The author expresses deep gratitude and thanks to all the esteemed teachers of the Department of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, CVASU for their help, cooperation, encouragement and valuable suggestions. With due satisfaction, the author wishes to appreciate the healthy working relationship with the staff of the Department of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, CVASU. The author would like to express his heartfelt thanks to the National Ministry of Science and Technology for funding this experiment.
Finally, the author thanks her family for their sacrifice, inspiration, encouragement and endless love.
INTRODUCTION
In addition to reduced feed intake, heat stress has been shown to lead to reduced diet digestibility and reduced plasma protein and calcium levels (Zhou et al., 1998). After experimental stress induction, chickens' immunoprotective organs (such as thymus, bursa, and spleen) declined, mitochondrial metabolic oxidative capacity shrank, avian uncoupling proteins were upregulated, antioxidant reserves were depleted, and the pattern of antioxidant enzyme activities changed. (Akbarian et al., 2016). Weight loss, higher susceptibility to disease, increased feed conversion ratio, infertility or subfertility, lower viability and immunological suppression are the most prevalent stress symptoms in broilers. Stress can lead to reduced productivity and even mortality if it is experienced frequently and for a long time (Gebregeziabhear et al., 2015).
Unlike traditional poultry products, various types of supplements are provided in commercial poultry diets to compensate for losses during transportation due to many stress factors and to gain rapid weight and reduce production cost (Onyimonyi et al., 2009). ). Usually, supplements are not only used as a source of protein, but are also used as a source of some essential vitamins and minerals (Ravindran et al., 1986).
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- World broiler market
- Bangladesh and Poultry farming
- Major issues regarding broiler production
- Transport and poultry
- Production potentials of broiler
- Average daily growth, daily feed intake and FCR
- Water consumption
- Stocking density
- Mortality rate
- Vitamins as nutraceuticals
- Amino acids as nutriceuticals
- Minerals as nutraceuticals
- Risk factor associated with poultry production
- Stress indicators
- Production cost
LITERATURE REVIEW Page 5 that in addition to dominating about 37% of all meat production in this country (Hamid et al., 2017). A relationship between food and water consumption has been demonstrated by research (Georgia, 2001, and Lott et al., 2003). Zn and Mn are cofactors involved in the synthesis of carbonates and mucopolysaccharides, which is necessary for bone formation (Swiatkiewicz et al., 2014).
Safartuu sadarkaa kortikoosteroonii akka agarsiiftuu dhiphinaatti (Lentfer et al., 2015; Matur et al., 2016).
METHODOLOGY
- Study period and study area
- Study Design
- Management of experimental birds
- a. Housing& Brooding of chicks
- b. Feeds and Feeding
- c. Vaccination
- Facilities, equipment and product required
- Data collection, Growth performance calculation
- Blood collection and differential leucocyte count
- Biochemical analysis
The study was conducted from March to April 2020. In this study, chicks were reared for a period of 30 days where daily feed and water intake, sick and dead mortality rates and chick body weights were taken at weekly basis, ie 0, 7,14 and 28. This study was in the form of a randomized controlled clinical trial, partially blind, consisting of four groups. The birds were categorized into four different groups: Group 1 (standard farm management), Group 2 (Aqua Blok®& Tonic Poultry®), Group 3 (Aqua Blok®) and Group 4 (Poultry Tonic®) of 750 birds in each group. .
Poultry tonic was mixed in the bulk water container before being presented in the Bell drinker. 1 g/bird The distance between the farm and the hatchery is about 1 km, but the chicks had to travel 5 hours before reaching the farm. The chicks were left in the box overnight and brooding of the chicks was started the next morning (8.0 am). Before the chicks arrived in the house, we had set up the houses according to standard management systems.
A total of 3000 3000 day old Cobb 500® chicks were purchased from a commercial hatchery (CP hatcheries Bangladesh Limited), located at Sitakunda, Chattogram. METHODOLOGY Page 15 birds in the farm, almost 50g of Aqua Blok® @ 1gm/piece/bird were placed in four corners of the box (each box contains four small compartments) in the nursery premises and we had brought the birds to the farm after traveling about 5 hours and kept the crates inside the respective shed, as calculated earlier, for one night. The birds were reared in a deep litter house which was properly cleaned using disinfectants before the arrival of the birds.
The remaining feed and water in the feeder and drinking water were deducted from the amount offered. Study staff were not blinded as they were directly responsible for ensuring that the correct products were administered to each house in the different groups.
RESULTS
1: Status of production parameters in different treatment groups at the end of 1. week of the study period (n=750). The production parameters obtained at the end of the first week of broiler rearing are shown in Table 4.1. At the end of the week, the European production efficiency factor was found to be the highest in T4 and the lowest in T2.
