I PROPORTIONATE PREVALENCE OF HYPOCALCAEMIA, HYPOMAGNESAEMIA
AND HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA IN SUSPECTED CLINICAL GOATS AT CHITTAGONG, BANGLADESH
A clinical report submitted as per approved style and contents
Kanchan Kumar Roy Roll No: 12/21 Reg.No: 00741 Intern ID: B-20 Session : 2011-2012
A Clinical report presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Veterinary Medicine
FACULTY OF VETERINARY MEDICINE
CHITTAGONG VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY November 2017
I PROPORTIONATE PREVALENCE OF HYPOCALCAEMIA, HYPOMAGNESAEMIA
AND HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA IN SUSPECTED CLINICAL GOATS AT CHITTAGONG, BANGLADESH
A clinical report submitted as per approved style and contents
Signature of Author Signature of supervisor Kanchan Kumar Roy
Roll No: 12/21 Reg.No: 00741 Intern ID: B-20
Dr. Md. Ahaduzzaman Assistant professor Department of
Medicine and Surgery
Chittagong Veterinary and Animal SciencesUniversity
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University
Khulshi, Chittagong-4225, Bangladesh November, 201
LIST OF CONTENTS
CONTENTS PAGE NO
Abstract II
Chapter- 1 : Introduction 01
Chapter -2 : Materials and Method 02
Chapter -3 : Result 03
Chapter- 4 : Discussion 05
Chapter -5 : Conclusion 06
Limitations 06
References 07
Acknowledgements 08
Biography 09
LIST OF TABLE SL.
NO.
NAME OF THE TABLE PAGE
NO 01. Comparative serum Ca, P and Mg level of clinically suspected goats’ in
relation to different variables 04
ABSTRACT:
Hypocalcaemia, Hypomagnesaemia and hypophosphatemia are three common metabolic diseases of goat’s occur when the blood constituents go down from normal. This study was conducted to know the proportionate prevalence of hypocalcaemia, hypophosphatemia and hypomagnesaemia in different breed of goats’ at SAQTVH, Chittagong, Bangladesh. The duration of the study was from January 2017 to July 2017 to assess the serum Ca, P, and Mg status in clinical suspected goats. Deficit cases were high in Jamnapari (42.47%), than Cross breed (30.14%) and Black Bengal (27.4%) but statistically insignificant (p=0.1205). Female goats (54.79%) comparatively more affected than male (45.21%) [p=0.1265]. Age groups of (0- 6) and (13-18) month’s animals affected more than others but statistically insignificant (p=0.02074). Groups of (11-20) and (21-30) kg body weight goats more affected (30.14%) than others group (p=0.06975). Overall the proportionate prevalence of hypocalcaemic (Ca level <9), hypomagnesaemic (Mg level <1.7) and hypophosphatemic (P level <3.9) cases were 83.56%, 41.1% and 45.21% respectively. Results indicate all clinically suspected goats had not metabolic disease.
Key words: Goat, Hypocalcaemia, Hypomagnesaemia, Hypophosphatemia
II
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION:
Bangladesh is an agro-economic country and people rear goats mostly in small scale backyard system. At present goat population in Bangladesh is 248 lac (DLS, 2016), and the number is increasing day by day. The goat population of Bangladesh comprises three major types, i.e.
Black Bengal, Jamunapari and their cross breeds (DLS, 2016). Being commercial capital city of Bangladesh, the Chittagong has a huge demand of goat meat in restaurant, festivals and home.
Here, goat is an important source of income for the farmers.
Despite favorable conditions for goat farming, poor husbandry practice and malnutrition are the main constrain. Farmers’ seldom provide any mineral supplement to their goats. Therefore mineral deficiency diseases like hypocalcaemia, hypomagnesaemia and hypophosphatemia are common infestation (Brozos et al., 2011). Calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P) and magnesium (Mg) are important components of bone, and also intracellular and extracellular fluids of the body.
Hypocalcaemia is a nutritional deficiency of Calcium (Ca) in blood. It occurs in goat when the blood Ca level goes down to 10 mg/dl or less (Quader MN, 2017). It is characterized by anorexia, lethargic, unable to move, recumbence, subnormal rectal temperature and sluggish pupillary light reflection and relaxed of anal sphincter (Fakour, 2016). The potential causes of hypocalcaemia are low dietary Ca and vitamin D supplement, improper ratio of Ca and Phosphorus (P) (2:1) and also imbalance of parathyroid hormone and calcitonin (Goff, 2008).
