Fouad Hossain Sarker, Associate Professor and Head of the Department of Development Studies, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Fouad Hossain Sarker, Executive Chairman of the Department of Development Studies, and the staff of the Department of Development Studies, as well as our classmates at Daffodil International University, who participated in this discussion at the end of the course.
Background
Climate change has forced people to move regularly and find ways to adapt to different climatic conditions. Lifestyle is also another factor that contributes to the negative effects of climate.
Statement of the problem
The impact of climate change is not only in Somalia, but has similar effects in sub-Saharan Africa and especially in the east. Life for pastoral communities in Somalia is getting worse due to climate change-related shocks, with the country experiencing recurring droughts every ten years. Climate change has negative effects in all aspects of life and the Somali pastoral.
The Impact of Climate on Pastoral Societies in Somaliland and the Impact of Climate Change on Pastoralism in Salahley and Baligubadle Districts of Somaliland. Another study was also carried out by Action Aid International titled the impact of climate change on agricultural production in MaroodiJeh and Gabiley regions of Somaliland. None of the studies do any study in regions of predominantly rural and pastoral communities, which are always reported to suffer the recurring effects of climate change in all its forms.
A This research will investigate the impacts of climate change on pastoral communities in the Sool and Sanaag regions in the northeastern regions of Somalia (Currently Somaliland) which are home to the largest population of livestock and rural life and mainly experiencing visible impacts of climate change for example. frequent droughts, land degradation, deforestation and desertification. The research will focus on understanding the impacts of climate change on pastoral societies, highlight the socio-economic and livelihood impacts of climate and ultimately identify climate change adoption options in pastoral societies in Sool and Sanaag regions. .
Objectives of the study
Specific objectives of the study
That is why they suffer the most. Several studies were conducted to examine the effects of drought in the lives of pastoral communities in Somalia, for example Candlelight for Health, Education and Environment, which is a local NGO based in Somaliland, has invested several studies including. All research was mostly invested for the purpose of humanitarian repots and to get background studies for humanitarian funds to be carried out as projects rather than wider academic. They also conduct research in areas, all located in northwestern Somalia, which are predominantly occupied by farmers and settled communities with a small percentage living in pastoralism.
To find out the socio-economic and livelihood impacts of climate change on pastoralists in the Sool and Sanaag regions.
Research questions
Significance of the study
Finally, the study will help policy makers, implementers, evaluators, pastoral communities, civil society, climate scientists and researchers to have a common understanding about the climate change and its impact on the pastoral communities.
Scope of the study
Definition of operation term
Organization of the Study
Introduction
Terrible weather conditions, including floods, frequent storms, hot temperatures, air pollution and drought, are becoming common in pastoral societies. They felt difficult to adapt to the change and variability of the climate, for example to rearrange animal breeding and crop cultivation due to lack of knowledge. and negative perceptions. This forced them into shocks such as prolonged drought, which is unusual, and a temporary shortage of water availability caused by the combination of lack of precipitation and increased evaporation due to high temperatures.
Climate change impacts
- Climate change and drought
Climate change and desertification
Communities also highlighted soil erosion and land degradation, two other factors caused by the impact of climate changes in Somalia, which have increased in recent years and as a result of many interrelated factors such as overgrazing, deforestation, proliferation of rural areas and increase in frequency of droughts and flash floods (Aden, 2014).
Climate change and crop yields
Climate change and livestock
The climate change and socio-economic impact
- Food shortage
- Income loss
Climate Change Adaptation options
- Free Grazing rangelands
- Relocation of livestock
- Destocking
INTRODUCTION
Research Design
Study Area
Data collection methods and Techniques
Data Analysis
Target Population of the Study
Sampling Strategy and Size
Ethical Issues of the study
Limitations of the study
INTRODUCTION
Demographic profile of the respondents
The 20-39 age group is at the top of the respondents as they are an active group who are found in all areas of the workforce and have shown that they have adequate and reliable information on the topic of study which means they are directly related to climate issues or indirectly. Understanding the topic of study required people with experience and academic experience connected to different institutions.
Public’s understanding on climate change
Figure 7 explains how people responded when asked if climate change affects their way of life or lifestyle. About (70%) answered that climate change may affect their lifestyle, while (10%) answered no, which means that it does not affect their lifestyle, and finally (20%) respondents were not sure whether may or may not affect their way of life. But most respondents in the study agreed that climate change affects their way of life, which means that climate change can disrupt their way of life and have a particularly negative effect on them.
