This is to confirm that the thesis work titled "AStudy on Impact of Natural Background Radiation and Physical Environment on Health of the Slum People in Khulna City" has been done by Amina Chowdhury in the Department of Physics, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology, Khulna , Bangladesh. It has also been shown that the housing structure and business pattern of the slum population is a very vulnerable situation.
INTRODUCTION
Introduction
A quick look at the absolute number of urban pooi populations living in the developing region presents a challenge of staggering proportions. According to an estimate by the city corporation, about 0.5 million arc now living in the metropolitan area. The population of the urban area increases, but the services do not.
Background of the research
The main objective of this study is to identify the status of water use, sanitation and hygiene conditions and its impact on the health of the population in this region. The study also attempts to find out the existing status of access of the slum dwellers to some selected urban services and explore the conditions and problems of such services in slums.
Justification of the study
Considering the above research, this study was designed to investigate the lifestyle, health and sanitation profile. This research would be helpful to find out the problems of different types of services and facilities.
Objectives of the Research
In some cases, the study was faced with the lack of relevant information of the people due to the ignorance of the people. Thus, the range of uranium concentration in drinking water found in this study is on the lower side of the range.
Radiation inside the Human body
The accuracy of subsequent analyzes directly depends on the accuracy of the surfaces constructed in the early stage of analyses. Natural radiation from many sources enters our bodies through the food we eat, the air we breathe and the water we drink.
Physical Environment of Slum Area in Khulna City
Solid waste management is one of the major challenges for the city government or other related responsible authority. But the reality is that most authorities have very little concern about the slums, so it is very difficult to see a better drainage system in the slums.
Poverty
UrbanizatiOn
Meaning of Slum
Challenges in Achieving Health Equity
Specific InterventiOn
Effects with a dose threshold and in which the severity of injury increases with dose are known as non-stochastic effects. When the magnitude of an effect or the proportion (percentage) of individuals responding to a given dose is plotted as a function. 1) U. The result of exposure to a carcinogen (cancer-causing substance, tobacco) increases the likelihood of an effect occurring.
In this case, the increase in the probability of the effect is directly proportional to the dose. Another important point regarding such stochastic effects as mentioned earlier is that the severity of the effect is not related to radiation dose.
ReconflaiSSaflCe survey
Study area and location
On the other hand, like other third world cities in the world, the demand of city dwellers for municipal services and facilities lives far below expectations. The current level of provision of these services and facilities by various service providers in the city is adequate. In the southern part of the delta lies the Sundarban, the world's largest mangrove forest.
The city of Khulna is located in the northern part of the district and is mainly an extension of trading centers close to the Rupsha and Bhairab rivers. The Mayur River forms the western boundary of the metropolitan area. Khulna is the main city of Khulna Division in Bangladesh.
PhysiCal Setting
Temperature: Noticeable temperature variations can be found with the changing seasons in Khulna city. Wind: Due to monsoon climate change, there are changes in wind direction inside. It is necessary to measure the radiation level through a comprehensive study in Khulna city.. in the present research area the study area is selected based on the objectives of the study.
The study was conducted in the slums of Khulna city, which were selected using . purposeful sampling technique. The main occupation of the people is day labor and rickshaw pulling, while a few women are servants.
CITY CORPORATION
- Problem Identification
- Data collection
- Data processing and Analysis
- Report writing and Submission
The study tries to find out the existing status of access of the slum dwellers to selected urban services and explore the conditions and problems of such services in slums. Which is very necessary to observe the actual condition of different topics of the study area. Public opinions were also observed to make a clear idea about the existence of the slums in the study area.
A final questionnaire was then drawn up using the lessons learned from the pre-testing. It is not possible to study the universe or the entire population. A complete list of households in the study area was used to determine sample size.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Introduction
Socio-Economic Profile
- Household characteristics
- wnership of Household
Most of the rooms built by tin or wood/Straw/Golpatallvlud in squatters are made of low quality materials. Most of the rooms are poorly constructed and now have seeped roofs and a few empty wreck buildings. Maximum people are renters of house. The most characteristic feature in slums is the presence of substandard housing characterized by poor structure, overcrowding and insufficient floor space.
Majority of slum houses are of very poor quality. Figure 4.1 shows that the study area 95% respondents are renters of houses and 5% are owners of houses. Figure 4.2 and Figure 4.3 show the poorer conditions of the houses.
