In the next decade, the incidence of cancer and its related deaths are expected to double. Considering the incidence of cancer in Bangladesh, I am looking for an effective monitoring of cancer trends and an effective cancer control plan, and it is also imperative to start a regional cancer registry system.
Introduction
While several factors are involved in the cause of the disease, it is necessary to find out which risk factors are associated with the development of cancer among our population. Therefore, this study was undertaken to describe the demographic variation and identify the risk factors associated with the development of cancer among our study population.
Review of Literature
Tumor (Neoplasia)
He defined neoplasm as "an abnormal mass of tissue, the growth of which exceeds and is uncoordinated with the normal tissue, and continues in the same exaggerated manner after the cessation of the stimuli which produced the change".
Characteristics of Benign and Malignant neoplasm
- Differentiation and Anaplasia
- Local Invasion
- Pathways of Spread of Cancer
Cancer cell nuclei are disproportionately large for the cell, with a nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio that can approach 1:1 instead of the normal 1:4 or 1:6. Under normal circumstances, rapid cell growth is usually observed in tissues that exhibit rapid turnover such as the intestinal epithelial layer.
Nomenclature of Cancer
Depending on the type of cancer, different organs are involved in distant metastases through hematogenous spread. Tumors composed of more than one mixed neoplastic cell type tumor: They are usually derived from a germ cell layer: Salivary glands have benign pleomorphic adenoma and malignant mixed tumor of salivary gland origin, which is a type of malignancy.
Epidemiology of Cancer
- Environmental Factors Contributing To Cancer
- Functions of cellular oncoproteins: Cellular oncogenes encode proteins with a variety of functions that are shown in the figure. These oncoproteins activate the cell
- Examples of Cellular Oncogenes Involved in Human Cancer
- DNA Tumor Viruses a) EBV
- Toxins from Fungi
- Tobacco Use
- Solvents
- Metals
- Alcohol
- Diet
- Obesity
- The anti-cancer diet
- Ionizing Radiation
- Role of Pesticides
- Medical drugs
- Chronic Inflammation and Cancer
- Precursor Lesions and Cancer
- Immunodeficiency States and Cancer
- Genetic Instability and Cancer
The most important class of phytoestrogens in the Western diet are lignans (found in flaxseed, sesame seed, rye bran). The amount of estrogen and progesterone in birth control pills is significantly less than in previous years, which means that the risk of the current formulations is probably less than those used in the past (D'Alonzo et al., 2019).
Prevalence of Cancer in Bangladesh
- Prevalence of Lung Cancer in Bangladesh
- Prevalence of Liver Cancer in Bangladesh
- Prevalence of Breast Cancer In Bangladesh
- Prevalence of Cervical Cancer in Bangladesh
- Prevalence of Gastric Cancer in Bangladesh
- Prevalence of Prostate Cancer in Bangladesh
Because most cases of cervical cancer in Bangladesh are diagnosed and treated at late stages, the survival rate is low. One of the largest cancer hospitals in Bangladesh is the National Institute of Cancer Research and Hospital (NICRH). In less developed countries, cervical cancer is the most common gynecological cancer, one of the leading causes of cancer mortality among women in Bangladesh.
Prevalence of cervical cancer A study was conducted at Delta Medical College and Hospital in Bangladesh among 2264 female cancer patients. Prostate cancer rates are higher for smokers than non-smokers in less developed countries, particularly Bangladesh. The prostate cancer-related death rate in Bangladesh rose to 1.5%, and the total number of deaths was 773 in 2018.
Economic Impact of Cancer in Bangladesh
Common symptoms included blood in the urine, enlarged prostate, frequent urination and changes in the color of urine.
Primary Prevention Activities
Susceptibility to prostate cancer is high at the age of 46-50 years; after this age, the incidence is about 20%. iv) Involvement of Girl Scouts and Girl Guides in cancer prevention activities. v) Introducing the lesson on the warning signal of cancer in the curriculum of secondary and higher secondary schools. vi). Vaccination program: the following vaccination programs are ongoing: i) Immunization of hepatitis B for the prevention of liver cancer. ii) Cervical cancer vaccination program for the prevention of cervical cancer\. iii) Increase cervical cancer vaccination program to prevent cervical cancer (iv) Hepatitis C control to prevent liver cancer. i) Implementation of tobacco control legislation. ii) Implementation of the ban on smoking in public places, workplaces, public transport. iii). Doctors against smoking activity (viii) Establishment of smoking cessation clinic. ix) Introducing the lesson on the harmful effect of smoking in the secondary school curriculum.
Alcohol control intervention: The alcohol prevention program is continuing by increasing the level and coverage of taxes. Thus, the promotion of physical activity is being done by promoting bicycles, walking paths and public transport. i) Including sun protection interventions (ii) Cancer caused by arsenic. Nutrition interventions: promoting fruit and vegetables The campaign against food adulteration and updating the law are also ongoing.
Cancer Programs
- Cancer Control Strategy in Bangladesh
Although such diseases have been considered a problem of the rich, most of this burden is borne by low- to middle-income countries such as Bangladesh (Hussain and Sullivan, 2013). Since the risk factors associated with NCDS can be modified to a large extent (WHO, 2010), the government of Bangladesh had made a strategy to disseminate information about the various aspects of NCDs and their risk factors. To this end, an important source of data is the NCD risk factor survey in Bangladesh-2010 (WHO, 2010).
