A Gaussian Radial Basis Kernel Function (RBF) was used and the performance of the classifiers was evaluated based on fault classification accuracy. What's more, the fault on the line and the current ground condition on the line can be found in the LCD show about the project.
LITERATURE REVIEW
During the cable test, flashes are created at the weak points of the cable, which can then be localized. The elapsed time multiplied by the diffusion rate v/2 gives the distance to the source of the defect.
METHODOLOGY
These waves are reflected at the cable terminations with the aim that they travel towards each other again towards the cable deficiency. Route tracing is used to find out where the faulty cable lies and locating it is the way to determine the careful situation of the cable fault.
Summary
The main purpose of our project is to easily locate the transmission line fault which is underground.
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
- Microcontroller
- History
- Architecture of Microcontroller
- Uses
Microcontrollers are used in automatically controlled microcontrollers are used to control electronic and electrical equipment. Mixed-signal microcontrollers are common and integrate analog components needed to control non-digital electronic systems.
DESIGN, DEVELOPMENT
Full Block diagram
This is another aspect of our project Monitor the load current of each phase, we used three current sensors to monitor the current of the three phases. On this system we can monitor data via the internet, for which we need to work with the server.
Components
The main goal of our project is to diagnose underground cable fault, here we are for three-phase lines, we have made two fault sensors on each line and we have connected the output of the fault sensor to the digital pin of the controller. Each error sensor is created, a 6 volt step down transformer, diode of a 1n4007 model, a capacitor, a voltage regulator 7805 model, a 10K register adjustment. There is also a display attached to the project which is connected to the digital pin of the controller.
Here, if any fault is present in any of our three phases, it will directly show on the screen which fault under the switch is fault.
Tools 1)Glue gum
Node MCU
- ESP8266 Arduino Core
- Introduction
- Features
- Documentation
- Specification
- Software
- Sketch
- Blink example
- DC power supply
- AC-to-DC supply
On December 30, 2013, Espressif Systems began production of the ESP8266. The ESP8266 is a Wi-Fi SoC integrated with a TensilicaXtensa LX106 core, [citation needed] widely used in IoT applications (see related projects). Some power supplies are independent pieces of gear, while others are included with the chargers that power them. Cases of the last include power supplies found in workstations and copper devices.
All power supplies have an input power connection that obtains power as electric current from the source and at least one power output connection that transfers current to the load. The input and output are generally combined circuit designs, but some power supplies use remote power transfer to power their loads without wire connections. Some power supplies also have different types of inputs and outputs for functions such as external monitoring and control.
Such power supplies will use a transformer to convert the input voltage into a series AC voltage.
Transformer
The filter rejects most, but not all, AC varieties; the rest of the alternating voltage is known as ripple. A transformer that steps up voltage from essential to auxiliary (more optional windings than essential windings) is known as a stage-up transformer. On the other hand, a transformer that is intended to do the opposite is known as a stage down transformer.
This is a step-down transformer, as confirmed by the high turns control of the core winding and the low turn count of the option. The larger gauge wire used in the optional winding is essential due to current expansion. In general, the number of wires is large (H1 vs. H2, and so on.), which we will investigate a bit later in this section.
As with the primary transformer model we saw, the ability to move power is generally excellent from the essential to the extra sides of the unit.
Rectifier
At the point when point B is positive (in the negative part of the cycle) with respect to point C, diode D2 conducts the forward path and the current flow through resistor R is a similar way for both half cycles. Since the output voltage across the resistor R is the phasor sum of the two waveforms added together, this kind of full-wave rectifier circuit is otherwise called a "two-stage" circuit.
Capacitor
LM2596 Voltage Converter
- What to do with all the heat?
- Other circuit components?
- Scaling the output
- Application areas for 7805 IC
As you may have seen, there is a noticeable difference between the input voltage and the output voltage of the voltage regulator. Henceforth, it is appropriate to limit the voltage to a limit of 2-3 volts above the output voltage. Either structure your circuit with the goal that the input voltage going into the controller is limited to 2-3 volts above the output controlled voltage, or spot a proper heat sink that can efficiently dissipate heat.
