Social Organization

mvgvwRK msMVb

Social Organization

evsjv‡`‡ki mvgvwRK msMV‡b we‡q, cwievi I ÁvwZ m¤úK© ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| GB mKj cÖwZôv‡b wµqvkxj eÜb mgvR‡K msMwVZ K‡i| Gme cÖwZôv‡bi ixwZ bxwZ mgv‡R wbqg k„•Ljv eRvq iv‡L| †hgb we‡q †hŠb m¤úK©‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i I cÖRbb‡K ˆeaZv cÖ`vb K‡i| cwievi AvZ¥xqZvi e܇b Ave× Rbmgwô‡K GK‡Î emevm, NwbôZv I mvnPh© Ges A_©‰bwZK mn‡hvwMZv cÖ`v‡b DrmvwnZ K‡i| i³ m¤úK© I ˆeevwnK m¤ú‡K©i e܇b Ave× gvbylRb‡K †K›`ª K‡i M‡o D‡V h~_e× ÁvwZ `j| ÁvwZ `‡ji GKvZ¡Zvi eÜb A_©‰bwZK I mvgvwRKfv‡e cÖwZwôZ| wKš‘ j¶¨ Kiv Riæix †h we‡q, cwievi I ÁvwZ m¤úK© mgvR msMV‡bi c„_K †¶Î bq| Zvi gv‡b Gme cÖwZôvb e„nËi mvgvwRK cÖwµqvi Ask|

†hgb wj½xq ˆelg¨ I †kªYx ˆelg¨‡K ev` w`‡q we‡q, cwievi I RvwZ m¤úK© we‡kølY Kiv hvq bv| ag©MZ I RvwZMZ cv_©K¨ cwievi I ÁvwZ `j‡K wfbœfv‡e msMwVZ K‡i| mgvR cwieZ©‡bi m‡½ m‡½ mvgvwRK msMV‡bi Gme cÖwZôv‡biI e`j N‡U|

GB BDwb‡Ui cvV¸wj n‡”Q -

 cvV - 1 : weevn e¨e¯’v

 cvV - 2 : cwievi

 cvV - 3 : ÁvwZm¤úK©

2

weevn e¨e¯’v

Marriage System

GB cvVwU c‡o Avcwb Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb -

 we‡qi D‡Ïk¨

 we‡qi aib

 we‡qi mvgvwRKZv

 A_©‰bwZK †jb‡`b

 wj½xq ˆelg¨

 we‡q I †kªYx m¤úK©

we‡qi D‡Ïk¨

we‡q cwievi MV‡bi g~j Drm| Avi cwievi n‡”Q mgv‡Ri g~j GKK| G Kvi‡Y we‡q mvgvwRK Rxeb hvÎvq me©vwaK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖwZôvb wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…Z| wn›`y ag©g‡Z we‡qi D‡Ïk¨ wZbwU - ag©

(religion), cÖRbb (progeny) I iwZ ev †hŠbZv (pleasure)| Z‡e G D‡Ïk¨ †Kej D”P Rv‡Zi (high caste) wn›`y‡`i †ejv cÖ‡hvR¨| ejv nq †h wb¤œ Rv‡Zi ï`ª‡`i we‡qi GKgvÎ D‡Ïk¨

†hŠbZv| KviY wb¤œRvZ wn‡m‡e ï`ª‡`i D”P ag© cvj‡bi †hvM¨Zv †bB| we‡klZ eªvþYMY †h‡nZz ag© cvjb K‡ib †m‡nZz Zviv ï`ª‡`i m‡½ ˆeevwnK m¤úK© ¯’vcb Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv| Z‡e †Kej †hŠb m¤úK© ¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ ï`ª bvix‡`i‡K we‡q Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| D”P Rv‡Zi wn›`y‡`i weev‡ni mgq AwMœ‡K mv¶x Kiv nq| M„nx ag© n‡”Q cyiæl KZ©„K Zvi ¯¿xmn cÖwZw`b ÔcÂgnvMœxÕ cÖ¾¡wjZ Kiv (KvcvwWqv 1972)<sup>1</sup> | †h‡nZz cyiæl ag© cvj‡bi `vwqZ¡ cÖvß myZivs Zvi ¯¿x g„Zz¨eiY Kivi ci hZ

