that break down polymers, fats, proteins and other substances. fruit acids, and its main action is the butanoic acid fermentation of polymers. Second stage: The simple organic materials and carbon dioxide produced are oxidized or reduced to methane by microorganisms of which there are many varieties.

Methane production

The pH value depends on the ratio between acidity and alkalinity and the carbon dioxide content in the biogas container, the decisive factor being the density of the acids. For the normal fermentation process, the concentration of volatile acid measured by acetic acid should be below 2000 ppm, too high a concentration will greatly inhibit the effect of methane. With too much water, the production rate per volume unit in the well will decrease, which prevents optimal utilization of the digester.

Effectiveness Of Renewable Energy Based Home Energy System In

However, the combination of solar and biogas for electricity production increases the reliability of the system and also reduces costs. Where the biogas resource is not too much available, solar-biogas hybrid system is cost effective there. But this hybrid system will not be cost effective for the areas that contain available biogas resources.

Components And Operation Of Designed Renewable Energy

The main purpose of the gas cleaning unit is to remove mainly moisture and hydrogen sulphide. They internally combust biogas and convert biogas chemicals into mechanical rotation, which is further converted into electricity. Biogas burners are a special type of burner whose design is fundamentally different from a normal gas burner.

Control Circuit, Transmission Line and Other Associate Parts

Origin Of Biogas

Substrate and Material Balance Of Biogas Production

Composition And Properties Of biogas

The purpose of practical use of CH4 content is very important which can be analyzed using digital gas analyzer.

The Steps Of Biogas Production

By doing this, the acid-producing bacteria create the anaerobic conditions that are essential for the methane-producing microorganisms. For example, they use hydrogen, carbon dioxide and acetic acid to form methane and carbon dioxide. Under natural conditions, methane-producing microorganisms occur to the extent that anaerobic conditions are ensured, e.g.

Tilt Angle Calculation

Row Distance Calculation

Components Details

The PV module details
Sizing the inverter
Sizing the battery
Charge controller rating
Connecting accessories and safety components

PV Combiner box
Filter

Choose the solar charge controller to match the voltage of PV array and batteries and then identify which type of solar charge controller is right for your application. Make sure that solar charge controller has enough capacity to handle the current of PV array. According to standard practice, the sizing of solar charge controller is to take the short circuit current (lsc) of the PV array and multiply it by 1.3.

Integrating the components

Using AutoCAD software, it is found in Figure 4.6 that the maximum number of modules that can be installed on the roof is 230. Since the maximum number of modules that need to be connected in series is 10, so there are 23 nos. to the converter. Figure 5.1 shows a map of solar radiation for an individual year, while Figure 5.2 shows the hourly variation of solar radiation for an individual year.

Table 5.1 : The average incident solar radiation of one year at Dhaka (NASA) Month Average incident solar

Calculation of module efficiency

Voc= Open circuit voltage FF= Fill factor = Vmp × Imp Vmp = Optimum operating voltage Imp = Optimum operating current PIN= Input solar power.

Average Output Power Calculation

Ypv= the rated power of the PV array, i.e. the power delivered under standard test conditions [kW]. GT= the solar radiation incident on the PV generator in the current time step [kW/m2] GT,STC= the incident radiation under standard test conditions = 1 kW/m2. GT,STC = the incident radiation at standard test conditions = 1 kW/m2 For the month of January.

Table 5.2 : The Monthly average output power for monocrystalline solar module

Output Power of Different Types Of Modules

Polycrystalline solar modules

Thin Film solar modules

From the Specification provided by the manufacturer, the output power is calculated at STC (at 25°C and AM1.5). The maximum output power of the designed system =180*194W =34.92 kW So the average output power can be calculated as follows.

Table 5.4: The monthly average output power for thin film solar module

Capital Cost

Replacement Cost

Operation and Maintenance Cost

Lifetime

Total Cost Calculation…

Total Revenue Calculation

Comparison Between Different Types Of Modules

Cost comparison

The comparison indicates that mono-crystalline solar panel has the highest price, thin film solar panel has medium price and poly-crystalline solar panel has the lowest price.

Table 6.3 : Capital Cost Calculation for Grid –connected Solar PV Array System using thin film solar panels :

Revenue comparison

This is measured by illuminating the solar cell with a calibrated light and measuring the current produced at different voltages. The power produced by a solar cell is calculated from the current and voltage using the following equation. Pin is the power incident on the solar cell (the power of the light shining on it).

Output Power vs. Temperature

The following table contains the average values of temperature coefficient of power for different types of PV modules in our survey. In such a graph, the slope of the power line (labeled Pmax in this sample) is the power temperature coefficient. Some product brochures do not specify the temperature coefficient of power, but specify the temperature coefficient of the open circuit voltage.

Table 7.1: Values of the temperature coefficient of power [% /°C] for different types of PV modules [29]

Output Power Variation With Temperature

From the above discussion, we can see that there is an inverse relationship between the output power from the solar cell module and the temperature. TC= PV cell temperature in the current time step [°C]=27 °C Tc ,stc = PV cell temperature under standard test conditions=25 °C. The above result indicates that if we can keep the module temperature approximately around the STC temperature during the hot summer days, the efficiency will be significantly improved and we will be able to draw more power from the system.

