[Sampling Technique]
f‚wgKv
M‡elYvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq †mme Dcv`vb i‡q‡Q Zvi g‡a¨ †gŠwjK Ges me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb n‡jv Z_¨
(Information) Ges DcvË (Data)| M‡elYvi mgm¨v ev AbymÜvbxq welq m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ I DcvË msMÖn Qvov †Kvb M‡elYv cwiPvwjZ n‡Z cv‡i bv| mnR K_vq Z_¨ I DcvË e¨ZxZ †Kvb mZ¨ AbymÜvb m¤¢e bq Ges M‡elYvi mgm¨v m¤ú‡K© wm×všÍI MÖnY Kiv hvq bv| M‡elYvi cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ I DcvË wewfbœ Drm †_‡K msM„nxZ n‡Z cv‡i| Z‡_¨i GB Drm AvKv‡i ev msL¨vq †hgb †QvU n‡Z cv‡i, Avevi Zv n‡Z cv‡i e¨vcK| Z‡e mKj Drm †_‡K M‡elYvi Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv m¤¢e bq Ges A‡bK †ÿ‡Î Zvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZvI †bB| †m Kvi‡Y wewfbœ cwimsL¨vwbK c×wZi mvnv‡h¨ Z‡_¨i eo Drm †_‡K mswÿß Drm wbev©P‡bi gva¨‡g Z_¨/DcvË msMÖn K‡i M‡elYv Kvh©µg cwiPvwjZ nq| Avi Z_¨ I DcvË msMÖ‡ni Drm wPwýZKiY I wbe©vP‡bi cÖwµqv‡K ejv nq bgybvqb|
bgybv wbe©vP‡bi wewfbœ weÁvbm¤§Z ‡KŠkj i‡q‡Q| G BDwb‡U cv‡Vi gva¨‡g Avgiv M‡elYvi bgybvqb cÖwµqvi wewfbœ w`K m¤ú‡K© Rvbe| wb‡Pi D‡jøwLZ wZbwU cv‡Vi gva¨‡g G w`K¸‡jvi Dci Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
cvV 5.1: bgybvq‡bi †gŠwjK aviYv cvV 5.2: m¤¢vebv bgybvqb
cvV 5.3: wbtm¤¢vebv bgybvqb
BDwbU- 5 wk¶v M‡elYv- 70
cvV 5.1: bgybvq‡bi †gŠwjK aviYv (
Basic Concepts of Sampling)D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV Aa¨qb †k‡l AvcwbÑ
Z_¨wek¦ (Population) Kx ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
bgybv Ges bgybvi AvKv‡ii aviYv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
bgybvqb cÖwµqv I Gi D‡Ïk¨ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
bgybvq‡bi cÖKvi‡f` D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb Ges
¸YMZ I cwigvYMZ M‡elYvi Dc‡hvMx bgybvqb cÖwµqv D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
mgMÖK/Z_¨ wek¦
(Population)M‡elYvi bgybvq‡bi †ÿ‡Î cÖ_‡gB wbav©iY Ki‡Z n‡e- †Kv_v †_‡K A_v©r Kv‡`i KvQ †_‡K ev †Kvb †Kvb Drm †_‡K Z_¨/DcvË msM„nxZ n‡e| Z_¨ ev DcvË msMÖ‡ni G wbav©wiZ Drm ev As‡ki mgwó‡K ejv nq mgMÖK ev Z_¨wek¦| M‡elYvi gva¨‡g M‡elK Kv‡`i ev †Kvb welq m¤ú‡K© AbymÜvb Ki‡Z Pvb ev hv‡`i m¤ú‡K© wm×všÍ wb‡eb Zv‡`i mK‡jB Z_¨ we‡k¦i AšÍfy©³| A_©vr mgMÖK ej‡Z AbymÜvb †ÿ‡Îi mg¯Í welqe¯‘‡K eySvq|
D`vniY: GKRb wkÿK Zvi Dc‡Rjvi gva¨wgK we`¨vjq¸‡jv‡Z beg I `kg †kÖwYi weÁvb wefv‡Mi wkÿv_x©‡`i evsjv‡`k I wek¦ cwiPq welq cv‡V Abxnvi KviY Rvb‡Z Pvb| G‡ÿ‡Î H Dc‡Rjvi mKj gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡qi H mg‡q Aa¨qbiZ beg I `kg †kÖwYi mKj weÁvb wkÿv_x©‡K wb‡qB M‡elYvwUi Z_¨
wek¦ ev mgMÖK MwVZ n‡e|
bgybv
(Sample)DcwiwjøwLZ M‡elYv cwiPvjbvi †ÿ‡Î M‡elK †`L‡jb H Dc‡Rjvq †gvU 30wU gva¨wgK we`¨vjq Ges mKj we`¨vj‡qi beg-`kg †kÖwY‡Z †gvU 2,000 Rb weÁv‡bi wkÿv_x© Av‡Q hviv mK‡jB Z_¨we‡k¦i AšÍfy©³| M‡elYv cwiPvjbvi myweav‡_© M‡elK wVK Ki‡jb 30wU we`¨vj‡qi g‡a¨ 6wU ¯‹zj Ges cÖwZwU ¯‹zj