`ªæZ m¤¢e cybivq we‡q K‡i ¯¿x mn‡hv‡M ag© cvjb KivB ixwZ| wKš‘ bvix‡`i †ejv Abyiƒc †Kvb wbqg †bB| Avm‡j bvixi Rb¨ we‡qB GKgvÎ agx©q KZ©e¨ e‡j we‡ewPZ| †h‡nZz D”P Rv‡Zi wn›`y‡`i g‡a¨ we‡q agx©q I cweÎ myZivs Zv Aj•Nbxq Ges wPi¯’vqx e‡j we‡ePbv Kiv nq|

Bmjvg ag© g‡Z we‡q GKwU cweÎ Pzw³| Bmjvgx AvBb †gvZv‡eK we‡q‡Z bvixi m¤§wZ †bqv Avek¨K| bvixi m¤§wZi †cÖw¶‡Z cyiæl I bvixi AwffveK‡`i Dcw¯’wZ‡Z I `yBRb mv¶xi mv¶¨

MÖnY K‡i Pzw³ m¤úvw`Z nq| GB Pzw³ wjwLZ n‡j ÔKvwebbvgvÕ cÖYqb Kiv nq Ges miKv‡ii KvRx Awd‡m †iwRw÷ªK…Z nq| Avevi Pzw³ †gŠwLKI n‡Z cv‡i| gymjgvb‡`i Kv‡Q we‡q agx©q KZ©e¨ bv n‡jI Zv ÔdiRÕ ev Aek¨ KiYxq e‡j we‡ePbv Kiv nq| Bmjvgx kwiqZ Abyhvqx †hŠb m¤úK©

¯’vc‡bi AvBbMZ I agx©q ˆeaZv †Kej we‡qi gva¨‡g n‡Z cv‡i| we‡qi evB‡i †hŠb m¤úK©‡K cvc KvR e‡j we‡ePbv Kiv nq| G Kvi‡Y gymjgvb mgv‡RI we‡q agx©q KZ©e¨ wn‡m‡eB cwiMwYZ n‡q‡Q|

evsjv‡`‡ki mgv‡R we‡q‡K esk i¶vi Rb¨ AZ¨vek¨K e‡j g‡b Kiv nq| we‡qi Ab¨Zg D‡Ïk¨

mšÍvb Rb¥`vb K‡i es‡ki bvg i¶v Kiv| ejv nq mšÍÍv‡bi g‡a¨ wcZvgvZv †eu‡P _v‡Kb| we‡qi GB D‡Ïk¨wUI agx©q A‡_©B e¨eüZ nq| we‡qi Rb¨ ZvB Ôfv‡jvÕ, ÔcweÎÕ I ÔmZxÕ bvix †LvuRvi †Póv

1 Kapadia KM, Marriage and Family in India, Oxford University Press, Delhi, 1972.

cvV - 1

we‡q mvgvwRK msMV‡bi mev©waK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖwZôvb|

we‡q cwievi MV‡bi g~j Drm| Avi cwievi mgv‡Ri g~j GKK|

P‡j| esk i¶v I ag© i¶vi D‡Ï‡k¨ we‡qi ˆbwZK wfwË my`„p Kiv nq| we‡qi m‡½ m¤úK© Av‡Q m¤úwËi DËivwaKv‡ii| we‡qi gva¨‡g mšÍvb we‡klZ cyÎ mšÍvb Rb¥`vb Kiv A_©‰bwZK D‡Ïk¨|

es‡ki bvg i¶v Kivi m‡½ m‡½ es‡ki m¤ú` i¶v KivI KZ©e¨ e‡j we‡ewPZ n‡q _v‡K|

wn›`y I Bmjvg `yB a‡g©B we‡q‡Z mgZv cÖwZôvi K_v ejv nq| Gi A_© we‡q n‡Z n‡e Ggb `yB ag©, †Mvôx, cvwievwiK c`gh©v`vi g‡a¨ hv‡`i Ae¯’vb GKB iK‡gi| wn›`y mgv‡R eY© cÖ_v _vKvi d‡j GKB eY© I †Mv‡Îi g‡a¨ we‡qi †iIqvR M‡o D‡V| Z‡e eû AmeY© we‡qI AbywôZ n‡”Q|

