Shireen Akther Mohammad Mozibul Haque Associate Professor and Head Assistant Professor Department of Food Processing and. Hereby we would like to inform that according to the audit, 19% of the content of the above thesis is plagiarized and is/is not covered according to the plagiarism policy and institutions of CASR, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University. First and foremost, I would like to express my gratitude to 'Almighty Allah', whose bounties made it possible for me to successfully complete my studies and dissertation in this field, as well as writing this thesis for the degree of Master of Science ( MS). in the Department of Applied Human Nutrition and Dietetics.
Ashraf Ali Biswas, Dean, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Science University (CVASU), for providing the necessary scope and funding to complete the work throughout the period, and Professor Dr. I would like to thank my mentor, Mohammad Mozibul Haque, assistant professor in the Department of Applied Human Nutrition and Dietetics at CVASU, for his enthusiastic inspiration and approval to carry out this project. Nilufi Yeasmin, assistant professor and head of the Department of Applied Human Nutrition and Dietetics at CVASU, for her help and cooperation in conducting research at their institution.
I would like to mention the financial support of research and extension affairs of CVASU, National Science and Technology, and finally Bangladesh Reference Institute for Chemical Measurements (BRiCM) for their kind cooperation.
List of Abbreviations
Abstract
Introduction
- Background
- Significance of the study
- Objectives
Nevertheless, they can be found in Australia, China, the Pacific Islands, India, Southeast Asia and surrounding areas (Devi et al., 2020). It is found in hilly areas of Bangladesh like Cox's Bazar, Bandarban, Rangamati etc (M. Das et al., 2013). Purple passion fruit is more spherical than yellow, with a diameter of 5 cm, and has a thinner skin (Kishore et al., 2006).
Nevertheless, the industry pays much attention to the contribution of passion fruit juice (Gaydou EM et al., 1983). They are sufficiently rich in nutrients and offer benefits for gastrointestinal and cardiovascular health (Faleiro et al., 2019). The ability of seeds and fiber to fight free radicals keeps them healthy (Chau et al., 2004).
In addition, it possesses antiplatelet, anti-inflammatory and antidepressant properties (Dos Reis LCR et al., 2018).
Literature Review
- Outline of the passion fruit description
- Classification within science
- Composition of chemical components of passion fruit
- Passion fruit's macronutrient profile
- Amino Acids and Proteins
- Lipids
- Minerals make up micronutrients
- Phytochemical substances
- Volatile Substances
- Triterpenoids
- Alkaloids
- Antioxidant Function
- Oil extraction from Passion fruit seed
- Extraction procedure
- Fatty acid composition analysis of seed oil
- Passion fruit seed oil's health advantages
According to a 2018 study by Ramaiya et al., a trace content of Fe in P was found. According to Oliveira et al., 2013, specific research was done on the extraction of passion fruit oil with green solvents – acetone, ethanol, and isopropanol. Furthermore, Nyanzi S et al., 2005 assessed the feasibility of using green solvents for the ultrasonic extraction of passion fruit oil.
The chemical composition of oils extracted from the seeds of different species of passion fruit has been described in several studies (Ferrari et al., 2004). According to research, passion fruit seeds contain about 30% oil, and the main fatty acids are linoleic, oleic and palmitic acids (Malacrida et al., 2012). Additional researchers have demonstrated that a blend of castor oil and passion fruit biodiesel increases thermal stability (Iha et al., 2018).
The depigmenting properties of passion fruit seed oil have been demonstrated by Krambeck et al., 2020 for use in the cosmetics sector.
Materials and Methods
- Study location
- Samples Accumulation
- Analysis of the physicochemical composition of passion fruit
- Total Soluble Solids Calculation
- Determine total titratable acidity
- Proximate analysis conclusion
- Calculation of moisture
- Calculation of crude fat
- Determination of Crude Fiber
- Calculation of the total amount of Dry matter
- Analysis of minerals
- Sample preparation
- Potassium (K+) measurement
- Vitamin Identification
- Measurement of polyphenols (TPC) Procedure
- Measurement of flavonoids (TFC)
- Essential Oil Extraction
- Making a decision of oil Physicochemical Properties
- Calculation of Acid Value
- Peroxide Value Calculation
- Specific gravity determination
The pH of individual samples was assessed using a pH meter that had already been calibrated. The proximate components of the sample (passion fruit seeds, peel and pulp) were evaluated in accordance with the standard AOAC technique. A known amount of the sample is almost always dissolved with H2SO4 in the presence of the solution mixture (CuSO4 and K2SO4 in the ratio 1:20).
Basic Principle: Cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin make up most of the water-insoluble portion of carbohydrates known as crude fiber. It is filtered with filter paper, transferred to a measuring flask (100 ml) and made up to the required level for analyzing the mineral content. The intensity of the resulting chromophore is related to the concentration of magnesium in the sample.
With some modest modifications, the Folin-Ciocalteu (FC) reagent procedure described for detecting TPC was applied to determine the TPC of the extracts (Al-Owaisi et al., 2010). The total flavonoid content of the samples was determined by applying the colorimetric aluminum chloride method reported by Chang et al. The total amount of flavonoid present in the sample was calculated by comparing the absorbance of the sample extracts with a standard quercetin curve.
A measure of the expected total flavonoids is the number of quercetin equivalents (QE) per gram of extract (mg QE/g) (TFC). The antioxidant mobility of the extracts was evaluated using the DPPH assay, with some minor modifications. The antioxidant capacity of the extracts was assessed based on their potential to scavenge DPPH free radicals.