†_‡K 20 Rb K‡i weÁvb wefv‡Mi wkÿv_x©i (10 Rb beg †kÖwY †_‡K Ges 10 Rb `kg †kÖwY) KvQ †_‡K M‡elYv mswkøó Z_¨ I DcvË msMÖn Ki‡eb| H wn‡m‡e wZwb 6wU we`¨vj‡qi cÖwZwU †_‡K 20 Rb wn‡m‡e
†gvU 120 Rb wkÿv_x©‡K wbe©vPb Ki‡jb hv‡`i KvQ †_‡K Z_¨ msMÖnxZ n‡e| Zvn‡j G 120 Rb wkÿv_©x‡K wb‡qB M‡elYvi bgybv MwVZ n‡e| Avi †h cÖwµqvi mvnv‡h¨ M‡elK G bgybv wbe©vPb Ki‡eb
‡mUvB n‡jv bgybvqb cÖwµqv|
AZGe †`Lv hv‡”Q bgybv nj mgMÖ‡Ki cÖwZwbwaZ¡Kvix Ask| Z_¨ wek¦ †_‡K Gi mKj ˆewk‡ó¨i cÖwZwbwaZ¡kxj †h we‡kl Ask wbev©Pb Kiv nq, Zv‡K bgybv e‡j| Z_¨we‡k¦i †h GKK¸‡jv (Unit) Z_¨
msMÖ‡ni ev ch©‡eÿ‡Yi Rb¨ wbev©Pb Kiv nq Zv‡K e‡j bgybv GKK| Avi ch©‡eÿ‡Yi Dc‡hvMx mKj GK‡Ki mgwó n‡jv Z_¨wek¦ (population)|
GgGW †cÖvMÖvg Educational Research- 71
bgybv AvKvi
(Sample Size)bgybvi AvKvi KZ eo n‡e Zv mywbw`©ó K‡i ejv m¤¢e bq, hw`I ejv nq bgybvi AvKvi Z_¨ we‡k¦i cÖwZwbwaZ¡g~jK n‡e| Z‡e ev¯Í‡e Zv n‡”Q wKbv Zv mywbw`©ó K‡i ejv m¤¢e bq Ges Z_¨ wek¦ I cÖZ¨vwkZ bgybvi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ †_‡KB hvq| Z‡e hw` ‰`e Pq‡bi gva¨‡g (Randomly) wbev©Pb Kiv nq Ges bgybvi AvKvi h‡_ó eo nq Zvn‡j G cv_©K¨ Kg nq Ges bgybv Zvrch©c~Y© nq| Z‡e †m †ÿ‡ÎI cÖkœ †_‡K hvq Kxfv‡e chv©ß/MÖnY‡hvM¨ bgybvi AvKvi wbav©iY Kiv hvq| ZvB ejv nqÑ M‡elK‡K Zvi wbav©wiZ mgq Ges cÖvß myweavi wfwˇZ hZUv m¤¢e eo bgybv wbev©Pb Ki‡Z n‡e| mvaviYZt bgybvi AvqZb 30 Gi Kg n‡j Zv‡K ÿz`ª I 30 Gi †ewk n‡j e„nr AvqZ‡bi bgybv ejv nq| Z‡e eY©bvg~jK (Descriptive) M‡elYvi
†ÿ‡Î bgybv‡Z Kgc‡ÿ 100 m`m¨ _vK‡Z n‡e| Avi mnm¤úwK©K (Correlational) M‡elYvq Kgc‡ÿ 50 Rb Ges cixÿvg~jK (Experimental and Causal Comparative) M‡elYvq Kgc‡ÿ 30 Rb bgybv GKK wbev©Pb Ki‡Z n‡e|
bgybvq‡bi D‡Ïk¨ Ges ¸iæZ¡
GKwU M‡elYvi mgMÖK ÿz`ª ev e¨vcK hvB †nvK bv †Kb, Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni cÖ‡qvRbxq Dcv`v‡bi (mgq, gvcK, A_© kÖg, hš¿cvwZ BZ¨vw`) mxgve×Zvi Kvi‡Y Z_¨ we‡k¦i cÖwZwU †ÿÎ †_‡K Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv m¤¢e nq bv|
†m Kvi‡YB †MvUv Z_¨wek¦‡K cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i Ggb †QvU Ask †_‡K Z_¨/DcvË msMÖn Ki‡Z nq| Avi
†MvUv Z_¨we‡k¦i cÖwZwbwaZ¡kxj h_v_© (Valid), wbf©i‡hvM¨ (Reliable) Ges e¨w³MZ cÖfvegy³ bgybv wbev©Pb KivB n‡”Q bgybvqb cÖwµqvi cÖK…Z D‡Ïk¨|
bgybvq‡bi gva¨‡g mn‡R, Kg Li‡P I Kg mg‡q M‡elYv cwiPvjbv Kiv m¤¢e nq| Z_¨ we‡k¦i mKj As‡ki cwie‡Z© cÖwZwbwaZ¡kxj bgybvi KvQ †_‡K Z_¨ msM„nxZ nq e‡j M‡elYv mgm¨v m¤úK© `ªæZ wm×všÍ MÖnY m¤¢e nq| Z_¨ wek¦ A‡bK eo n‡j bgybvq‡bi †Kvb weKí †bB| KviY AmsL¨ Drm †_‡K Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv m¤¢e bq| bgybvq‡bi gva¨‡g msMwVZ I KvVv‡gve×fv‡e Z_¨ msM„nxZ nq e‡j GwU M‡elYvi Z_¨
msMÖ‡ni GKwU weÁvbm¤§Z c×wZ| Gi gva¨‡g e¨vcK ev eo Z_¨wek¦ †_‡K h_v_© cÖwZwbwaZ¡kxj bgybv wbev©Pb m¤¢e nq| M‡elYvi †Kvb we‡kl Pvwn`v cwicyi‡YI Gi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv Av‡Q|
bgybvq‡bi cÖKvi‡f`
bgybvqb cÖavbZ `yB cÖKvi| h_vÑ
1. m¤¢vebv bgybvqb (Probability Sampling) I 2. wbtm¤¢vebv bgybvqb (Non-Probability Sampling)