Ownership of household
Educational Qualification of the respondents
Sometimes people are unable to pursue their children's education at secondary level due to poverty. For this reason, there is a large number of illiterates in the slums. The education level of Muripotti, Jabdipur and Bastuhara and Bagmara slums is shown in Figure 4.5. This indicates that illiteracy rates are higher in the slums and primary schools of Bastuhara. The level is higher in the Bastuhara slum. Figure 4.6 shows the average education level of respondents in the slums of Muripotti, Jabdipur, Bastuhara and Bagmara; approximately 15% of respondents are illiterate, approximately 30% can read and write, 35% of respondents have completed primary education, approximately 15% have completed secondary education, approximately 4% of respondents have completed secondary H.S.0 education and only 1% of respondents have completed higher education (Table I Appendix).
Occupational pattern of the respondents
The level of income in the primary occupation is one of the most important indicators for the realization of the true economic condition of any population. Information regarding the I income of people helps to determine their demand and affordability to receive the services and facilities to be provided in the area and also to access the expected financial return of the people for the facilities. From Figure 4.8 it was observed to study four slum areas (Muripotti, Bastuhara, Jabdipur and Bagmara slums). Figure 4.9 shows the average level of income in the four slum areas. The average monthly income level is very low.
Condition of the Water Supply Facilities
- Source of Water Supply
This is mainly due to the difference in the distance of the tube well from respective individual houses. The surrounding space of all water sources in the slum is mostly dirty and unsanitary. But most of the slum nuts do not contain sanitary facilities. The sanitary systems found in the study area are sewage system, septic tank, pit latrine and others.
No shanty town has separate sanitary locks for men and women. Figure 4.18 shows the different types of toilets in the study area. The surroundings of every sanitary toilet in a shanty town are mostly dirty and unhygienic.
Solid waste Disposal
- Disposal place of solid waste
- Homewards Environment
- Knowledge about Balance Diet
- Bad effects of sources of Energy Used for Cooking
A poor drainage system is one of the causes of polluted etivtrnnmcnt in the gap area. A poor drainage system is one of the reasons for the polluted environment in the area under consideration. This is primarily a result of the unhealthy and unhygienic environment of living in a shanty town.
This environment is unhealthy for the people who live in these spaces. Figure 4.29 shows that there is insufficient space in the study area. Radioactivity in the environment is considered one of the serious health risks to humans.
Background Radiation level and its impact on health
The highest activity concentration of Bqkg' for 40K was found in Paddy samples collected from Khanabad. This shows that papaya in Khulna has a higher radioactivity concentration than the other parts of Bangladesh and is also higher than the world average value for root vegetables and fruits as suggested by (UNSCEAR, 2000). Average uranium concentrations in over 1,00,000 surface waters in the United Kingdom have been determined at 0.65 jigL' with a maximum observed concentration of 233 jigL'. In a 1980-1981 survey of 13 selected sites in south-central British Columbia, the uranium concentration (n=5 · 19) in surface water and soil supplies was 4.06 rgL' (PBC, 1981).
Khulna Division, located in the southwest of Bangladesh and covering an area of 22273.21 square kilometers, is bounded by Rajshahi Division in the north, Bay of Bengal in the south, Dhaka and Barisal Division in the east and West Bengal in the west. Since the concentration of uranium in drinking water is very harmful for kidney diseases, it is very important that we test the concentration of uranium in every well water in the Khulna slum.
CONCLUSION
Bansal V, Tyagi RK and Prasad R 1992: Determination of Uranium Concentration in Drinking Water Samples by the Fission Track Method", J. Health Canada, 2002: Compendium of Canadian Drinking Water Quality Guidelines Ottawa, Health Canada , Compendium of Canadian Drinking Water Quality Guidelines Ottawa, (2002) Moss MA 1985: Chronic low-level uranium exposure through clinical drinking water investigations in Nova Scotia”, Nova Scotia: Dalhousie University; thesis.
Development of a methodology for assessing uranium concentration in groundwater of Bangladesh using ssntd technique, National. WHO (World Health Organization), 2003 Drinking Water Quality Guideline, Health Criteria and Other Supporting Information, Geneva WHO.
Appendix
Condition of Water Supply
Household and environmental Sanitation
Poster Presentation
A CHOWDHURY*, J SULTANA, "A Study On Impact Of Physical Environment On Health Of The Slum People in Khuina