Magnesium deficit, leading to hypomagnesaemia, is primarily an issue in goats grazing in young and rapidly growing pasture with reduced magnesium content, especially during the spring or autumn. Clinical signs are caused by spontaneous activation of neurons in the central nervous system by the decreased magnesium concentrations in blood, leading to tetany (Martens and Schweigel, 2000). Phosphorus has various important functions in cells, such as the phosphate bonds in ATP as sources of energy for the contraction of muscles, neurological functions and electrolyte transport, among others. When phosphorus deficit in blood of animal may become lethargic, anorectic, and lose weight. In later stages, animals may develop pica, osteomalacia, abnormal gait, and lameness, and eventually become recumbent. The aim of the present study was to determine the serum level of Ca, P and Mg in suspected clinical goats at teaching veterinary hospital.
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2- CHAPTER 2
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Study area
The study was conducted at farm animal unit at SAQTVH (Shahedul Alam Quaderi Teaching Veterinary Hospital) of Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chittagong, Bangladesh. Average 250 goat patients come here monthly for treatment. SAQTVH aims to offer public services and to get practical exposures by the undergraduate (DVM) and postgraduate (MS, M. Phil., Ph. D) students and researchers on Veterinary clinical and extension services. The duration of the study was six months from January 2017 to June 2017.
Reference population
Total 73 clinically suspected (metabolic disorder) goats were admitted to SAQTVH and had been tested for Ca, P and Mg abnormalities by hemato-biochemical analysis during the six months of study duration were considered to be reference population
Data collection and preparation:
All the goats brought for treatment in SAQTVH, were first registered in the patient registered book and each patient contain a unique registration number. The date, complaint of the owners, age, sex, breed diseases & drugs used for treatment were recorded in individual patient case sheet. All the data that were collected age, sex, breeds were entered into MS excel (Microsoft office excel-2007, USA). Descriptive statistics was done using STATA11 (StataCorp) for chi square test and SPSS16 for one way ANOVA.
Blood sample collection:
5ml of blood per goat was drawn aseptically from Jugular vein and transferred to vacutainer tube for serum separation. Serum samples obtained by centrifugation were analyzed for calcium, inorganic phosphorus, magnesium using auto analyzer (Erba Mannheim-CHEM-7).
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3- CHAPTER 3
RESULTS:
Proportionate prevalence of hypocalcaemia, hypomagnesaemia and hypophosphatemia was high in Jamnapari goats (42.47%), followed by in cross breed (30.14%) and in Black Bengal goats (27.4%). Prevalence was high in <6 months and 13-18 months (18%) respectively and low in
>30 months (5%) age group. Female animals (54.79%) are more susceptible than male animal (45.79%). In different weight group prevalence is high in (11-20) and (21-30) kg range (22%) respectively. Prevalence of hypocalcaemia is (83.56%), hypophosphatemia (45.21%), and hypomagnesaemia is (41.1%) (Table 1). We found the mean calcium level of hypocalcemic goats was 6.97± SE 0.16. Likewise, in case of hypophosphatemic and hypomagnesemic goats the mean values were 3.22±SE 0.10 and 1.31±SE 0.04 respectively. Both hypocalcemic and hypophosphatemic found in 26 patients (42.62%), hypocalcaemia and hypomagnesaemia in 23 patients (37.70%) and hypophosphatemia and hypomagnesaemia found in 15 patients (45.45%).
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4- Table 1: Comparative serum Ca, P and Mg level of clinically suspected goats’ in relation to different variables
Traits Breed
n % p-value
Jamnapari 31 42.47 0.1205
Cross 22 30.14
Black Bengal 20 27.40
Age(Months)
0-6 18 24.66 0.02074
7-12 13 17.81
13-18 18 24.66
19-24 10 13.7
25-30 9 12.33
>30 5 6.55
Sex
Male 33 45.21 0.1265
Female 40 54.79
Body weight
1-10 19 26.03 0.06975
11-20 22 30.14
21-30 22 30.14
>30 10 13.70
Ca status
<9 61 83.56 0.0000001
9-11.9 11 15.07
>12 1 1.37
P status
<3.9 33 45.21 0.01782
4-5 17 23.29
>5 23 31.51
Mg status
<1.7 30 41.10 0.1065
1.7-3 25 34.25
>3 18 24.66
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5- CHAPTER 4
DISCUSSION:
The present study shows Jamnapari and cross breed goats appears more hypocalcaemic, hypomagnesaemic and hypophosphatemic conditions than the Black Bengal goat. It could be due to heavy body weight of Jamnapari goat than Black Bengal. This result is similar to Quader MN (2017). However, a study conducted by Littledike and Goff (1987) reported the greater cases in local indigenous goat. Females were more affected than male due to parturition, lactation, poor husbandry practice. Females were also affected highly reported by Quader MN (2017). Young animals were affected due to congenital problem, lack of mother milk, bone remodeling.