m¤¢vebv bgybvqb
†h bgybvqb c×wZ‡Z mgMÖ‡Ki cÖwZwU GK‡Ki wbev©wPZ nIqvi m¤¢vebv mgvb Zv‡K m¤¢vebv bgybvqb e‡j|
G ai‡bi bgybvq‡b mgMÖ‡Ki mKj GK‡Ki cÖwZwbwaZ¡ _v‡K Ges G‡Z bgybv åvwšÍ Kg|
BDwbU- 5 wk¶v M‡elYv- 72
wbtm¤¢vebv bgybvqb
†h bgybvqb c×wZ‡Z mKj bgybv GK‡Ki wbev©wPZ nIqvi mgvb m¤¢vebv _v‡K bv Ges M‡el‡Ki B”Qv/cÖ‡qvR‡bi/wePv‡ii Dci wfwË K‡i bgybv wbev©Pb Kiv nq Zv‡K wbtm¤¢vebv bgybvqb e‡j| G M‡elYvq mgMÖ‡Ki GKK¸wji AšÍf~©³ nevi m¤¢vebv ARvbv _v‡K e‡j bgybvåvwšÍi my‡hvM _v‡K| ZvB G cÖwµqvq cÖvß bgybv mgMÖ‡Ki cÖwZwbwaZ¡kxj nq bv|
wb‡Pi Q‡K m¤¢vebv Ges wbtm¤¢vebv bgybvqb cÖwµqvi¸‡jv D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv|
m¤¢vebv bgybvqb wbtm¤¢vebv bgybvqb
1. ˆ`ePwqZ bgybvqb (Random sampling) 2. wbqgµwgK bgybvqb (Systematic
Sampling)
3. ¯ÍwiZ bgybvqb (Stratified Sampling) 4. ¸”Q bgybvqb (Cluster Sampling) 5. (Multi-stage sampling)
1. myweavRbK bgybvqb (Convenience Sampling)
2. D‡Ïk¨wfwËK bgybvqb Purposive Sampling)
3. Snowball Sampling 4. Quota Sampling
5. Maximal Variation Sampling 6. Extreme Case Sampling
¸YMZ (
Qualitative) Ges cwigvYMZ (
Quantitative) M‡elYvi bgybvqb cÖwµqv
msM„nxZ Z‡_¨i cÖK…wZ Abymv‡i M‡elYv `yÕai‡bi n‡q _v‡K| h_vÑ ¸YMZ M‡elYv I cwigvYMZ M‡elYv|
cÖK…wZMZ cv_©‡K¨i Kvi‡Y Dfq M‡elYvi jÿ¨ I D‡Ï‡k¨ g‡a¨ wfbœZv i‡q‡Q| cwigvYMZ M‡elYvi g~j
†dvKvm n‡”Q msL¨v| Ab¨w`‡K ¸YMZ M‡elYvq g~j †dvKvm n‡”Q fvlvMZ eY©bvi gva¨‡g Z_¨‡K Dc¯’vcb Kiv| cwigvYMZ M‡elYvi g~j D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q wbev©wPZ bgybv †_‡K M‡elYvi mgm¨vi wewfbœ w`K m¤ú‡K©
cwigvc‡hvM¨ Z_¨/DcvË msMÖ‡ni gva¨‡g cÖvß djvdj‡K †MvUv Z_¨ wek¦ m¤ú‡K© mvgvb¨xKiY (Generalize) Kiv| Ab¨w`‡K ¸YMZ M‡elYvi †ÿ‡Î cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv †Kvb GKwU cwiw¯’wZi AšÍwb©wnZ KviY ev ˆewkó¨ m¤ú‡K© Mfxifv‡e AbymÜv‡bi gva¨‡g †m¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© aviYv ˆZwi Kiv ev mgm¨vwU m¤úwK©Z we`¨gvb wPšÍv I gZvg‡Zi MwZaviv m¤ú‡K© Rvbv|
D‡Ïk¨MZ Kvi‡Y `yai‡bi M‡elYvi bgybvqb cÖwµqvi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q| cwigvbMZ M‡elYvq mvaviYfv‡e bgybv eo nq| ZvB G‡Z cwigvc‡hvM¨, ˆ`ePqb I mvgvb¨xKi‡Y mnvqK m¤¢vebv bgybvqb cÖwµqv e¨eüZ nq| Ab¨w`‡K ¸YMZ M‡elYvq bgybv AvKvi nq †QvU Ges Zv cÖwZwbwaZ¡kxj nIqvi cÖ‡qvRb †bB| d‡j G‡Z ‰`ePq‡bi cwie‡Z© wewfbœ ai‡bi D‡Ïk¨wfwËK wbtm¤¢vebv bgybvqb cÖwµqv e¨eüZ nq|
Z‡e, cwigvbMZ M‡elYvq cÖvß Z‡_¨i/Dcv‡Ëi MfxiZv m¤ú‡K© AbymÜv‡bi Rb¨ A‡bK cwigvbMZ M‡elYvq m¤¢vebv bgybvqb cÖwµqvi mv‡_ wbtm¤¢vebv bgybvqb cÖwµqvqI Z_¨-DcvË msMÖn Kiv nq| A_©¨vr cwigvYMZ bgybvqb cÖwµqvi mv‡_ ¸YMZ bgybvqb cÖwµqv¸‡jv e¨eüZ nq| Dfq cÖwµqvi G ai‡bi mgš^q‡K ejv nq wgkÖ c×wZ ev Mixed Method| Gi d‡j M‡elYv mgm¨v m¤ú‡K© AviI Mfxifv‡e Rvbv hvq|
GgGW †cÖvMÖvg Educational Research- 73
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 5.1
msw¶ß DËi cÖkœ
1. bgybv Kv‡K e‡j?
2. bgybvqb cÖwµqv Kx?
3. Z_¨ wek¦ Kv‡K e‡j?
4. bgybvi AvKvi Kxfv‡e wba©vwiZ nq?
