The work presented in this thesis is entirely my own and I hereby declare that I am the sole author of the thesis entitled 'Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in dogs in the Chattogram Metropolitan Area, Chattogram'. First of all, I would prefer to express my deepest feelings to Almighty Allah for giving me strength and sound health to conclude my analysis and finally write this dissertation. I am grateful to the Coordinator, Advance Studies and Research and Director Research and Extension for their financial assistance during my period of analysis.
I would like to express special thanks to the Poultry Research and Training Center (PRTC) authority for providing all working facilities and other technical staff, especially Mohammad Showkat Ullah from PRTC, who supported during the laboratory analysis of samples. Last but not least; I prefer to thank my relatives and friends for his or her constant inspiration and blessings throughout the period of educational life. Infection by the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii is widespread in humans and animals worldwide.
This study aimed to look at the prevalence of infections in dogs in the Chattogram Metropolitan Area (CMA), where such research had not previously been conducted. Given the importance of the disease, current research indicates that Toxoplasma gondii is widespread in dogs with CMA, which may have important public health implications.
Introduction....................................................................................... 1-2
- Biology of Toxoplasma gondii
- Tachyzoites
- Bradyzoites and Tissue Cyst
- Oocyst
- Life cycle of Toxoplasma gondii
- Life cycle in the intermediate hosts
- Life cycle in definitive hosts
- Transmission
- Risk factors for Toxoplasmosis
- Age
- Gender
- Cat presence
- Raw or undercooked meat consumption
- Climate
- Toxoplasma gondii detection methods
- Control and prevention methods
- Prevalence in dogs
However, clinical symptoms mostly occur in the respiratory tract, resulting from reactivation of latent infection (Hoffmann et al., 2012). One of the important routes of Toxoplasma infection in dogs is the ingestion of raw animal meat, which will contain tissue cysts (Alvarado-Esquivel et al., 2014). However, ELISA shows reliable sensitivity and specificity in identifying Toxoplasma infection (Hosseininejad et al., 2011).
The anterior part of the tachyzoite is pointed, so the posterior part is spherical (Hill et al., 2005). Cysts of intact tissue may not cause any damage and may persist as long as the host without inducing an inflammatory response (Dubey et al., 1998). The cyst wall is rich in sugar and stained with various lectins (Zhang et al., 2001).
One electron-dense outer layer, associated grade electron-transparent middle layer and a moderately electron-dense inner layer (Dubey et al., 1998). 11 positive as blast cell types (for example retinal tubule tissue cells) have been reported (Smith et al., 2004). Oocysts endure reproduction outside the body to become infective to completely different hosts (Dubey et al., 1998; Dabritz and author, 2010).
The prevalence in very small ruminants is usually very high due to constant contamination of pastures (Cenci - Goga et al., 2013). Females have been reported to be more susceptible to Toxoplasma infections than males (Alexander and Stimson, 1988; Ahmad et al., 2015). Cats are definitive hosts of the parasite and play a key role in infecting other animals by shedding oocysts into the environment (Lopes et al., 2010).
There have been so many reports that the presence of cat plays an important role in the transmission of toxoplasmosis in animals (Lopes et al., 2010; Ahmad et al., 2015). A significantly higher seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis has been reported in hot humid climate zones compared to drier areas (Guebre-Xabier et al., 1993). The direct demonstration of Toxoplasma tachyzoites in cerebral tissues is the technique for definitive detection of cerebral infection (Pereira -Chioccola et al., 2009).
All of the above methods sequence-based methods provide the best approach for detecting polymorphisms in new isolates or from previously unsampled populations (Sibley et al., 2009). The obvious disadvantage of sequence-based typing is its high cost and the need for access to sophisticated technology (Sibley et al., 2009).
Materials and methods .............................................................. 18-20
- Study animals
- Questionnaire survey
- Blood collection and sera separation
- Serological examination (ELISA)
- Data management and analysis
Sera were collected in 1.5 ml Eppendorf tubes (Eppendorf-AG, Hamburg, Germany) and transported to PRTC (Poultry Research and Training Center), CVASU with ice box and kept at -20°C until tested. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed using the ID screen Toxoplasmosis cross-species ELISA kit in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions (ID Vet, Grabels, France). Univariable and multivariable logistic regression models are used to identify the association of potential risk factors.
Potential risk factors within the univariable models were selected based on the prevailing literature (Dubbey et al., 1988; Frenkel et al., 1995). Seroprevalence was calculated as the number of seropositive samples divided by the total number of samples tested. The association of the potential risk factors (age, sex, breed, presence of a cat, outdoor access, deworming, cooked meat, hunting practice, purpose of use) was analyzed by univariable logistic regression.
Variables with P-value ≤ 0.25 in univariate logistic analysis were included in the final multivariable logistic regression model (sex, presence of cats, worming, cooked meat).
Results ........................................................................................ 21-25
Potential risk factors for seropositivity in dogs: age, sex, breed, presence of cats, access to the outdoors, deworming, cooked food, hunting practice, purpose of use were analyzed using univariate logistic regression (Table 3). No significant effect was observed for age, sex, breed, outdoor access, deworming, cooked food, hunting practice and intended use. Age, breed, outdoor access, hunting, and purpose of use were excluded from the final model due to a univariable P value > 0.25.
Finally, gender, presence of cats, deworming and cooked meat were entered into the multivariable logistic regression model and the results are shown in Table 4.
Discussion..................................................................................... 26-29
Conclusions
The findings of this study may be useful for future studies and expand public awareness of the epidemiology of T. Early detection and management of infection in dogs living in the study areas will reduce the incidence of infection in humans and various hosts. intermediate.
Recommendations
Future direction
Frequency of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in apparently healthy dogs in Uberlandia-MO. Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in Sri Lankan dogs and genetic characterization of parasite isolates. Transmission of Toxoplasma gondii in Panama City, Panama: a five-year prospective cohort study of children, cats, rodents, birds, and soil.
Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in stray cats and dogs in the Bangkok metropolitan area, Thailand. A cell cycle model for the tachyzoite of Toxoplasma gondii using the Herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase. Evaluation of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum infections in sheep from Uberlândia, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, by different serological methods.
The prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii IgM and IgG antibodies in dogs and cats from the Czech Republic.VETERINARNI MEDICINA-PRAHA. The incidence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in humans and animals from rural environment of Lublin region-estimation of potential role of water as a source of infection. The differential expression of multiple isozyme forms during stage conversion of Toxoplasma gondii: an adaptive developmental strategy.
Seroepidemiological survey of Toxoplasma gondii infection in dogs referred to Ahvaz Veterinary Hospital, Iran.
![Figure 6. Chattogram metropolitan area [www.researchgate.net/profile/figure/fig4]](https://thumb-ap.123doks.com/thumbv2/filepdfnet/10790563.0/28.893.187.800.372.1035/figure-chattogram-metropolitan-area-researchgate-profile-figure-fig4.webp)