gymjgvb‡`i g‡a¨I mg gh©v`vi welq ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| Avkivd AvZivd Ges gymjgvb‡`i wewfbœ agx©q gvRnv‡ei g‡a¨ we‡q mn‡R †g‡b †bqv nq bv| mgZvi wbqgwU AwaK cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq wfbœ a‡g©i g‡a¨ we‡qi †ejvq| gymjgvb‡`i g‡a¨ cyiælMY Avmgvbx wKZv‡ei Abymvix ag©vej¤^x‡`i we‡q Ki‡Z cv‡ib, Z‡e Zv Kvw•¶Z bq| Gi evB‡i †hgb wn›`y I gymjgvb bvix cyiæ‡li we‡q agx©q g‡Z nIqv m¤¢e bq| G mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ e„wUk kvmbvg‡j GKwU AvBb cÖYxZ nq| GB AvBb Abymv‡i cvÎ cvÎx †Kvb ag© AbymiY K‡ib bv Ggb †NvlYv w`‡q Zvi gv‡b `yBRb bvix-cyiæl wn‡m‡e we‡q Kiv m¤¢e| ev¯Í‡e †`Lv hvq †h mgv‡R GB we‡qi ¯^xK…wZi Rb¨ cvÎ cvÎxi †Kvb GK Rb‡K ag©všÍwiZ n‡Z nq| AšÍZc‡¶ bvg e`j K‡i gymjgvb ev wn›`y bvg MÖnY Ki‡Z nq| cyiæ‡li Zzjbvq bvix Aa¯Íb nIqvq AwaKvsk †¶‡Î e`‡ji `vwqZ¡ bvixi Dci eZ©vq| we‡q‡Z mgZvi welqwU abx I Mix‡ei we‡qi †¶‡Î A‡bK KovKwo fv‡e ev¯ÍevwqZ n‡Z †`Lv hvq|

mvaviYZ we‡q cwievi I AvZ¥xq¯^Rb KZ©„K Av‡qvwRZ n‡q _v‡K| myZivs we‡qi c~‡e© hw` †KD

†cÖ‡gi m¤úK© m„wó K‡i Zvn‡j Zv‡`i we‡qi mvgvwRK ¯^xK…wZ mgm¨vRbK n‡q c‡o| †cÖ‡gi we‡q Ges Av‡qvwRZ we‡qi (arranged) g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ Kiv nq| †cÖ‡gi we‡q KvRx Awd‡m wM‡q Pzw³e×

n‡q Kiv m¤¢e| Z‡e KvRx Awd‡m wM‡q G ai‡bi we‡q‡K wbiærmvwnZ Kiv nq|

we‡qi Ab¨Zg D‡Ïk¨ mvgvwRK m¤úK© e„w× Kiv| Bmjvg ag© g‡Z es‡ki wbKUvZ¥xq e¨ZxZ AvZ¥xq‡`i g‡a¨ we‡q nIqv m¤¢e| `~‡ii AvZ¥x‡qi m‡½ we‡q n‡j m¤úK© Av‡iv Nwbó Ges we¯Í…Z n‡Z cv‡i e‡j g‡b Kiv nq| Z‡e †Mvôxi evB‡i wfbœ †Mvôxi m‡½ we‡q n‡j bZzb m¤úK© cÖwZwôZ nq e‡j GUvB AwaK MÖnY‡hvM¨| wn›`y ag© g‡Z AvZ¥xq‡`i g‡a¨ we‡qi e¨vcv‡i wb‡lavÁv Av‡Q|

¶gZvi Ø›Ø wKsev we‡iva wggvsmvi Dcvq wn‡m‡eI `yB cÖwZØ›Øx †Mvôxi g‡a¨ we‡q n‡q _v‡K| MÖvg

†_‡K kn‡i we‡q m¤úK© cÖwZôvi cÖwZ AvMÖn e„w× †c‡q‡Q| we‡qi gva¨‡g kn‡ii wkw¶Z I cÖfvekvjx cwiev‡ii m‡½ m¤úK© ¯’vcb K‡i MÖvgxY weËkvjxMY ¶gZvi Rvj we¯Í…Z Ki‡Z AvMÖnx n‡q _v‡Kb|