5. m¤¢vebv bgybvqb I wbtm¤¢vebv bgybvq‡bi g‡a¨ GKwU cÖavb cv_©K¨ D‡jøL Kiæb|
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. mgMÖK I bgybvi cv_©K¨ D`vniYmn e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
2. bgybv cÖwµqvi D‡Ïk¨ I ¸iæZ¡ e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
3. bgybvq‡bi cÖKvi‡f` Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
4. GKwU M‡elYv mgm¨v D‡jøLc~e©K Avcwb Kxfv‡e GB M‡elYvi bgybvqb Ki‡eb eY©bv Kiæb|
BDwbU- 5 wk¶v M‡elYv- 74
cvV 5.2: m¤¢vebv bgybvqb
[Probability Sampling]
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV Aa¨qb †k‡l AvcwbÑ
m¤¢vebv bgybvqb cÖwµqvi aviYv ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
‰`ePwqZ bgybvqb cÖwµqv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
avivevwnK bgybvqb cÖwµqv ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
LwÐZ bgybvqb †KŠk‡ji weeiY w`‡Z cvi‡eb;
¸”Q/eûavcx bgybvqb cÖwµqv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb Ges
eûchv©qx bgybvqb cÖwµqv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
m¤¢vebv bgybvqb
†h bgybvqb cÖwµqvq Z_¨ we‡k¦i mKj m`‡m¨i bgybvq AšÍf©y³ nIqvq mgvb m¤¢vebv i‡q‡Q Zv‡KB e‡j m¤¢vebv bgybvqb| G‡Z bgybvq‡bi †ÿ‡Î cÿcvwZ‡Z¡i †Kvb my‡hvM _v‡K bv| bgybv Z_¨we‡k¦i cÖwZwbwaZ¡
K‡i| d‡j cÖvß Z_¨‡K mvgvb¨xKiY Kiv hvq| cwigvY evPK M‡elYvq G ai‡bi bgybvqb cÖwµqv AbymiY Kiv nq| wb‡P wewfbœ ai‡bi m¤¢vebv bgybvqb cÖwµqv m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
ˆ`ePwqZ bgybvqb
(Random Sampling)G cÖwµqvq Z_¨wek¦ †_‡K Ggbfv‡e bgybv wbev©Pb Kiv nq hv‡Z Z_¨ we‡k¦i mKj m`‡m¨i mgvbfv‡e Ges
¯^vaxbfv‡e wbev©wPZ nIqvq my‡hvM _v‡K| G c×wZi g~j K_vB n‡jv mKj m`‡m¨i bgybvq mgvbfv‡e AšÍfy©³ nIqvi my‡hvM| †hgb, †Kvb M‡elYvi Z¨_we‡k¦ 300 Rb m`m¨ _vK‡j cÖ‡Z¨K m`‡m¨i bgybvq AšÍf©y³ nIqvi m¤¢vebv 1/300 fvM| ˆ`ePqb wewfbœ cÖwµqvi Kiv hvq| †hgbÑ jUvixi mvnv‡h¨, ˆ`ePwqZ msL¨vi mviYx (Random Number Table) e¨envi K‡i| †QvU mgMÖ‡Ki †ÿ‡Î jUvixi mvnv‡h¨ bgybvqb Kiv hvq| wKš‘ mgMÖK eo n‡j ˆ`ePwqZ msL¨vmviYx e¨envi Ki‡Z nq|
myweav
mij c×wZ I åvwšÍ Kg|
eo Z_¨ we‡k¦i †ÿ‡Î e¨envi Kiv hvq|
G‡Z cÖwZwbwaZ¡g~jK bgybv cvIqvi m¤¢vebv A‡bK †ewk|
cÿcvwZZ¡ ev e¨w³MZ cÖfve `~i Kiv m¤¢e nq|
GgGW †cÖvMÖvg Educational Research- 75
Amyweav
Z_¨ wek¦ A‡bK eo n‡j Ges Gi GKwU eo Ask‡K we‡ePbv bv Ki‡j bgybv cÖwZwbwaZ¡g~jK nq bv|
G bgybvq‡b Z_¨ we‡k¦i cÖ‡Z¨K m`m¨‡K wPwýZ Ki‡Z nq hv AwaKvsk †ÿ‡Î Kiv m¤¢e nq bv|
†fŠ‡MvwjK wewfbœZvq Gi cÖ‡qvM ÎæwUc~Y© nq|
wbqgZvwš¿K bgybvqb
(Systematic Sampling)G cÖwµqvq Z_¨we‡k¦i mKj BDwbU‡K cÖ_‡g µgvbymv‡i mvRv‡bv nq| AZtci Gi ga¨ †_‡K mgvb e¨vßx ev e¨eav‡b bgybv GKK wbev©Pb Kiv nq| GB e¨vßx wbav©i‡Yi GKwU mnR Dcvq nj Z_¨ mgMÖK‡K bgybv msL¨v w`‡q fvM Kiv| Gici †kÖwYe¨vßx Abyhvqx wbw`©ó msL¨v cici wbw`©ó GKK‡K wb‡q bgybv `j MVb Kiv nq| †hgb, 500 m`‡m¨i Z_¨wek¦ †_‡K M‡elK 50 R‡bi GKwU bgybv `j MVb Ki‡eb| G‡ÿ‡Î 500 50 = 10 A_v©r 10 nj †kÖwYe¨vßx| Gevi cÖ_g GKKwU ˆ`ePq‡bi gva¨‡g wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e|
Gevi GB wbe©vwPZ cÖ_g GKK †_‡K cÖwZ 10Zg GKK wbev©P‡bi gva¨‡g bgybv `j MVb Ki‡Z n‡e| g‡b Kwi cÖ_g ˆ`ePwqZ msL¨vwU nj 9| Zvn‡j wØZxqwU 19, Z…ZxqwU 29, PZz_©©wU 39| Gfv‡e wbe©vwPZ 50 R‡bi bgybv GKK wb‡q bgybv `j MVb Ki‡Z n‡e|
myweav