Causes of the climate change
This indicates that humans have confirmed the main causes of climate change, as the greenhouse gas emissions from industries, car exhausts and burning of fossils are the main factor contributing to the changes of the climate around the earth. The second main cause is the felling of trees leading to deforestation of the land leading to desertification which has negatively contributed to low rainfall and hot temperatures. To summarize, the respondents identify six main causes of climate change, both natural and human activities and mainly man-made activities due to world populations increasing and putting more pressure on resources and ways to utilize them without proper conservation, causing damage leading to landslides in the patterns of weather mainly temperature and rainfall.
Impact of climate change
- Social impact
- Political impact
- Environmental impact
- Economic impact
- Agricultural impact
- Possible climate change adaptation
Other impacts respondents say include conflicts over resources that are very scarce as a result of climate change and causes. The other social impact worth mentioning is people moving from rural areas to urban centers to survive and adapt to the effects of climate change. As the effects of climate change continue, the way society lives and interacts will suffer, causing all basic services such as
Land conflict is seen especially over water points and grazing land that both people and livestock need to survive and cope with the severe impact of climate change on pastoral societies. The figure 11 explains the political impact that climate pastoralist communities have, the majority of respondents selected Movement of polling stations which affects the voting rights rate 34%, second majority of respondents rate 28% selected cross-border fights and disputes, rate 12% of respondents selected lack of government institution, rate 10% of respondents chose political impact as political instability due to unemployment and loss of livestock and the same rate 8% of respondents chose lack of policy on climate change and change in land ownership and land use system. This figure 12 shows environmental impacts of climate change in somali pastoral communities, somalia has seen an increase in severe climate events since 1990, The majority of.
Figure 14 shows the agricultural impacts of climate change in pastoral communities in the Sool and Sanaag region. Figure 15 explains the respondent's opinions about the possible options for adaptation to climate change in pastoral areas, the majority opinions of the respondents rate 32% selected Tree breeding and stop deforestation, other majority of the respondents' opinions are selected To build dams/investment of alternative water sources rate 30% , rate 12% of respondents selected To ensure environmental protection, rate 11% of respondents' opinion selected inventory and finally rate 8% of respondents' opinion selected Development of inclusive adoption strategies.
Roles of governments, civil society, NGOs and development actors
The majority of respondents assess that 25% are selected in terms of environmental protection laws and laws, while the second majority of selected respondents introduce effective early warning systems.
INTRODUCTION
Discussions and Conclusion
The survey respondents were also asked to mention the impacts that climate change is having on their overall lives and environment. The study further explored how climate change impacts every sector of pastoralist communities' lives in terms of social, political, environmental, economic and agricultural production. The study also found that climate change impacts the environment, that is, the environment that determines the suitability and existence of life in certain places on Earth.
Climate change is having visible impacts on the economic situation of pastoralist communities, as evidenced by the study's findings. Pastoralist communities cited the agricultural impacts of climate change, which disrupted farm production and food chains. The impacts of climate change on agriculture have disrupted the availability and reliability of food, which is of great importance for the survival of humans and animals.
The other objectives of the study were to find out the possible options for adaptations to climate change. Development of inclusive adoption strategies as well as ensuring environmental protection will be one of the coping approaches to the impact of climate change.
Recommendations
Other important measures to mitigate the risk of climate change mentioned by respondents are the cultivation and conservation of dryland crops and animal breeds. Development of a national adaptation action programme, Implementation of governmental and institutional programs aimed at adapting to climate change and Empowering pastoralist communities to influence policy and implementation at the national level. Create positive diversification for livestock and alternative livelihoods, develop policies and laws for climate change mitigation and adaptation.
The study suggests investing in further research on climate change mitigation and adaptation measures in pastoralist communities. The government and other stakeholders should conduct studies on how climate change is transforming rural life into urban life. Assessment of climate change-induced hazards, impacts and responses in the southern lowlands of Ethiopia.
Fenta, M.M., 2017, 'Understanding resilience pathways to climate change in a changing rangeland environment among pastoral societies in the Afar region, Ethiopia', PhD thesis, University of the Free State https://scholar.ufs.ac.za/handle/ 11660/ 7696. Gbetibouo, G.A., 2009, Understanding Farmers' Perceptions and Adaptations to Climate Change and Variability, International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC.