According to this study, approximately 99% of the population in Bangladesh has at least one risk factor for developing non-communicable diseases. Thus, from this study, information on key indicators of risk factors for non-communicable diseases was obtained to provide opportunities for policy makers, program managers and researchers so that innovative interventions can be implemented. This strategy is designed to be consistent with the needs and expectations of the people of Bangladesh, and to enable the achievable goals of improving health and development.
Materials and Methods 3.1 Study design
- Place of data collection
- Study period
- Sample size calculation
- Selection of study population .1 Inclusion criteria
- Exclusion criteria
- Variables used
- Procedure of data collection
- Ethical measures
- Data analysis
- Study plan
These were Chattogram Medical College Hospital (CMCH) in Panchlaish and Chattogram Maa Shishu O General Hospital (CMSOGH) in Agrabad. Chittagong Medical College Hospital (CMCH) is the oldest medical college in the southeastern part of the country. Recent data shows that the top five malignancies among hospital outpatient department (OPD) patients are cancers of the lung, head and neck, oesophageal, colorectal and stomach in male patients.
All patients who visited the outpatient clinics of the hospitals in question and met the inclusion criteria were approached for the study. The names of the individuals were kept confidential and each case was identified with a case identification number. Based on the objectives of the study, a specific research plan was drawn up for the implementation of the study.
Data analysis
Result
Different types of occupational status in cancer patients
The bar chart above shows the number of cancer patients in relation to their occupation. Here it was seen that a surprising number of cancer patients are housewives with a majority of 97 people (4,8).
Occupational status
Food Habits of Cancer Patients
Personal habits of cancer patients
It is clear from the table that lung cancer and hepatocellular cancer occurred at a rate of 68.42% and 15.79% respectively in people exposed to outdoor pollution. In addition, the prevalence of lung cancer and hepatocellular cancer was less common in the population not exposed to outdoor pollution, with a rate of 13.26% and 1.66%. The Pearson chi-square test for independence found a significant correlation between lung and hepatocellular cancer and outdoor pollution.
Pearson Chi square test for independence revealed significant association between breast cancer and contraception (p<0.0001). Table: 4.10 Incidence of lung, larynx, head-neck and esophagus cancer among smokers and non-smokers. The Pearson chi square test for independence has pointed out a significant correlation between smoking habits and lung cancer status (p<0.001).
Socio-demographic distribution of the respondents
- Gender
The frequency of different types of cancer occurring in the Bangladeshi population is not the same as that of other population groups worldwide. Ethnicity, genetic predisposition, lifestyle, socio-economic status, environmental pollution and many other risk factors play a role in the different distribution, which is also evident in a number of other study results. This comprehensive study from Chattogram, Bangladesh describes the distribution of cancer cases observed in this region.
It reveals important epidemiological data for the implementation of clinical practices and scientific activities in the field of cancer control planning. However, Fokhrul et al., 2012) In a study of cancer patients in Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh in India, the relative rate of all types of carcinomas in both states was significantly high in women. In West Bengal, cancer prevalence rates were alarmingly higher among women than men, and trend analysis of cancer incidence data for the period showed that overall cancer rates increase with the increase among women.
Prevalence of cancer
- Breast Cancer
- Cervical and Ovarian Cancer
- Tobacco Usage
- Food habits
- Use of Contraception
Head, neck and oral cavity cancer is the third most common cancer (9%) reported in our study. Tobacco use and alcohol consumption are the main risk factors associated with the development of head and neck carcinomas due to their cytotoxic and mutagenic effects (Pezzuto et al., 2015; Dhull et al., 2018). In line with our findings, cervical cancer is the 4th most common cancer among women globally.
According to a study by Rakib et al., 2021, the heavy metals are organic compounds. most commonly associated with stomach and colon cancer. countries should adopt an appropriate risk management policy that controls pesticides and heavy metals in dried fish to ensure safe food for consumers at home and abroad. Several studies have reported birth control or hormone therapy as a risk factor for developing breast cancer. al., depicted that long-term use of hormonal contraception has not been shown to be associated with any increased overall cancer risk. Turner et al., 2020) However, regulators need to reduce community exposure to outdoor pollution as much as possible.
Occupation
All cancer-related studies have shown that a significant proportion of cancer patients are in the working age group. The establishment of a cancer registry in Bangladesh is essential to assess the current state of our country's cancer problem and to update our national cancer control strategy. However, it is also necessary to initiate the establishment of a regional cancer registry system to enable monitoring of cancer trends and effective planning of cancer control.
Chapter-VII: Recommendations and Future Perspectives This study showed the prevalence of certain types of cancer among the population of Chattogram Division. Given the prevalence of cancers, lung cancer, breast cancer, and cervical cancer may require more attention at every level of the health care sector. There is a need to improve the knowledge, attitude and practice of the general population regarding individual types of cancer.
Suggestion for further studies
Other limitations include the exclusion of cases without pathology confirmation, which may reduce the incidence of cancer. Distribution of cancer patients and patterns of cancer treatment at Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Bangladesh. NCI 2022 Cancer-causing substances in the environment https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/substances Nese, N., Gupta, R., Bui, M.H.
Overview of cancer patients attending a specialist hospital: a cross-sectional study. Bangladesh Medical Research Council Bulletin, 41(2), pp.95-100. Shantell C.Nolen Marcella A.EvansbgAvitalFischerbgMaria M.CorradaaeClaudia H.KawasaefDaniela A.Botaacd.,2017 Cancer-Incidence, prevalence and mortality in the elderly. Outdoor air pollution and cancer: A review of current evidence and public health recommendations.
Data collection sheet
Have you had any exposure to arsenic water/ has anyone in your community been affected by arsenic?
Master Table