mnR I mij, e¨q I mgq Kg jv‡M Ges cy‡iv mgMÖ‡Ki cÖwZwbwaZ¡ _v‡K|
Amyweav
1. mKj m`‡m¨i mgvbfv‡e wbev©wPZ nIqvi my‡hvM †bB|
2. Z_¨we‡k¦i m`m¨‡`i avivevwnK web¨vm bgybvqb weiwZi mgavivq (Coinside) n‡j cÿcvwZ‡Zi A‡bK †ewk my‡hvM _v‡K| d‡j Z_¨we‡k¦i h_v_© bgybvqb m¤¢e nq bv|
¯ÍwiZ bgybvqb
(Stratified Sampling)†h bgybvqb cÖwµqvq Z_¨we‡k¦i m`m¨‡`i wbw`©ó ˆewk‡ó¨i wfwˇZ wewfbœ ¯Íi ev Dc`‡j fvM K‡i Z_¨
msMÖn Kiv nq Zv‡K ¯ÍwiZ bgybvqb e‡j| G‡Z cÖ_‡g mgMÖK‡K KZ¸‡jv ¯Í‡i/Dc`‡j wef³ Kiv nq Ges cÖwZwU ¯Íi †_‡K Abycv‡Zi wfwˇZ ˆ`ePq‡bi gva¨‡g bgybv wbav©iY Kiv nq| ¯ÍwiZ bgybvqb `yB ai‡bi|
h_vÑ mgvbycvwZK ¯ÍwiZ I AmgvbycvwZK ¯ÍwiZ bgybvqb|
D`vniY: GKwU we`¨vj‡qi 120 Rb wkÿ‡Ki ga¨ †_‡K 24Rb wkÿ‡Ki GKwU bgybv wbe©vPb Kiv n‡e|
cÖ_‡g Zv‡`i‡K eq‡mi wfwˇZ 7wU ¯Í‡i fvM Kiv n‡jv| Gici cÖwZwU ¯Í‡ii wkÿK msL¨vi Abycv‡Z bgybv GKK wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e| aiv hvK 26-30 eqm ¯Í‡i 30 Rb wkÿK Av‡Qb hv‡`i AbycvZ 0.25|
Zvn‡j G ¯Íi †_‡K 6Rb (24x0.25) wkÿK‡K wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e| Gfv‡e cÖwZwU ¯Íi †_‡K ˆ`ePq‡bi gva¨‡g GKK wbe©vP‡bi gva¨‡g bgybv MVb Ki‡Z n‡e| G‡ÿ‡Î AwfÁZv, wkÿvMZ ‡hvM¨Zv BZ¨vw` wewfbœ ˆewk‡ó¨i wfwˇZI bgybv wbe©vPb Kiv hvq|
BDwbU- 5 wk¶v M‡elYv- 76
myweav
GwU ‰`ePwqZ bgybvqb Ges wbqgZvwš¿K bgybvq‡bi mv‡_ e¨envi Kiv hvq|
Dc`‡ji m`m¨‡`i AbycvZ Rvbv †M‡j G cÖwµqvq wbev©wPZ bgybv A‡bK †ewk cÖwZwbwaZ¡kxj nq|
wKQz wKQz †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’v‡b GwU A‡bK †ewk bgbxq I cÖ‡qvM‡hvM¨ Ges cwiPvjbv mnR|
Dc`j¸‡jvi g‡a¨ mn‡RB m¤úK© I cv_©K¨ wbY©q Kiv hvq|
Amyweav
mgq I A_© †ewk jv‡M|
¯Íi `‡ji AbycvZ Rvbv bv _vK‡j bgybvqb mwVK nq bv|
Z_¨wek¦ m¤úK© mwVK I me©‡kl Z_¨ bv _vK‡j mwVKfv‡e Kiv KwVb|
M‡el‡Ki Rb¨ AwaK mwµq nIqvi Ges AwaK kÖ‡gi cÖ‡qvRb nq|
Z_¨we‡k¦i m`m¨‡`i eqm Ges mvgvwRK cVf~wgMZ Ae¯’vi wewfbœZvq ev¯Íevqb KwVb nq|
¸”Q bgybvqb
(Cluster Sampling)†h bgybvqb cÖwµqvq GKK e¨w³i cwie‡Z© wewfbœ MÖæ‡ci ev ¸‡”Qi mgš^‡q bgybv MwVZ nq Zv‡K ¸”Q bgybvqb e‡j| D`vniY¯^iƒc GKRb M‡elK ivRkvnx †Rjvi gva¨wgK wkÿKMY Zv‡`i †ckvMZ `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨‡Z Kxfv‡e g~j¨vqb K‡ib Zv †`Lvi Rb¨ M‡elYv Ki‡eb| aiv hvK, kn‡i †gvU 50wU gva¨wgK we`¨vjq Av‡Q Ges †mLv‡b 2000 wkÿK KZ©iZ Av‡Qb| M‡el‡Ki mKj we`¨vj‡qi mKj wkÿ‡Ki KvQ
†_‡K Z_¨ msMÖn Kivi gZ mgq, A_© I Rbej †bB| ZvB wZwb mKj we`¨vjq †_‡K Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni cwie‡Z©
wbw`©ó 8wU ¯‹zj †_‡K Z_¨ msMÖn Kivi wm×všÍ wb‡jb| GRb¨ wZwb cÖwZwU we`¨vjq‡K GKwU ¸”Q ai‡jb Ges 50wU ¸”Q ¯‹zj †_‡K ˆ`ePq‡bi gva¨‡g 8wU ¯‹zj wbev©Pb Ki‡jb| Gici H wPwýZ 08wU ¯‹z‡ji mKj wkÿK‡K bgybv wnmv‡e wbev©Pb Ki‡jb| Gfv‡e wZwb 50wU we`¨vj‡q hvIqvi cwie‡Z© wPwýZ 8wU ¯‹z‡ji mKj wkÿ‡Ki KvQ †_‡K Z_¨ msMÖn Ki‡jb| GwU n‡j ¸”Q bgybvq‡bi GKwU D`vniY|
myweav
1. eo Z_¨wek¦ ev weivU †fŠ‡MvwjK GjvKvq GwU cÖ‡qvM K‡i Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv myweavRbK nq|
2. bgbxq c×wZ Ges e¨q I mgq Kg jv‡M|
Amyweav
1. ¸”Q wbev©P‡b cÿcvwZZ¡ NU‡Z cv‡i|
2. wbev©wPZ bgybv Z_¨we‡k¦i AcÖwZwbwaZ¡ nIqvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K| ZvB †MvUv Z_¨ we‡k¦i mKj m`m¨
m¤ú‡K© wm×všÍ MÖnY Kiv hvq bv|
3. ¸‡”Qi AvKv‡ii g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ _vK‡j bgybvqb h_vh_ bvI n‡Z cv‡i|