we‡qi aib

we‡qi eqm m¤ú‡K© miKv‡ii AvBb n‡”Q †g‡qi 18 ermi I †Q‡ji 21 ermi eq‡m we‡q n‡Z cv‡i| Gi †cQ‡b aviYv n‡”Q GB †h `v¤úZ¨Rxeb hvcb I †hŠb m¤úK© ¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ †g‡q‡`i 18 ermi ch©šÍ A‡c¶v Kiv evÃbxq| wKš‘ MÖvgv‡j †g‡q‡`i FZzmªve (menstruation) ïiæ nIqvi ci †_‡KB we‡qi K_v fvev nq| AwaKvsk †¶‡Î 12-14 erm‡ii g‡a¨ †g‡q‡`i Ges 18-20 erm‡ii †Q‡j‡`i we‡q †`qv nq| wkw¶Z ga¨weˇ`i g‡a¨ Ôevj¨weevnÕ†K A‰bwZK, AgvbweK wn‡m‡e †`Lv nq| MÖv‡g cÖPwjZ aviYv n‡”Q †g‡q mvevwjKv (puberty) nIqvi ci we‡qi e¨e¯’v Kiv wcZv gvZvi Dci Avek¨Kxq ag©xq `vwqZ¡ g‡b Kiv nq| ZvQvov es‡ki B¾Z (honour) i¶v Kivi Rb¨I mvevwjKv †g‡q‡K `ªæZ we‡q †`qv cÖ‡qvRb e‡j g‡b Kiv nq|

MÖv‡g †g‡q‡`i wbivcËvnxbZvi `iƒY †hŠb nqivbxmn al©‡Yi fq Av‡Q| Avi MÖvgxY mgvR e¨e¯’vq A‰ea †hŠb m¤úK© n‡j bvix‡KB †`vlv‡ivc Kiv nq| AvRKvj †hŠZz‡Ki Pvc e„w× cvIqvq MÖv‡g

†g‡q‡`i we‡qi e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z †ek mgm¨v n‡”Q| kn‡i †g‡qiv wk¶vMÖn‡Y wb‡qvwRZ _vKvq Zv‡`i

we‡qi Ab¨Zg D‡Ïk¨

mvgvwRK m¤úK© e„w× Kiv|

MÖvgv‡j evj¨weevn n‡q _v‡K| kn‡ii wkw¶Z gvbyl evj¨weevn‡K A‰bwZK e‡j g‡b K‡ib|

†`ix‡Z we‡q n‡”Q| mvaviYZ †jLvcov †kl K‡i we‡q w`‡Z AwffveKMY AvMÖnx nb| kn‡i †h‡nZz GKR‡bi DcvR©‡b wU‡K _vKv KóKi †m Kvi‡Y A‡bK †g‡q †jLvcov †k‡l PvKzix cvIqvi ci we‡q Ki‡Z AvMÖnx n‡q _v‡Kb|

wn›`y I gymjgvb Dfq m¤úÖ`v‡qi g‡a¨ GK cwZ cZœx weevn (monogamy) cÖPwjZ| GB GK cZœx‡K we‡qi ixwZ bvix‡`i †ejv Aek¨ cvjbxq wKšÍ cyiæl‡`i †ejv bq| wn›`y m¤úÖ`v‡q BwÛqvb

†cbvj †Kv‡W †g‡q‡`i eû cwZ MÖnY kvw¯Í‡hvM¨ Aciv‡a MY¨ Kiv n‡q‡Q| eû cwZ weevn ixwZ †bB ej‡jB P‡j| Z_vwc AvBb Kivi A_© n‡”Q AvBbZ cyiæ‡li cÖvavb¨ ¯^xKvi K‡i †bqv| Bmjvg a‡g©i weavb Abyhvqx GKRb cyiæl we‡kl kZ©vax‡b we‡kl cÖ‡qvR‡b GKvwaK Ges m‡ev©”P GKm‡½ PviRb

¯¿x MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡ib| 1961 mv‡j gymwjg d¨vwgwj jÕ AwW©b¨v‡Ýi gva¨‡g AvBb Kiv nq †h wØZxqevi we‡q Ki‡Z n‡j cyiæl‡K Zvi cÖ_g ¯¿xi AbygwZ MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e| ev¯Í‡e GB AvB‡bi Kvh©KwiZv wKQyUv jswNZ n‡”Q|

wn›`y I gymjgvb Dfq m¤úÖ`v‡q aviYv Kiv nq †h, we‡q wPi¯’vqx Ges AvRxe‡bi eÜb| wn›`y ag©

g‡Z bvixi Rb¨ weevn we‡”Q` wbwl×| Z‡e ¯¿x Aag© Ki‡j I mZxZ¡ nviv‡j cyiæl weevn we‡”Q`

NUv‡Z cv‡i| ivóªxq AvB‡b Aek¨ wn›`y m¤úÖ`v‡qi g‡a¨I weevn we‡”Q` Kiv m¤¢e| gymjgvb m¤úÖ`v‡qi g‡a¨ agx©q AvB‡b weevn we‡”Q` Aby‡gvw`Z| Bmjvgx weavb Abymv‡i ZvjvK †`qvi