The heart of the 7805 IC is a transistor (Q16) that controls the current between the input and output, thus controlling the output voltage. These circuits reduce the output current or shut down the regulator and protect it from damage in the event of a malfunction. A voltage divider (blue) reduces the voltage on the output pin for use with a bandgap reference.
The 7805's scaled output provides the input voltage (Vin) to the bandgap reference and the bandgap provides an error signal as the output.
Resistor
In the segment characteristic, a full diagram of the basic characteristics to specify a resistor is given. In the articles, resistors in parallel and series are given a detailed description of calculation examples. The black arrow ▶ in the symbol points in the direction of the forward current of the diode.
A current transformer is a measuring transformer that is used to reduce the current in a circuit to measurable values and is thus used to measure alternating currents. When the current in the circuit is too high to be applied directly to the measuring instrument, the current transformer produces a reduced current exactly proportional to the current in the circuit, which can be conveniently connected to the measuring and recording instruments. The current transformer isolates the measuring instrument from what can be a very high voltage in the monitored circuit.
The alternating current in the primary produces an alternating magnetic field in the magnetic core, which then induces an alternating current in the secondary winding circuit.
Connecting ware
SOFTWARE
- Introduction
- Proteus8.1
- System physical appearance
- Result
- Advantage
- Applications
- Future Work
- Appendix
The software part is one of the most important parts of the MCU-based single-phase induction motor drive, control and protection system. The Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE) is a cross-platform application (for Windows, macOS, Linux) written in C and C++ functions. It is used to write and upload programs to Arduino-compatible boards, but also, using third-party cores, to development boards from other vendors.
The Arduino IDE uses the avrdude program to convert executable code into a hexadecimal-encoded notation that is loaded into the Arduino board using the board's firmware loader. This program allows users to interact with the design using on-screen indicators and/or LED and LCD displays as well as switches and buttons when connected to a PC. One of the main components of Proteus 7.0 is Circuit Simulation -- a product that uses the SPICE3f5 analog simulator core combined with an event-driven digital simulator that allows users to use any SPICE model from any manufacturer.
When the project is launched, we display and I can monitor all the data via the Internet. Here we display the fault and if there is a fault somewhere in the line, monitoring can be done over the internet. we can also see how much current is going on each line. We can monitor line fault and line current via internet from anywhere in the world. We have created a modern project on the fault of underground cables. In this project we have a line taken directly from the AC current to give us power, which flows as dc power in the project. Here we have essentially created a dc power source. Using a step down transformer, we have converted the voltage to 24 volts, then this 24 volts is dc using a rectifier. So when dc is created, a little something goes from ac. So we got pure DC using a capacitor. Now we need 5 volts DC for the controller, we have 5 volts DC. Here we have obtained a certain amount of voltage using a buck module. We have given the controller a certain amount of voltage. The main purpose of our project is to diagnose the fault of underground cables, here we are for three-phase lines, we have created two fault sensors in each line and connected the output of the fault sensor to the digital pin of the controller. Each fault sensor is created, a 6 volt step down transformer, a Model 1n4007 diode, the capacitor, a model 7805 voltage regulator, a 10K register adjustment. Which is shown in the project diagram. This is another aspect of our project Monitor the load current of each phase, we have used three current sensors to monitor the current of All three phases. Connected to the analog pin of the current sensor output controller. Also attached to the project is a display which is connected to the digital pin of the controller. Another special aspect of our project is the iot (internet of thought) system. In this system we can monitor the data through the internet, for which we have to work with the server. Here, if any fault is present in one of our three phases, it will directly show on the screen which fault is made under the switch. .At the same time we can monitor the internet where the error occurred. In addition, we can monitor the current stream on the screen and on the Internet. We have used the programming device here as nodemcu esp8266. The main advantage of this project is based on the fault of three-phase underground cables and current monitoring System Project for the main purpose is to create a smart system so that we can get many benefits from a project.