eû ch©vqx bgybvqb
(Multi-stage Sampling)G‡Z ch©vq Abyhvqx bgybv wbe©vPb Kiv nq| cÖ_‡g mgMÖK‡K K‡qKwU bgybv GK‡K fvM Kiv nq hv‡K ejv nq cÖv_wgK bgybv GKK| cieZ©x‡Z cÖwZwU cÖv_wgK bgybv GKK‡K †QvU †QvU K‡qKwU bgybv GK‡K fvM Kiv nq| G¸‡jv‡K ejv nq wØZxq ch©vqx bgybv GKK| Gfv‡e 3q, 4_© BZ¨vw` eûch©v‡q bgybv GKK Pqb Kiv hvq| cÖwZwU ch©v‡q ‰`ePwqZ c×wZ‡Z bgybv GKK wbe©vPb K‡i bgybv `j MVb Kiv nq|
GgGW †cÖvMÖvg Educational Research- 77
D`vniY: gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡qi wkÿK‡`i cvV`vb `ÿZv hvPvB‡qi Rb¨ GKwU M‡elYv cwiPvwjZ n‡e| Gi Rb¨ cÖ_‡g 64wU †Rjv †_‡K 12 wU †Rjv ˆ`ePwqZ c×wZ‡Z wbe©vPb Kiv n‡jv| 2q ch©v‡q 12wU †Rjv
†_‡K 12 wU Dc‡Rjv Ges 3q ch©v‡q 12wU Dc‡Rjvi cÖwZwU †_‡K GKwU K‡i gva¨wgK ¯‹zj wbe©vPb Kiv n‡jv| 4_© ch©v‡q wbe©vwPZ 12wU we`¨vj‡qi cÖwZwU †_‡K 4Rb K‡i wkÿv_©x wb‡q 48Rb wkÿ‡Ki bgybv`j MVb Kiv n‡jv| Gfv‡e 4 ch©v‡q P~ovšÍ bgybv`j MVb K‡i Zv‡`i KvQ †_‡K Z_¨ msM„nxZ n‡jv|
myweav
GZ e¨vq Kg, eo mgMÖ‡Ki †ÿ‡Î LyeB Dc‡hvMx, d‡j mvgvb¨xKiY Kiv mnR nq|
Amyweav
A‡bK mgq bgybv wbe©vP‡b cÿcvZ N‡U| †hme Z_¨‡K ch©vqµ‡g wef³ Kiv hvq bv †m‡ÿ‡Î cÖ‡qvM Kiv hvq bv|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 5.2
msw¶ß DËi cÖkœ
1. ˆ`ePwqZ bgybvqb Kv‡K e‡j? G‡Z cÿcvwZ‡Z¡i my‡hvM †bB †Kb?
2. wbqgZvwš¿K bgybvq‡b cÿcvwZ‡Z¡i my‡hvM †ewk †Kb?
3. ¯ÍwiZ bgybvqb Kxfv‡e Kiv nq?
4. ¸”Q bgybvqb Kv‡K e‡j?
5. eûch©vqx bgybvqb cÖwµqvwU eY©bv Kiæb|
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. ˆ`ePwqZ bgybvqb I ¸”Q bgybvq‡bi cv_©K¨ D`vniYmn eY©bv Kiæb|
2. wb‡Pi M‡elYv mgm¨vwU co–b| Avcwb G †ÿ‡Î †Kvb bgybvqb cÖwµqvwU AbymiY Ki‡eb Ges Kxfv‡e Ki‡eb eY©bv Kiæb|
Òevsjv‡`‡k Bs‡iwR gva¨g gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡qi wkÿv_©x‡`i evsjvq `ye©jZvi KviY|Ó
BDwbU- 5 wk¶v M‡elYv- 78
cvV 5.3: wbtm¤¢vebv bgybvqb cÖwµqv
[Non-Probability Sampling Technique]
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV Aa¨qb †k‡l AvcwbÑ
wbtm¤¢vebv bgybvqb cÖwµqv Kx ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
myweavRbK bgybvqb cÖwµqv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
D‡Ïk¨g~jK bgybvqb cÖwµqvi weeiY w`‡Z cvi‡eb;
Snowball Ges †KvUv bgybvqb cÖwµqv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
Maximal Variation bgybvqb eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb Ges
Extreme Case-bgybvi aviYv D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
wbtm¤¢vebv bgybvqb
†h bgybvqb cÖwµqvq Z_¨ we‡k¦i mKj Dcv`v‡bi bgybvq AšÍf©y³ nIqvi mgvb my‡hvM _v‡K bv Zv‡K e‡j wbtm¤¢vebv bgybvqb| G‡Z M‡elYvq D‡Ïk¨ I cÖ‡qvR‡bi Dci wfwË K‡i bgybv wbev©Pb Kiv nq| †h‡nZz mK‡ji bgybvq AšÍfy©³ nIqvi my‡hvM _v‡K bv ZvB G cÖwµqvq cÿcvwZ‡Z¡i my‡hvM _v‡K| d‡j Gi gva¨‡g †MvUv Z_¨ wek¦ m¤ú‡K© wbf©i‡hvM¨ Z_¨ cvIqv bvI †h‡Z cv‡i| bgybv Z_¨we‡k¦i cÖwZwbwaZ¡g~jK bv nIqvq cÖvß Z_¨ mgMÖ‡Ki †ÿ‡Î mvgvb¨xKiY Kiv hvq bv|
mvgvwRK I ¸YMZ M‡elYvq wb:m¤¢vebv bgybvqb bgybv wbev©P‡bi GKwU Ab¨Zg c×wZ hv mn‡RB ev¯Íevqb Kiv m¤¢e nq| D`vniY¯^iƒc fvmgvb wkï‡`i wkÿvi Dci GKwU M‡elYv cwiPvwjZ n‡e| wKš‘ fvmgvb wkï‡`i †Kvb ZvwjKv †bB Ges KivI m¤¢e bq| AZGe, G‡ÿ‡Î m¤¢vebv bgybvqb cÖ‡qvM m¤¢e bq| G ai‡bi cwiw¯’wZ‡Z wbtm¤¢vebv bgybvqb cÖwµqv cÖ‡qv‡Mi †Kvb weKí †bB| wb‡P wewfbœ ai‡bi K‡qKwU wbtm¤¢vebv bgybvqb cÖwµqv Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj|