¶gZv cyiæl ev bvix Df‡qiB _vK‡Z cv‡i| weev‡ni mgq Kvweb bvgvi gva¨‡g bvixi weevn we‡”Q`

ev ZvjvK †`qvi AwaKvi ¯^xK…Z Z‡e Kvweb bvgvq ¯¿x‡K ZvjvK `v‡bi ¶gZv D‡jøL bv _vK‡j weevn we‡”Q‡` cyiæ‡li GKK AwaKvi cÖwZwôZ nq|

evsjv‡`‡k gymwjg m¤úÖ`v‡qi g‡a¨ weaev‡`i cybwe©evn cÖ_v ¯^xK…Z Av‡Q| wn›`y ag© g‡Z weevn AvRxe‡bi eÜb Ges ¯^vgxi g„Zz¨ n‡jI †m eÜb wQbœ nq bv| wn›`y m¤úÖ`v‡q weaev‡`i mZxZ¡ i¶v K‡i Pj‡Z nq Ges LvIqv `vIqv I Pjv‡div wbqš¿Y K‡i †hŠbZv wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z nq| Ab¨w`‡K Bmjvg a‡g© weaev weevn‡K DrmvwnZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| nhiZ gynv¤§` (mv:) wb‡RI weaev‡K weevn K‡iwQ‡jb| gymwjg mgv‡R weaevMY we‡q Ki‡j Zv‡`i ¯^vfvweK we‡qi gh©v`v †`qv nq| Z‡e evsjv‡`‡ki †Kvb †Kvb A‡j G RvZxq we‡q‡K ÒwbKvn weqvÓ ejv nq| GB AÂj¸wj‡Z ÒwbKvn weqviÓ `¤úwZ‡`i KL‡bv KL‡bv mvgvwRKfv‡e †nq cÖwZcbœ Kiv nq| cyiæl‡`i g‡a¨ hviv Nb Nb ZvjvK †`b Ges cybwe©evn K‡ib Zv‡`i‡KI mgv‡R gh©v`vnxb fvev nq| G me we‡q‡K Ômv½v weqvÕ ejv nq| Ômv½vÕ ev Ônv½vÕ MÖvgv‡j Mvwj wn‡m‡eI e¨eüZ n‡q _v‡K|

mvgvwRKZv

we‡q g~jZ GKwU mvgvwRK cÖwZôvb| Gi ˆeaZvi Rb¨ †hgb mvgvwRK ¯^xK…wZ cÖ‡qvRb, †Zgwb we‡qi AvbyôvwbKZvi g‡a¨I mvgvwRKZv cÖvavb¨ cvq| AwaKvsk we‡q †h‡nZz Av‡qvwRZ we‡q d‡j cvÎ ev cvÎx †LvuRvi `vwqZ¡ cwievi, ÁvwZ, †Mvôx I AvZ¥xq eÜzev܇ei| we‡qi ga¨¯’Zv Kivi Rb¨

NU‡Ki e¨e¯’v Av‡Q| mvaviYfv‡e †h †KD we‡qi e¨e¯’v Ki†Z cvi‡j Avbw›`Z nb| AvRKvj cÎ cwÎKvq weÁvc‡bi gva¨‡g, Ab¨vb¨ MYgva¨‡g, cÖvwZôvwbK e¨e¯’vcbvq Ges Ggb wK Kw¤úDUv‡i B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡gI we‡qi cvÎ cvÎxi †LvuR cvIqv hvq|

we‡qi Abyôvb ïiæ nq ÔK‡b †`LvÕ Abyôv‡bi ga¨ w`‡q| K‡b‡K bvbvwea cÖkœ K‡i I †LvuR Lei wb‡q cvÎ c‡¶i cQ›` n‡j we‡qi cvKv K_v †`qv nq| bvixi Rb¨ Avek¨Kxq ¸Y wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq ˆ`wnK †mŠ›`h©, wek¦¯ÍZv, AvwfRvZ¨, AvbyMZ¨, N‡ii Kv‡R cvi`wk©Zv BZ¨vw`| Avi cyiæ‡li †¶‡Î we‡ePbv Kiv nq DcvR©b¶gZv| j¶¨ ivLv nq †hb cyiæl bvixi †P‡q †ekx eqmx I wk¶v `x¶vq †ekx nq| mv¤cÖwZK Kv‡j bvixi DcvR©b ¶gZv we‡qi Rb¨ evowZ ¸Y wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡jI c~‡e©i aviYv envj Av‡Q| we‡qi wm×všÍ (engagement) n‡j ÔcvbwPwbÕ Abyôv‡bi weevn we‡”Q‡` cyiæ‡li

