Without the blessing of Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala we would not have come this far. In this thesis, two energy storage devices are used together to form the hybrid energy storage system. The benefits of this hybrid energy storage system are the combined benefits of the two energy storage devices.
A performance of series-parallel hybrid electric vehicles (Toyota, Prius ths II) using hybrid energy storage system is presented. The hybrid storage system is designed to reduce the total weight of the energy storage system and in turn increase the overall efficiency. This paper analyzes and compares the performances of the series-parallel hybrid electric vehicles with the proposed hybrid storage system (batteries/ultra-capacitors) and with the conventional storage system (batteries only).
Motivation
Regenerative braking is a method of recovering energy lost during braking and storing it as electrical energy in the battery. The power to the electric motor is turned off and the wheels transfer kinetic energy to the electric motor, essentially turning it into a generator and feeding power back to the battery. All hybrids also come standard with friction brake discs for sudden braking, as regenerative braking is not suitable for sudden braking.
Due to such advantages of electric vehicles, it is important that an electric vehicle gets the latest braking systems as it is an important part in the use of any vehicle. Braking systems such as ABS and regenerative braking that will make the electric vehicle safer and easier to use as well as energy efficient must be implemented in the vehicles. Increase in the number of electric vehicles will be beneficial for society and the environment.
Objectives
If such systems are incorporated in electric vehicles and their benefits are seen by all, the use and sale of electric vehicles will increase all over the world, especially in India which has a large market for vehicles and suffers from the bad effects of pollution due to vehicles in big cities. Also, wide use of anti-lock braking system will lead to fewer accidents on the road and save many lives by preventing many accidents.
Advantages
Disadvantages
This is the engine that converts the power of the fuel into the movement of the car. The main advantage of the hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is that it is fuel efficient. When a hybrid car drives or brakes, it creates excess energy to charge the engine's battery.
These include an electric motor that drives the wheels and a battery that powers the electric motor. This generator transmitted electricity to an electric motor mounted on the hub of the front wheel. This stored power is used to run the car when the engine is not running.
Automakers use various hybrid designs to achieve maximum fuel efficiency or keep the price of the hybrid vehicle as low as possible. Parallel hybrids use both an internal combustion engine and an electric motor to produce the power and move the car. A battery pack is used to power the electric motor, and a fuel tank is used to fuel the engine.
The powertrain of the Toyota hybrid car is equipped with an internal combustion (IC) engine and two electric motors that can also be used as a generator. When the engine is not running, the electricity stored in the batteries can be used to move the vehicle. This system increases the efficiency of the engine and allows it to operate at the most efficient rpm regardless of the vehicle speed.
The plug-in hybrid allows traditional hybrid vehicles to have larger batteries that need to be recharged. In the mild hybrid car, an electric motor helps the gasoline or gasoline engine to improve performance, improve fuel efficiency, or both. Page | 14 by turning off the engine as the vehicle is stationary and reducing fuel consumption.
Literature Review
According to the fuzzy rules, the algorithm identifies unstable areas in the torque slip graph and reduces the slip. Eventually the slip stabilizes around 0.25 and the control area extends to 0.35 for a dry road surface. The buck-boost converter was created using IGBTs and the entire system was tested on a Chevrolet electric truck.
Using a control strategy, the maximum current [10] going to the battery, the minimum and maximum voltages of the Ultracapacitor bank are set. The control strategy uses a reference table and has data such as battery state of charge, vehicle speed, load current, etc. A strategy is also provided which uses sensors to determine wheel decelerations so that the converter can be optimally used to recover maximum energy.
This designed system enables higher acceleration and proper deceleration with minimal energy loss and minimal degradation of the battery pack. This unstable area is detected and the brake pressure is now adjusted so that this unstable area is no longer encountered and the wheel is braked without locking the wheel. A method of alternating boost pressure and decompression is used to allow the vehicle to remain in the stable area for as long as possible and to apply the optimum braking pressure.
The results are compared when the slip ratio is the control parameter and when an integrated controller is used. The use of an integrated controller allows much better control of the slip ratio and the brake pressure can be stabilized to a stable value in a much shorter time than without a controller, and the braking distance is also significantly reduced. The aim of this work [5] is to estimate the wheel slip value in real time corresponding to the peak of the tire-road friction curve in order to provide anti-lock braking systems (ABS) with reliable information about its value upon activation.
The algorithm selects the wheel that has the relatively highest speed among the four wheels, i.e. the wheel that has the smallest longitudinal slip.
Operation
Regenerative braking can be used in both pure electric as well as hybrid electric vehicles [17]. First, the available braking power can be calculated from regenerative braking and the rest can be provided by the friction brakes. Friction braking systems do not have to be conventional brakes, and systems such as anti-lock braking systems can be used in conjunction with the regenerative brakes.
But as a car it consumes electricity to generate rotation of the wheels, while as a generator it uses the kinetic energy of the rotating wheels to generate electricity to feed back to the battery.
Working Methodology
Fabrication
The fundamental operating principle of the DC motor is that when a current-carrying conductor enters the magnetic field, it experiences a mechanical force. A digital multimeter is a test instrument used to measure two or more electrical values, primarily voltage (volts), current (amps), and resistance (ohms). Arduino consists of both a physically programmable circuit board (often called a microcontroller) and a piece of software, or IDE (Integrated Development Environment) that runs on your computer and is used to write computer code and upload it to the physical board. just use a USB cable.
Finally, Arduino offers a standard form factor that breaks down the microcontroller's functions into a more accessible package. There are many Android applications already available, which makes this process a lot easier. The module communicates using USART at a baud rate of 9600, making it easy to interface with any microcontroller that supports USART.
Module defaults can also be configured using command mode. An inverter can be defined as a compact and rectangular shaped piece of electrical equipment used to convert direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC) in common appliances. AC power can be supplied to homes and industries using the public utility grid, but otherwise AC battery power systems can only store DC power.
In addition, almost all household appliances, as well as other electrical equipment, can function by relying on AC power.
Conclusion
Scope For Future Work
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13] Naderi P, Farhadi A, “Anti-lock and Anti-Slip Braking System Using Fuzzy Logic and Sliding Mode Controllers”, 2010 Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference, pp. 14] Wang R, Sun H, “Development of a Single Wheel Test Bench for Anti-lock Braking System”, 2010 International Conference on Optoelectronics and Image Processing, Part 1, pp. 15] Darko B, Stanisa L, Dragan S, “Digital Sliding Mode Control of Anti-lock Braking System”, Advances in Electricity and Computer Engg.
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