Heat Absorbing Methodology

How the cooling system works

Relationship of temperature of hot water, surface temperature

Figure 7.7 above shows the relationship between various parameters and the water flow rate in ml/minute. The graph shows that if the water flow rate is increased, the cell efficiency increases and the panel surface temperature decreases in an almost linear pattern. The study shows that the cooling water flow rate of 400mL/min can reduce the solar cell surface temperature by 10.9°C [30]. These results were used to design the cooling system in our system.

Calculation of Electricity Generation From Poultry Waste

So, finally we can say that 1 W of electricity is produced from one broiler and 1 kW of electricity is produced by 1 thousand broilers for the consumption of electricity for 10 hours/day.

Calculation of Electricity Generation From Cow Dung

For 10 hours/day, the electricity generation capacity can be obtained from the following equation. Finally, it can be said that 1W of electricity is produced from one broiler chicken and 1 kW of electricity is produced from 1000 broilers for an electricity consumption of 10 hours per day.

Table 8.2: Amount of Biogas and Electricity production from cow dung.

Calculation of Electricity Generation From Human Waste

Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT)
Total Solid (TS)
Fresh Discharge
Liquid Part
Relationship Between Temperature and HRT

This is the amount of water that must be added to the fresh discharge to make the TS value 8%. Table 9.1 shows the amount of solid and liquid contents in different types of waste. On the other hand, Table 9.2 shows the amount of TS values and water to be added for different waste types.

Table 9.1: The solid and liquid content of common fermentation materials. [34]

Biogas Plant Design Of The System

Energy demand of a standard home
Design of biogas plant

Design of biogas plant based on poultry waste
Design of Biogas Plant Based On Cow Dung

Design of Digester

Design of Digester For 15 Thousand Layers
Design of Digester For 20 Thousand Layers
Design Of Digester For 140 Cows

Height between lower level of gas storage chamber and sludge layer =H Height of the hydraulic chamber from digester manure level =h1. The hydraulic chamber pressure should be 12.76 K Pa so that only the filling of the inner tube is discharged. Now the volume of the hydraulic chamber is equal to the discharge per day. If DH then is the diameter of the hydraulic chamber.

Table 9.4 : Geometrical assumption for digester design [31]

Cost Calculation

Cost of Purification and Units and Pipe Line
Cost of Generator
Transmission Line Cost
Total Cost Of the System

Cost Analysis

The installation cost or capital cost of the system using mono-crystalline solar panels is Taka. The operation and maintenance cost of the system using mono-crystalline solar panels is 1,93,590 taka/yr. The average output power for polycrystalline and thin film solar panels is 6.26 Kw and 5.335 respectively.

The poly-crystalline and thin film solar panels are much cheaper than the mono-crystalline. Comparison of the output power and cost for different types of solar panels e.g. mono-crystalline, poly-crystalline and thin film solar panels have been done.

A hybrid power system 1

Working principle of a PV cell 8

A simple PV system 9

Total Surface Area Required to Fuel the World With Solar 9

Diagram of a residential grid-connected PV system 10

Block diagram of the power supply for a house with a 11

Components of Smart Grid 15

A Smart home model 17

Arrangement of a large number of rows of modules 18

Dependence of Normalized Distance Between Rows Verses 19

Example of an Installation on a Flat Roof 22

Thyssen-Solartec_r Solar Modules 23

The PV Façade at the Office Building of the Fraunhofer ISE 23

PV facade of the Solar Office at Doxford International, 24

Pathway for anaerobic Decomposition 38

Block Diagram of the Designed Energy Home System 41

Block diagram of anaerobic fermentation process 47

Block diagram of anaerobic fermentation process 48

Arrangement Of A Large Number Of Rows Of Modules 50

Mono-crystalline Silicon Solar panel 52

Grid connected solar inverter 52

PV Combiner Box 54

Mounting Structures 54

System arrangement of solar panels on the roof top by 56

Hourly Variation of Solar Radiation of a Single Year 59

Voltage vs. Current Relationship of a Solar Cell 74

Relationship of Normalized Power, Voc and Isc with respect to the 77

A Schematic of the water cooling system 82

The Experimental set-up for the water cooling system 82

Relationship between System Parameters and Water Flow Rate 83

Cooling Water Flow Path within a Solar Module 84

Hydraulic retention time (HRT) for poultry manure 91

Temperature Vs. HRT curve at constant TS value 92

Schematic diagram of biogas plant 95

Different measurement parameters of digester 97

Design layout of digester, inlet and outlet based on poultry waste 100

Top view of digester for 15 thousand layers 105

Top view of digester for 20 thousand layers 106

Top view of digester for 140 cows 106

Potential PV on roofs and facades for different countries 12

Average composition of reactor biogas. 44

Average composition of biogas recovered at a landfill 45

The total solid content of common fermentation materials 45

The Monthly average output power for monocrystalline solar module 62

The Monthly average output power for monocrystalline solar module 64

The monthly average output power for thin film solar module 66

Calculated Efficiencies and Average Output Power for Different 66

Capital Cost Calculation for Grid –connected Solar PV Array System 70

Values of the temperature coefficient of power [%/°C1 for different 77

Amount of Biogas and Electricity production from cow dung 89

The solid and liquid content of common fermentation materials 92

Temperature Vs. HRT curve at constant TS value 93

Carbon-Nitrogen ratios of some common fermentation materials 93

Geometrical assumption for digester design 96

Electricity Generated from each digester. 107