AvwacZ¨ cÖwZwôZ|

cyiæl‡`i GKvwaK weevn I c~b:weevn mgm¨vRbK bq|

gva¨‡g mKj‡K wgwógyL Kiv‡bv nq| we‡qi Av‡M ÔMv‡q njy`Õ Abyôv‡b ÁvwZ m¤ú‡K©i mKj gyieŸxMY njy` w`‡q Avkxe©v` K‡ib| Mv‡q njy` AbyôvbwU GK w`‡K agx©q Mv¤¢xh©c~Y©| Ab¨ w`‡K AvZ¥xq ¯^Rb wg‡j is †Ljvq †g‡Z D‡V G‡K Avb›`gq K‡i †Zv‡jb|

we‡qi ïiæ †_‡K mKj Abyôv‡b ÁvwZ †Mvôx I `~i `~iv‡šÍi AvZ¥xq ¯^Rb AskMÖnY K‡ib| Z‡e mKj Abyôv‡b bv n‡jI we‡qi Abyôv‡b mK‡ji Dcw¯’wZ A‡bKUv eva¨Zvg~jK| we‡qi Abyôvb A‡bKw`b a‡i P‡j| me wg‡j ÁvwZ †Mvôx I mgv‡Ri †jvK‡`i Rvbv‡bv I LvIqv `vIqvi ga¨

w`‡q we‡q mvgvwRK ¯^xK…wZ jvf K‡i| MÖvgv‡j LvIqv `vIqvi eo Av‡qvRb Kivi Rb¨ cÖvwZôvwbK myweav bv _vKvq mgv‡Ri †jvKRb GK‡Î KvR K‡ib I ˆZRmcÎ Av‡qvRb K‡ib| we‡q ZvB mvgvwRK Drm‡ei b¨vq iƒc jvf K‡i| kn‡i we‡q Av‡qvR‡bi Rb¨ Ni fvov cvIqv hvq Ges evwYwR¨Kfv‡e LvIqv `vIqv, mvRm¾v mewKQy Kiv hvq|

A_©‰bwZK †jb‡`b

we‡qi A_©‰bwZK welq n‡”Q †gvnivbv I †hŠZzK cÖ`vb| Bmjvg ag© g‡Z we‡qi Pzw³ m¤úv`b Kv‡j cvÎx‡K A_© cÖ`v‡bi A½xKvi Ki‡Z nq cv·K| GB A½xKvi Kvwebbvgvq †jLv _v‡K| wKš‘ †h cwigvY A_© Kvwebbvgvq †jLv _v‡K Zvi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Ask ÔDmyjÕ ev cÖ`vb Ki‡Z nq| Kvweb bvgvq D‡jøwLZ Abv`vqx A_© cvÎx‡K cieZx©‡Z Aek¨B cÖ`vb Ki‡Z nq| we‡qi ci K‡b‡K †`b ‡gvni

†`qvi weavb gymwjg mgv‡R ag©xq fv‡e Avek¨Kxq KZ©e¨ wnmv‡e cÖwZwôZ| GwU bvixi A_©‰bwZK I mvgvwRK wbivcËvi wbðqZv weavb K‡i| evsjv‡`‡ki gymwjg mgv‡R †`b †gvni †`qv ¯^vgxi Rb¨