myweavRbK bgybvqb
(Convenience Sampling)G bgybvq‡b M‡elYv cwiPvjbvi myweav‡_© M‡el‡Ki cÖ‡qvRbgZ bgybv wbev©Pb Kiv nq| A_v©r M‡elYvi Z_¨ msMÖnKv‡j M‡elYvi bgybvq AšÍf~©³ n‡Z cv‡i Ggb †KD Dcw¯’Z _vK‡j ZvrÿwYKfv‡e Zv‡K bgybvq AšÍfy©³ K‡i Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv nq| G ai‡bi bgybvq‡b hv‡K †hLv‡b †hfv‡e cvIqv hvq Zv‡KB wbev©Pb Kiv nq| M‡elK nVvr K‡i AvKw¯§Kfv‡e hv‡`i †`Lv cvb Zv‡`i bgybv wbev©Pb K‡ib e‡j G‡K AvKw¯§K bgybvqbI ejv nq|
myweav
Z¡wir I Ae¨qeûj bgybvqb c×wZ| mij ˆ`e bgybvq‡bi PvB‡ZI GwU mnR c×wZ hvi gva¨‡g M‡elYvi mgm¨v ev AbymÜv‡bi wel‡qi Dci cÖv_wgK aviYv/Z_¨ cvIqv hvq|
GgGW †cÖvMÖvg Educational Research- 79
Amyweav
Gi me PvB‡Z eo Amyweav n‡jv G‡ÿ‡Î bgybv wbev©P‡b cÿcvwZZ¡ n‡Z cv‡i| Avevi †Kvb e¨w³‡K †ewk
¸iæZ¡ Ges KvD‡K Kg ¸iæZ¡ †`Iqv n‡Z cv‡i|
†mœvej bgybvqb
(Snowball Sampling)GwU ¸YMZ M‡elYvi †ÿ‡Î eûj e¨eüZ GKwU bgybvqb c×wZ| G c×wZ‡Z M‡elK cÖ_‡g mswkøó K‡qK R‡bi mvÿvrKvi †bIqvi gva¨‡g Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni KvR Avi¤¢ K‡ib| c‡i Zv‡`i‡K AviI K‡qKRb m¤¢ve¨
DËi `vZvi bvg Lyu‡R †ei Ki‡Z e‡jb I cieZ©x‡Z Zv‡`i KvQ †_‡K Z_¨ msMÖn K‡ib|
myweav
G‡Z cÖ_g Z_¨ cÖ`vbKvixMY Ab¨ Z_¨ cÖ`vbKvix‡`i Lyu‡R †c‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡ib| Gi d‡j M‡elK cÖ_g mvÿvrKv‡i AwfÁZvi wfwˇZ cieZx© mvÿvrKvi †_‡K AviI fv‡jvfv‡e Z_¨ msMÖn Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
Amyweav
A‡bK †ÿ‡Î cÖ_g I wØZxq bgybv `‡ji cÖ`Ë Z_¨ cÖvqB GKB nq| KviY cÖ_g `jB cieZx© `‡ji m`m¨‡`i wbev©Pb K‡ib hviv mvaviYZ GKB g‡bvfvevcbœ n‡q _v‡Kb|
†KvUv bgybvqb
(Quota Sampling)Z_¨ we‡k¦i AšÍfy©³ wewfbœ GK‡Ki AvbycvwZK nv‡i bgybv wbev©Pb Kivi c×wZ‡K †KvUv bgybvqb e‡j|
G‡Z Z_¨ we‡k¦i BDwbU ev GKK¸‡jv mywbw`©ó ˆewk‡ó¨i (eqm, wj½, †ckv, D”PZv, K…wZ‡Z¡i gvb BZ¨vw`) wfwˇZ wewfbœ Dc`‡j fvM Kiv nq| Gici cÖwZwU Dc`j †_‡K AvbycvwZK nv‡i bgybv wbev©Pb Kiv nq|
G‡ÿ‡Î M‡elK Zvi wePvi we‡ePbvi (Judgement) wfwˇZ bgybv wbev©Pb K‡i _v‡K| GwU ¯^wiZ bgybvq‡bi GKwU `ye©j weKí c×wZ|
G‡Z Z_¨ we‡k¦i AšÍfy©³ wewfbœ ˆewkó¨avix m`m¨‡`i bgybvq‡b Ask MÖn‡Yi my‡hvM _v‡K| Z‡e Judgement-Gi wfwˇZ wewfbœ Dc`j †_‡K bgybv †bIqv nq e‡j GwU GK ai‡bi A‰`ePwqZ bgybvqb|
ZvB G cÖwµqvwU wbf©i‡hvM¨ bq Ges cÿcvwZZ¡g~jK nIqvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K|
D‡Ïk¨g~jK bgybvqb
(Purposive Sampling)GwU GKwU wbtm¤¢vebv bgybvqb c×wZ| G‡K Judgemental bgybvqbI ejv nq| KviY G‡Z M‡el‡Ki we`¨gvb aviYv I wePvi we‡ePbvi Dci wfwË K‡i bgybvqb Kiv nq| Z_¨ we‡k¦i we‡kl †Kvb ˆewkó¨ Rvbvi Rb¨ G ai‡bi bgybvqb Kiv nq| m¤¢vebv bgybvq‡bi Zzjbvq G ai‡bi bgybv A‡bK †QvU nq| †h M‡elYvq cÖvß djvdj‡K Z_¨ we‡k¦i mvgvb¨xKi‡Yi cÖ‡qvRb bvB †m‡ÿ‡Î G bgybvqb cÖwµqv e¨envi Ki nq|
¸YMZ M‡elYv Ges wgkÖ c×wZi M‡elYvq GwU e¨eüZ nq| GwU GKwU AcÖwZwbwaZ¡kxj bgybvqb cÖwµqv n‡jI M‡elK Zvi M‡elYvi Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni we‡kl Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi Rb¨ B”QvK…Zfv‡eB e¨envi K‡i _v‡Kb hv m¤ú‡K© m¤¢vebv bgybvq‡bi gva¨‡g Mfxifv‡e Rvbv m¤¢e nq bv|
Purposive bgybvqb wewfbœ ai‡bi nq| †hgbÑ 1. Maximum Variation Sampling, 2. Homogeneous Sampling, 3. Typical Case Sampling; 4, Extreme Case Sampling; 5. Critical Case Sampling. 6.