A cotton-coated, porous plug weighed with 10 g of solids was placed in the central chamber of the Soxhlet apparatus. Three replicates were used to evaluate the physical properties of the extracted essential oil, such as its alcohol solubility and refractive index, density and optical rotation (de Araujo et al., 2020). Again, three replicates were used to determine the chemical composition of the extracted oil using prescribed standard protocols.
The mixture was then boiled once more after adding 1.5 ml of the sample to a flask.
Results
- Physicochemical properties analysis
- Proximate composition
- Determination of minerals
- Physicochemical properties of oil
- Fatty acid composition analysis
The results were obtained by one-way ANOVA analysis and there is a significant difference in dry matter, moisture, crude fiber, ash, fat and protein content. Legends: Statistics are significant (P<0.05) if the mean, standard deviation, and values are in the same row and have the same superscript. The mineral content of passion fruit was analyzed by AAS in the laboratory.
The results of the peel, pulp and passion fruit seed samples are shown in the table below. Page | 33 Table 4.3: Results of mineral testing obtained from peel, pulp and passion fruit seed samples. The table below shows the results obtained from passion fruit juice, peel and pulp.
The value of passion fruit peel, pulp and seed are significantly different as the p-value is less than 0.05. Legends: Statistics are significant (P<0.05) when the mean, standard deviation and values are in the same row and have the same superscript. After analyzing the proximate composition, vitamin, mineral and bioactive compounds, it was found that the seed has the most significant oil and the quality was good.
The oil was extracted from the seed and then the quality was checked by applying the iodine value, the acid value and the peroxide value. Because the quality of the oil was so good, the fatty acid composition was then analyzed to check the edible properties of the oil. There are so many fatty acids present in passion fruit seed oil which was analyzed using GC-FID.
These fatty acids make passion seed oil edible and make the quality of the oil so good.
Discussion
- Physicochemical Characteristics of different parts of passion fruit
- Nutritional Composition .1 Dry matter
- Ash Volume
- Raw Fiber
- Crude protein
- Mineral composition
- Vitamin composition
- Phytochemical composition
- Total flavonoid content
- Total polyphenol content
- Antioxidant content
- Physicochemical properties of oil
- Fatty acid composition of passion fruit seed oil
This ash composition is very important for the mineral composition in the different parts of passion fruit. The average crude fiber in passion fruit samples according to Morais et al., (2016) ranged from 5.03 to 38.8, which is lower than the indicated value. The amount of crude fiber in passion fruit peels is almost equal to that of passion fruit pulp;
According to the study researched from table 4.2, the passion fruit seed has the highest fat content than the peel and pulp of the fruit. This is due to the lack of any treatment for the skin, pulp and seed of the passion fruit. Passion fruit has been shown to contain a wide range of minerals, including sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, phosphorus, iron, zinc, copper, nickel, cobalt, (Ramaiya et al., 2018).
But in the case of phosphorus, the amount is almost the same in passion fruit pulp, peel and seed. The flavonoid content higher in passion fruit pulp indicates that it is rich in phytonutrients. The polyphenol content is almost 50% lower in passion fruit peel rather than pulp and seed.
In this case, the iodine content of the passion fruit seed oil after three days of extraction is a moderately low value, indicating that the oil has a relatively low degree of unsaturation. In this case, the acid value of the passion fruit seed oil is within the acceptable range for edible oils. In this case, the peroxide value of the passion fruit seed oil is slightly higher than the recommended maximum value for edible oils, indicating that the oil may be beginning to undergo oxidative rancidity.
Overall, the passion fruit seed oil has a moderately low degree of unsaturation, an acceptable acidity value, and a slightly elevated peroxide value, indicating that the oil may be beginning to undergo oxidative rancidity. Cis 11,14-eicosadienoic acid: an omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid with 20 carbon atoms and 2 double bonds, which is approximately 0.09% in passion fruit seed oil.
Conclusion
Recommendation and future perspectives
Effect of moisture on yield of sweet passion fruit (Passiflora lingularis Juss cv. Gumanti) seed oil from Indonesia by mechanical extraction. Evaluation of the by-products of the passion fruit juice industry: fatty acid and sterol composition of the seed oil. Extraction and characterization of passion fruit and guava oils from industrial seed residues and their use as biofuel.
Optimization of process parameters for supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of Passiflora seed oil by response surface methodology. Physical and chemical analysis of Passiflora seeds and seed oil from China. Passiflora edulis seed oil from western Cameroon: Chemical characterization and evaluation of its hypolipidemic effect in high-fat diet-induced rats.
Carotenoids, tocopherols and ascorbic acid content in yellow passion fruits (Passiflora edulis) grown in different cultivation systems. Physical and chemical properties of the oils of three types of passion fruit seeds: Passiflora alata Curtis, Passiflora edulis f. Pulp mineral content of passion fruit grown in Ecuador and its relation to fruit quality traits.
Quantification of isoorientin and total flavonoids in Passiflora edulis fruit pulp by HPLC-UV/DAD.
Standard curve for flavonoids, polyphenol and antioxidant
Standard curve for flavonoids
Standard curve for polyphenol
Standard curve for antioxidant
Sample curve of Flavonoids, polyphenol and antioxidant
Sample curve for flavonoids
Sample curve for polyphenol
Sample curve for antioxidant
Photo gallery
Passion fruit collection and drying
Seed oil preparation
Brief biography