Aek¨ KZ©e¨ n‡jI ev¯Í‡e A‡bK †¶‡Î Zv h_vh_fv‡e Abym„Z nq bv| Gi d‡j †Kej ag©xq weavbB jsNb Kiv nq bv, eis bvix‡`i Zv‡`i cÖvc¨ AwaKvi †_‡K ewÂZ Kiv nq| ev¯Í‡e †ekxi fvM bvix GB A_© Pvb bv KviY Zvn‡j `v¤úZ¨ m¤ú‡K© P¨v‡jÄ ˆZix nq| †gvnivbvi cwigvY wba©vwiZ nq cvÎ c¶ I cvÎx c‡¶i mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK gh©v`vi Dci wfwË K‡i| abx †kªYxi cvÎx c¶ †gvnivbvi cwigvY A‡bK †ekx wjwLZ ivL‡Z Pvb| cvÎ c‡¶i †P‡q cvÎx c‡¶i Av_©- mvgvwRK gh©v`v †ekx n‡j cvÎ AwaK A_© cÖ`vb K‡ib| GwU cY (bride price) †`qv Ges G ai‡bi we‡q‡K Ôc‡Yi we‡qÕ ejv nq| ¯^vfvweK wbqg n‡”Q cvÎ c¶ Kb¨v mvRv‡bvi Rb¨ ¯^Y©vj¼vimn hveZxq `ªe¨vw` cÖ`vb K‡ib| Avi cvÎx c¶ cvÎ mvRv‡bvi †cvkvK, AvswU I Ab¨vb¨ miÄvgvw`

cÖ`vb K‡ib| Dciš‘ cvÎx c¶ cvÎx‡KI ¯^Y©vj¼vimn Ab¨vb¨ miÄvgvw` w`‡q _v‡Kb| cvÎx †h‡nZz cÖPwjZ wbq‡g cv‡Îi evox A_v©r k¦ïivj‡q evm Kivi Rb¨ hvb, †m‡nZz weQvbvcÎmn wbZ¨

cÖ‡qvRbxq `ªe¨vw` †`qvI ¯^vfvweK wbq‡gi g‡a¨ c‡o|

¯^vfvweK †jb‡`‡bi evB‡i †hŠZzK (dowry) we‡klfv‡e ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| cvÎc¶ g~j¨evb `ªe¨vw` †hgb Nwo, †iwWI, mvB‡Kj, †Uwjwfkb, AvmevecÎ, Mvox BZ¨vw` Ô`vexÕ (demand) K‡i _v‡Kb|

GQvov cvÎ c¶ †gvUv A‡¼i A_©I `vex K‡ib| A‡bK mgq ¯^Y©vj¼vi, Rwg I evoxI cÖ`vb Kiv nq| Bmjv‡g K‡bi evev ei‡K ÔwRnvgÕ ev e¨envi‡hvM¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq AvmevecÎvw` †`qvi ixwZ cÖPwjZ| wKš‘ †hŠZzK †`qv ev †bqv Bmjv‡g wbwl× ev ÔnvivgÕ| wKš‘ Kb¨vi ˆcwÎK m¤ú‡`i AwaKvi bv _vKvq wn›`y mgv‡R †hŠZzK cÖ_vi cÖPjb ïiæ nq| wn›`y mgv‡Ri AbyKi‡Y evsjv‡`‡ki gymjgvb mgv‡R †hŠZz‡Ki AbycÖ‡ek I e¨wß N‡U‡Q| wn›`y m¤úÖ`v‡qi g‡a¨ †hŠZzK cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ GKwU hyw³

†`Lv‡bv nq †h we‡qi ci †g‡q Zvi evev-gvi m¤úwËi DËivwaKvix n‡e bv| myZivs we‡qi mgq m¤ú` cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e hv †hŠZzK wn‡m‡e MY¨| gymjgvb m¤ú`ªv‡q bvix‡`i ˆcwÎK m¤úwˇZ DËivwaKv‡ii wbqg _vK‡jI ev¯Í‡e †hŠZzK cÖ`vb Kivi ixwZ Pvjy Av‡Q| G‡Z †`Lv hv‡”Q †h †g‡qi cwievi‡K we‡qi Abyôv‡bi LvIqv`vIqv BZ¨vw` LiP, cvÎcvÎx mvRv‡bvi LiP Ges †hŠZz‡Ki LiP enb Ki‡Z n‡”Q| we‡qi mgq †hŠZz‡Ki †Kvb `vex bv Kiv n‡jI we‡qi ci A‡bK mgq ¯^vgx

we‡qi A_©‰bwZK welq n‡”Q †gvnivbv I †hŠZzK|

bvix‡`i‡K †gvnivbv †`qv nq bv| cyiælMY‡K †hŠZzK cÖ`vb eva¨Zvg~jK n‡q hv‡”Q| †hŠZzK cÖ`v‡b e¨_©