Total Population Sampling and 7. Expert Sampling| D‡Ïk¨g~jK bgybvq‡b mgq I LiP Kg jv‡M|
BDwbU- 5 wk¶v M‡elYv- 80
ZvB ÿz`ª mgMÖ‡Ki/Z_¨we‡k¦i †ÿ‡Î M‡elKMY D‡Ïk¨g~jK bgybvqb †ewk e¨envi Ki‡Z cQ›` K‡ib|
m‡ev©”P e¨eav‡bi bgybvqb
(Maximum Variation Sampling)†Kvb welq m¤ú‡K© DËi`vZv‡`i gZvgZ/AvMÖ‡ni g‡a¨ weivU e¨eavb _vK‡j G c×wZ cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq|
D`vniY¯^iƒc we`¨vj‡qi Kg©NÈv e„w×i Dci GKwU GjvKvi RbM‡Yi gZvgZ †bIqv n‡e| M‡elK a‡i wb‡jb G M‡elYvi †ÿ‡Î bgybv `‡ji Av_©-mvgvwRK Ae¯’v/wj½ GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖfve we¯ÍviKvix PjK (Variable)| ZvB wZwb wbf©i‡hvM¨ Z_¨ msMÖn Kivi Rb¨ cyiæl, gwnjv Df‡qi KvQ †_‡KB Z_¨ msMÖn Kivi wm×všÍ wb‡jb, wVK Ki‡jb DËi`vZv‡`i 50 fvM cyiæl Ges 50 fvM n‡e bvix|
M‡elYvwUi †ÿ‡Î M‡elK AviI Abygvb Ki‡jb †h G‡ÿ‡Î abx I `wi`ª m¤úª`v‡qi gZvg‡Zi wfbœZv _vK‡Z cv‡i hv M‡elYvi djvd‡j ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖfve †dj‡e| ZvB wZwb Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ GKwU abx GjvKv Ges GKwU `wi`ª GjvKv wbev©Pb K‡i Z_¨ msMÖn Ki‡jb| Gfv‡e DËi `vZvi cÖK…wZ Abyhvqx cÖvß Z‡_¨i g‡a¨ m¤¢ve¨ e¨eav‡bi K_v wPšÍv K‡i mKj As‡ki gZvgZ cÖvwß wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ †h bgybvqb Kiv nq Zv‡KB ejv nq Maximum Variation Sampling. G c×wZ Focused Group Discussion Gi
†ÿ‡Î †ewk e¨eüZ n‡q _v‡K| G ai‡bi bgybvq‡bi Z_¨ mgMÖ‡Ki wewfbœ As‡ki gZvgZ cvIqv hvq|
Extreme Case Sampling
GwU GK ai‡bi D‡Ïk¨g~jK bgybvqb cÖwµqv| Z_¨ we‡k¦i †Kvb we‡kl ev A¯^vfvweK NUbv, †hgbÑ D‡jøL¨‡hvM¨ djvdj, mdjZv, e¨_©Zv BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡K© Mfxifv‡e Rvbvi Rb¨ GwU e¨eüZ nq| G ai‡bi bgybvq‡bi we‡kl DcKvwiZv Av‡Q| KviY Gi gva¨‡g Z_¨ we‡k¦i †Kvb we‡kl ev mywbw`©ó wPÎ/Ae¯’v m¤ú‡K© Mfxi aviYv cvIqv hvq hv cieZx© M‡elYv cwiPvjbv I KvR m¤ú‡K© w`K wb‡`©kbv cÖ`vb K‡i| G ai‡bi bgybvq‡bi gva¨‡g †Kvb welq ev NUbv m¤ú‡K© mwVK Z_¨ I cÖK…Z Ae¯’v Rvbv hvq|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 5.3
msw¶ß DËi cÖkœ
1. KLb wbtm¤¢vebv bgybvqb Kiv nq?
2. D‡Ïk¨g~jK bgybvq‡bi myweav Kx? G‡K judgemental sampling ejv nq †Kb?
3. †KvUv bgybvqb A‰`ePwhZ bgybvqb - e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
4. †mœvej bgybvqb Kxfv‡e Kiv nq?
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. wbtm¤¢vebv bgybvq‡bi ˆewkó¨ I ¸iæZ¡ e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
2. myweavRbK bgybvqb Kv‡K e‡j| Kx cÖwµqvq GwU m¤úbœ Kiv nq?
3. D‡Ïk¨g~jK bgybvqb cÖwµqvi aib I myweav D‡jøL Kiæb|
4. †mœvej bgybvqb Kx? GwU ¸YMZ M‡elYvq †ewk e¨eüZ nIqvi KviY Kx?
5. D`vni‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ †KvUv bgybvqb cÖwµqvwU eY©bv Kiæb|
6. Maximum Variation Sampling Kx? GwU KLb e¨eüZ nq|
GgGW †cÖvMÖvg Educational Research- 81
7. Extreme Case Sampling Kx? Gi myweav eY©bv Kiæb|