Hypocalcaemia developed during periparturient period, lactation and growing period of animal.
Requirement of calcium and phosphorus increases in growing animals for skeletal and muscular growth. At and after puberty there is considerable reduction in calcium and phosphorus demand for skeletal and muscular growth. The comparatively low calcium level in adult and also in female animals might be due to drainage of calcium through milk and the lower phosphorus level in adult animal may be due to reduced phosphorus content of feed compared to milk (Pandey et al., 2006). Hypomagnesaemia development occurred due to lack of magnesium in green grass during this study period. Owners were unable to provide sufficient feed to their animal as they required. Fasting is known to have marked effects on serum Ca and Mg. In present study Sternal recumbency was the common clinical sign which was supported by Quader MN (2017).
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6- CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION:
Present study represents the hypocalcaemia, hypomagnesaemia and hypophosphatemia cases are significantly high in Jamnapari goat and cross breed goat than Black Bengal goat. Female animals were more susceptible than male. Therefore, proper nutrition should be ensured to the Jamunapari goats for better production.
LIMITATIONS:
The present study conducted in small area, short time and less number of cases.
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7- CHAPTER 6
REFERENCES
Brozos, C., Mavrogianni, V.S. and Fthenakis, G.C., 2011. Treatment and control of peri- parturient metabolic diseases: pregnancy toxemia, hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia. Vet. Clin. North Am.
Food Anim. Pract., 27: 105-113.
DLS, 2016. Annual Reports of the Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock.
http
: //www. m o f l.gov.b d /si t e/pa g e/1 0 43dde8-c2 0 2-4be8-a f d b - 30065267a69b/Mont h ly / Monthly/A n nualRepor t s .
Fakour, S. 2016. Changes in electrocardiographic, hematologic and biochemical indices of Markhoz goat breed in experimental hypocalcemia. Iran J Vet Med., 10: 269-277.
Goff, J.P. 2008. The monitoring, prevention, and treatment of milk fever and subclinical hypocalcemia in dairy cows. Vet. J., 176: 50-57.
Littledike, E.T. and Goff, J. 1987. Interactions of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and vitamin D that influence their status in domestic meat animals. J. Anim. Sci. 65, 1727-1743.
Martens, H. and Schweigel, M. 2000. Pathophysiology of grass tetany and other hypomagnesemias:
implications for clinical management. Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract., 16: 339-368.
Pandey, V., Sareen, M., Chandan, M., Singh, A, A, R. 2006. Age related changes in serum mineral and electrolyte profile in Marwari goats. Indian J. Anim. Sci. 76: 694-696.
Quader, M.N., Jalal, S., Kumar, S., Hossain, M.I. 2017. Investigation of Clinical Hypocalcaemia in Cattle and Goats at the Selected Veterinary Hospitals in Bangladesh and India. JDVAR, 5: 00130.
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8- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:
At first I am giving thanks to almighty God. I am grateful to my teacher and supervisor Dr. Md.
Ahaduzzaman, Assistant Professor, Department of Medicine & Surgery, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University for his valuable suggestions and guidance. I am also thsnkdful to Dr. Bhajan Chandra Das, Professor, Faculty of Medicine & Surgery, Director of SAQTVH, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University to permit me to use hospital record data.
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9- BIOGRAPHY
I am Kanchan Kumar Roy son of Mr. Darpa Narayn Roy and Mrs. Mira Rani Roy. I was born in 17 August 1992 at Khatsinga village under Pirganj Upazila in Thakurgoan District. I have passed my Secondary School Certificate examination from Pirganj Pilot High School in 2008 and Higher Secondary School Certificate from Cant. Public School and College, BUSMS in 2010.
Now I am an intern doctor under the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University. In future I want to be a good clinician.
