A project submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Engineering from the Department of Energy Sciences and Engineering. This confirms that the project work titled “Extraction of Biodiesel from Castor Oil and Study of its Properties” has been carried out by Mohammad Siddiqur Rahman of the Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering &. 34;Extraction of Biodiesel from Castor Oil and Study of Its Properties" has been approved by the Examination Board for the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering at the Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology, Khulna, Bangladesh in February 2017.
Nawsher Au Moral, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, KUET, for his good guidance, supervision, suggestions, inspiration and all kinds of support to provide adequate facilities in timely execution and completion of this report. M Mizanur Rahman, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KUET, for allowing me to use the facilities and support to carry out part of the project at the Heat Engine Lab. Mohammad Ariful Islam, Head of the Department of Energy Science and Engineering, for all the support to complete this report on time.
Shameem Hossain, Lecturer, Department of Energy Science and Engineering, KUET, for all forms of help, encouragement and moral support throughout the study. Biodiesel produced from castor oil has been one of the most important studies for current researcher.
LIST OF TABLES
Nomenclature
General
Renewable energy is now a burning issue in both developed and developing countries, such as energy security, climate change and emissions mitigation. Biofuels in particular, as an energy source have attracted great attention in the US, European countries, China, Japan, and even Bangladesh for significant advantages over oil, as the consumption of biofuels generates less environmental pollutants such as SOx and NOx and mitigates emissions of CO2. Therefore, biodiesel has been proposed as an alternative to normal diesel to overcome this problem to some extent.
Technically, it is described as a vegetable oil or animal fat-based fuel consisting of long-chain alkyl esters and lipids reacting with an alcohol [3]. It can be used as an alternative fuel and as an additive to petroleum-based diesel fuel. Biodiesel is the product one gets when organically derived oil, such as vegetable oil or animal fat, chemically reacts with an alcohol to produce a fatty acid alkyl ester.
Emissions such as total hydrocarbons and CO are typically found to be significantly lower with biodiesel compared to diesel fuel. It is always recommended to produce biodiesel from waste edible oil or non-edible oil such as jatropha, castor, pongamia pinnata, rubber seed and mango.
Biodiesel
Advantages of using Biodiesel
- Emissions and Greenhouse Gas reduction
- A Clean Alternative Fuel for New and Old Engines
- A Closer Look at Emissions Reduction
- Economic Development
- Sustainable Farming and Value Added Agriculture
- Early Work
- Biodiesel Goes Worldwide
- The Future of Biodiesel Fuel
- Properties of Biodiesel
- Properties of furnace oil
Life cycle production and use of biodiesel produces approximately 80% less carbon dioxide emissions and almost 100% less sulfur dioxide. One of the great advantages of biodiesel is that it can be used in existing engines, vehicles and infrastructure with virtually no modifications. When blended with diesel fuel, these emission reductions are generally directly proportional to the amount of biodiesel in the blend [9].
However, the added value created for oilseeds through biodiesel production is a tangible benefit to farming communities and, in conjunction with sustainable farming practices, can bring benefits to farming communities and the environment. The main goal of the proposed project is to obtain biodiesel from castor oil and study its properties. The high cost of vegetable oil, especially edible oil, is the main obstacle to expanding the use of biodiesel.
A way was needed to lower the viscosity of vegetable oils to a point where they could burn properly in the diesel engine. The future of biodiesel lies in the world's ability to produce renewable feedstocks such as vegetable oils and fats to keep the cost of biodiesel competitive with oil, without replacing land needed for food production or destroying natural ecosystems in the process.
CHAPTER III
Technical Definition for Biodiesel (ASTM D 6751)
IV 3.2 Problem Statement
- High Free Fatty Acid Systems
- Acid Catalysis
- Acid catalysis followed by alkali catalysis
- Catalyst Selection
- Production of Biodiesel
- Castor Oil as Feedstock
- Properties of Castor Oil
- Transesterification Process
- Transesterification Reaction
- Effect of various parameters on the product
- Effect of molar ratio of alcohol to oil
- Effect of reaction time on the conversion
- Properties of Biodiesel
- Physical Properties
- Kinematic Viscosity
- Density
- Flash point
- Pour point
- Gross Calorific Value (GCV)
- Cost Analysis
- Capital Costs
- Total cost of Biodiesel Production
- Materials and methods
- Experimental set-up
- Experimental Procedure
- Presentation of Results
- Comparison of biodiesel with biodiesel standards and petro-diesel standards
- Product Analysis
- Effect of Temperature and Catalyst on Product Yield of Castor oil
- Effect of Operating Time on Product Yield of Castor oil
- Analysis of Biodiesel Properties
- Density
- Kinematic Viscosity
- Calorific Value
- Compositional Group Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) Spectroscopy
- Moisture content
- Cost Analysis for Present Project .1 Capital cost
- Operating cost
It is saponified with the basic catalyst (soap form), which reduces the efficiency of the transesterification. The extraction of castor oil is about 35 to 55% of the weight of the castor seeds. Castor oil is the only significant oil that consists mainly of the ricinoleic acid of a hydroxylated fatty acid.
The properties of the crude castor oil were measured using a standard method and shown in Table 3.3. The properties of the fat are determined by the nature of the fatty acids bound to the glycerine. The nature of the fatty acids can in turn influence the properties of the biodiesel.
A common product of the transesterification process is a methyl ester produced from crude castor oil that has been reacted with methanol. A successful transesterification reaction is indicated by the separation of the methyl ester and glycerol layers after the reaction time. Biodiesel extraction from castor oil in the presence of catalysts is faster with methanol as a transesterification agent compared to ethanol.
A typical transesterification of a triglyceride consisting of successive reversible reactions where R1, R2 and R3 represent long-chain alkyl groups [36]. The overall process is usually a sequence of three consecutive steps which are reversible reactions. The gross calorific value (GCV) of the biodiesel was determined using an oxygen bomb calorimeter. A schematic diagram of the experimental setup is shown in Figure 4.1, which consists of an electric heater to maintain the temperature inside the reactor and a motorized stirrer for proper mixing of the reaction mixture.
A photographic image of methyl ester (biodiesel) was produced from castor oil is shown in Figure 4.8. Crude castor oil was transesterified using H2SO4 and NaOH as catalyst and methanol to form biodiesel. The conversion was 90% at 65°C.