The production parameters obtained at the end of the second week of chick growth are shown in Table 4.2. At the end of the week, the European factor of production efficiency was found to be the highest in Q4 and the lowest in Q3. The production parameters recorded at the end of the third week of chick growth are shown in Table 4.3.
The production parameters recorded at the end of the fourth week of chick growth are shown in Table 4.4. At the end of the week, the European production efficiency factor was found to be the highest in T4 and the lowest in the T2 group. At the end of the study period, the highest mortality rate was recorded in T3 (5.2%) while the lowest mortality rate was found in T4 (4.0%).
By the end of the 4th week of treatment with Aqua Blok and Poultry tonic, the highest average live weight gain (1472 g/bird) was found highest in T4, while the lowest average live weight (1419 g/bird) was recorded in T3. 10: Production costs in different treatment groups at marketing age (on day 30) considering feed costs (n=750).
DISCUSSION
- Production potential
- Feed conversion ratio
- Mortality rate
- Feed and water intake
- Stocking density and body weight
- Heterophil to Lymphocyte ratio
- Eosinophil level
- Uric acid level
- Production cost
A previous study showed that yeast nucleotides added to bird feed resulted in higher body weight, higher daily weight gain and better feed conversion ratios (Esteve-Garcia et al., 2007; Jung and Batal, 2012; Wang et al. , 2009). ). DISCUSSION Page 32 Pelícia et al., (2010) found that adding nucleotides to broiler feed at a level of 0.07% did not affect broiler performance or carcass yield. However, Pelícia et al., (2010), Jung and Batal (2012) reported that adding nucleotides to diets had no significant effects on WG, FI and FCR in broilers.
A similar finding was observed by Esteve-Garcia et al., (2007) who reported that addition of nucleotide to 500 mg/kg feed significantly improved body weight and feed-to-weight ratio after 21 days, although body weight increased. Daneshmand et al., (2017) also reported that the combination of commercially available nucleosides (adenosine, guanosine, uridine and cytidine) at 1 g/kg significantly increased growth rate and improved FCR. According to Lucke et al. (2018), water intake and dry matter intake in broilers are correlated with stress.
Ghosh et al (2012) reported a highly significant (p<0.01) increase in body weight at 1.5 sq.ft/bird during weeks 4 and 6 of the breeding period. Higher bird density results in higher litter moisture, airborne ammonia and microbial counts in the barn (Jayalakshmi et al., 2009), and as a result body weight gain may be limited. A number of studies such as (Huff et al., 2005) have reported an increased H/L ratio in avian species under heat stress.
Another study showed that the heterophil-lymphocyte ratio in broilers was at 0.5 to 0.6, which belongs to normal and indicated that the broiler was not in stress during the transport process (Wicaksono et al., 2020). The high stocking density group had significantly greater serum uric acid concentrations in post-stress than the other groups (Nwaigwe et al., 2020).
CONCLUSION
Transport of DOC from hatchery to farm premises causes stress which inhibits the growth performance of broilers, which can be reduced by using Aqua Blok during the shipping period. In the final production figure we observed lower FCR in T2 (Aqua Blok & Poultry tonic) which instructed us to minimize the total production cost we can propose to use this product. Although the product does not show satisfactory result in body weight gain, mortality, production efficiency, FCR on weekly basis.
Now we can conclude that combined supplementation of Aqua Blok and Poultry tonic would give better efficiency under correct management. New studies are strongly encouraged to evaluate the effect of Aqua Blok and poultry tonic added to broiler feed under the challenges typically found in commercial farms.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Laboratory analysis of drinking water to determine the pH and physical parameters (such as color and specific gravity) and TDS (Total Digestible Solids) can be done. 2. Biochemical analysis of blood on weekly basis up to marketing age can also be carried out. Histopathology of intestine to observe the villi growth in different ages and in different treatment groups to check the effectiveness of drugs in digestion as well as in absorption process.
STRENGTH AND LIMITATIONS
Effect of immunomodulation and immunomodulatory agents on health with several bioactive principles, modes of action and potent biomedical applications. The effect of stocking density on the welfare and behavior of commercially reared broiler chickens. Effect of butyric acid glycerides on performance and some bone parameters of broiler chickens.
Effect of dietary nucleotide supplementation on the performance and development of the gastrointestinal tract of broilers. Effect of different doses of coated butyric acid on growth and energy utilization in broilers. Effect of seasonal heat stress on the development of toughness and incidence of pale, exudative turkey meat.
Effect of replacing inorganic minerals with organic trace minerals in broiler diets on productive performance and mineral excretion. Effect of four stocking densities on chick carcass rate, breast blister incidence and other performance traits. Protective effect of vacha rhizome extract on stress-induced chronic immunodeficiency in the rat.
Effect of different levels of stocking density on feed and water intake of broilers. Effect of supplementation of prebiotic mannan oligosaccharides and probiotic mixtures on the growth performance of broilers exposed to chronic heat stress.
