The aim of the present study is an attempt to design pro-poor service delivery strategy based on general information about the study areas. Based on the information and data used in the study, the following summary and important recommendations have been suggested for the development of Upazila profile and to formulate appropriate strategies for poverty reduction at the ground level.
Importance of the study
In addition, a separate stakeholder dialogue should be organized with specific groups, representatives of NGOs, social and community leaders and key development experts.
Rationale of the Study
Purpose of the study
Methodology
Thus, out of fifteen areas mentioned in the study, five areas are covered in this study. Checklist-III: The population and family planning activities of the sample unions were collected using this checklist.
Main issues highlighted in the present study are listed below
-III: Population and family planning activities in the sample associations have been collected using this checklist. The extent of poverty and inequality on the basis of income in different occupations within the field of study and employment status and. occupation and ownership of the resources. v) Education and sports issues have been covered to assess and identify the facilities available in the study area and suggest possible facilities that could be expanded. we).
Plan of the Report
Scope and Limitation
These differences are primarily the result of socio-economic conditions and the status of the country's development as a wall as a consideration for reducing poverty, as well as the socio-political values and norms of the country. A few of them have been discussed in the present study in the following sections for use as a conceptual framework in this study. Sometimes two poverty lines are drawn to distinguish between extreme poverty and moderate poverty.13 While relative poverty is defined in terms of a lack of resources (ie economic resources) relative to the resources of others.
The inequalu , concept of poverty refers to the position of one group relative to the resources of others and indicates the relative deprivation of one group compared to another mainly as a result of maldistribution of resources.16. The poverty line serves as an index of the effect on the community in society due to the persistence of poverty.
Review of Previous Studies
While the prevalence of poverty in rural areas has improved significantly or the same years respectively. The incidence of poverty by occupation was found to be the highest (82%) in agricultural wage labor and moderate poverty followed by the households involved in the cottage industry (64%), while those who were employed had the lowest incidence of showed poverty. Most of the studies are concerned with measuring poverty by estimating income in terms of nutritional needs, access to health and sanitation services and literacy rate.
Some studies tried to explain the causes of poverty without due emphasis on p~o-poor delivery service at the grass root level and its strategies except for only one study by Kamal Siddiqui.26. However, since the causes of poverty are much more complex and no single factor is sufficient to understand the dynamics of the socio-economic process of poverty at the grassroots level.
Savar Upazila
An attempt has thus been made in this chapter to briefly discuss the socio-economic situation based on the framework mentioned in the previous chapter. This chapter therefore attempts to briefly highlight the general information about the study area of Savar and Dhamrai Upazila separately. It is believed from the 6th century inscription that many foreign traders used to come here for business.
Using the construction material of the roof according to the village, village and union, it was observed that 5.15% of the main houses of the houses are made of straw/bamboo and 10.41% are made of cement and combined. of different types of materials. In Thane, 39.13% of the resident families depend on agriculture as the main source of family income with 24.34% from cultivation/communal culture, 1.90% from livestock, forestry and fishing, 0.05%.
Dhamrai Upazila
The percentage distribution of construction material of roof main house of the residential household, it was observed that 15.18% of the main house of the residential households was made of straw/bamboo and 2.02o/o of cement and 82.80% was made of made of ' a combination of different types of materials. 76% of the total households and 10.42% of the residential households reportedly had electricity connection in the entire thana. Percentage ownership of agricultural land is 20.84% in urban area versus 66.10% in rural area.
In thana, literacy is highest, ie. 12.10 Dhamrai Thana headquarters is: the only urban area in Thana. In this report, the results of the survey have been divided into different categories. a) General/basic information about sample upazilas (b) Local natural ~.
Comparative Scenario of Study Area
Local Natural Resources
It is noted that both in Dhamrai and Savar Upazila the surface water is used for bathing, washing, cultivation, communication and fish farming. Table-3.4: Sources and use of surface water by Upazila Sources of area coverage in nature of use of water. It is shown that the average household size for Savar & Dhamrai is 5.10 and 5.06 respectively and the dependency ratio is quite close in both the sample areas.
In terms of occupation of the study area, it can be observed that day labor (more than 37%) as a percentage of the total population for both the sampled Upazila, followed by agriculture and business work. It is observed that divorce rate in Savar upazila is higher (5.60%) than Dhamrai (4.88) Upazila.
Income Distribution
It is clear from table 4.1 that the trend of distribution of households by income of Savar and Dhamrai Upazila is similar as they have almost equal opportunities of employment and business facilities. The overall picture appears from the table 4.2 below that less than half of the total population of Dhamrai and Sa var live below the poverty line. While 65 percent of the population of Dhamrai and 67.5 percent of Savar Upazila have salaried employment and self-employment, respectively.
In fact, their available resources do not encourage them to get employment and assistance from the government.
Educational Institute in the Study Area
In Dhamrai Upazila, there are 54 Government Primary School (general category), 2 Madrasha with co-educational facilities and only 1 Government Girl's High School (general category). In case of non-government schools, there are 11 Co-Education Primary School. 13 Co-Education Primary level Madrasha followed by 4 Junior High Schools with Co-Education facilities, 2 Technical Junior High School and 5 Junior High Madrasha with Co-Education facilities. There are also 9 high schools (general category), 2 technical high schools and 6 high madrasha with co-educational facilities. At the tertiary level, Dhamrai Upazila has only two colleges (general category) and two Madrasha with co-educational facilities.
While there are 19 non-government controlled primary schools (general category), 12 Madrasha followed by 6 Junior Level High School (general category) and 4 Junior Level High Madrasha with co-educational facilities in Savar. The table also indicates that Savar Upazila has 3 privately controlled boys' schools at the primary level, 3 girls' schools at the primary level and 2 junior high schools for girls, as well as 2 junior high schools with co-educational facilities.
Level of Education by Unemployed and Landless
The cross-classification of the above information by educational level checked by NGOs in Table 5.8 shows a strong and equal relationship between Dhamrai and Savar Upazila, especially in Co-Education at different levels. On the other hand, 20.54 percent of illiterate males and 26.10 percent of illiterate females are unemployed in Savar Upazila. While 27.05 percent of illiterate males and 32.10 percent of illiterate females are landless in Savar Upazila.
Literacy Rate of Study Area
Drop-out in Education and Ratio of Teachers and Student
While average dropout at college level 29.0 percent of boys and 35.0 percent of boys and girls are giving up their education in Savar Upazila. Where teacher to student ratio is increasing from college level to secondary level as well as primary level in Dhamrai and Savar Upazila.
Physical Infrastructure of Educational Institutes
In Sa var Upazila the overall condition of physical infrastructure of colleges is better than that of Dhamrai Upazila. 80 percent of colleges have pucca buildings and only 20 percent of colleges do not have this type of infrastructure. The cross-classification of physical infrastructure in the two Upazilas in Table 5.3 shows that Dhamrai has a higher number of pucca educational institutes than that of Sa var Upazila.
Education at all levels (i.e. SSC, HSC and Bachelor) is higher among the female population in both upazila. Providing scholarships by the government to the girl's students could be one of the main reasons for this situation.
Extension of Education Programme by NGO's
Access to Library and Bookshop
Sports and Games facilities
Summary and Recommendations of the Study
Summary
Location of various government, private and NGO offices as well as proximity to Dhaka Metropolitan City. vi). The analysis of employment situation shows that a significant part of rural labor remained unemployed and underemployed throughout the year. The available information also suggests that jobs have not grown as fast as the rural workforce. seasonality in employment in certain sectors, both in terms of employment level as well as wage rate was cited as one of the important causes of greater hardship for the poor. vii).
This situation has changed to some extent with the introduction of a scholarship scheme for girls' students from primary to secondary school. Therefore, appropriate steps should be taken by the government for the benefits of rural development in general and modern technology in particular to reach small and marginal farmers. ix) Introduction of functional education for the masses as well as vocational and technical education for the apostate can create employment opportunities.
Recommendations
Although there has been some positive impact on agricultural productivity and the benefits gained through development programs have bypassed the largest groups viz. extended its targeted activities to hardy poor and landless people and marginal farmers to provide collateral-free loans and other means of income generation. iv). Socio-economic equality, redistribution of resources and ensuring access to resources seem to be the basic prerequisites for developing the current field of study out of the poverty trap. you). The eradication of poverty in the area under consideration must be based on increasing production in various sectors and thus increasing labor productivity in various economic activities.
An appropriate land use policy in the study area is important for the overall development as well as to achieve the goal of higher cropping intensity and higher productivity. Poor people must be aware and motivated to manage their risk in order to sustain their socio-economic development.
Conclusion
Islam, Serajul & Miah Sajahan (2003) Bangladesh: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh. ed), vol-3, Asiatic Society Bangladesh, Dhaka. Planning Commission (2003) Bangladesh: A National Strategy for Economic Growth, Poverty Reduction and Social Development, Government of Bangladesh.