n‡j bvixiv wbh©vZ‡bi wkKv‡i cwiYZ nb|

†hŠZz‡Ki Rb¨ ¯¿xi Dci Pvc m„wó K‡ib| †hŠZzK cÖ`v‡b e¨_© nIqvq A‡bK bvix‡K AZ¨vPvi, wbh©vZb I nZ¨v Kiv n‡”Q| 10 bs BDwb‡Ui Av‡jvPbv †_‡K Rvbv hvq †h AwaKvsk bvix wbh©vZb I nZ¨vi NUbv N‡U ˆeevwnK m¤ú‡K©i bv‡g|

we‡q‡Z †gvnivbv I †hŠZzK QvovI Av‡iK ai‡bi A_©‰bwZK †jb‡`b nq| we‡q‡Z AskMÖnbKvix AwZw_eM© Dcnvi (gift) cÖ`vb K‡ib| we‡q‡Z †K wK Dcnvi w`‡jb Zv g‡b ivLv cÖ‡qvRb| KviY cieZx©‡Z Ab¨‡`i evox‡Z we‡qi Abyôv‡b ev Ab¨ †Kvb Abyôv‡b AšÍZ mg g~‡j¨i Dcnvi cÖ`vb KivUvB †iIqvR| GUv‡K Dcnvi wewbgq (gift exchange) ejv n‡q _v‡K| mvgvwRK m¤úK© i¶vi Rb¨ Dcnvi wewbg‡qi A_©bxwZ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i|

wj½xq ˆelg¨

gvbe cÖR‡b¥i avivevwnKZv eRvq Ges msi¶‡Yi wbwg‡Ë weevn e¨e¯’v‡K cÖwZwôZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| weevn e¨e¯’vi ga¨ w`‡q bvix cyiæl Zv‡`i PwiÎ msi¶Y, Aeva †hŠbvPvi wbqš¿Y I AvPiY mshZ Ki‡Z

†k‡L Ges e¨w³i Dci Gfv‡e mvgvwRK wbqš¿Y cÖwZwôZ nq| Bmjvg bvix‡K cyiæ‡li mgvb gh©v`v cÖ`vb K‡i‡Q Ges Bmjv‡g †Kvb wj½xq ˆelg¨‡K ¯^xKvi Kiv nqwb| bvixi b¨h¨ AwaKvi cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g Bmjvg bvix‡K gh©v`vi Avm‡b mgvmxb K‡i‡Q| we‡k¦ bvixi gh©v`v‡K K‡i‡Q gwngvwš^Z| wn›`y m¤úÖ`v‡qi g‡a¨ cyiæ‡li ag© i¶vi Rb¨ bvix‡K we‡q Kiv nq Avi we‡q KivUvB bvixi Rb¨ ag©|

wn›`y a‡g© we‡q‡Z bvixi Zvjv‡Ki AwaKvi, weaevi we‡qi AwaKvi me wKQy‡Z bvix wbM„nxZ nq|

gymjgvb m¤úÖ`v‡qi g‡a¨ we‡q GKwU Pzw³| GB Pzw³ m¤úvw`Z nq bvix I cyiæ‡li g‡a¨| we‡qi gva¨‡g †h cwievi MVb Kiv nq Zv‡Z bvixi Ae¯’vb ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| we‡qi D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv mšÍvb Rb¥`vb|

†m mšÍv‡bi Dci AwffveK‡Z¡i AwaKvi bvix I cyiæ‡li Df‡qi| we‡qi mgq bvixi m¤§wZi gva¨‡g AwaKvi ¯^xK…Z nq| ‡Kvb †Kvb †¶‡Î bvixi Dci ˆ`wnK I gvbwmK wbh©vZb Kiv nq| A‡bK cyiæl

¯¿xi AwaKv‡ii cÖwZ g‡bv‡hvMx n‡j Zv‡K Ôˆ¯¿YÕ e‡j †nq cÖwZcbœ Kiv nq| Zvi gv‡b cyiæ‡li GB ai‡bi AvPiY‡K ¯^vfvweK AvPi‡Y cwiYZ n‡Z †`qv nq bv| we‡qi ci bvix‡K wcZ…M„n †Q‡o k¦ïievox wM‡q bZzb m¤ú‡K©i g‡a¨ evm Ki‡Z nq| cyiælZvwš¿K mgv‡R bvixi Ae¯’vb Aa¯ÍbZvi|

Zvi m‡½ AcwiwPZ cwi‡e‡k emevm Zvi Ae¯’v‡K Av‡iv bvRyK K‡i †Zv‡j| Gi wecix‡Z hw`

†Kvb cyiæl we‡qi ci bvixi ˆcwÎK evox‡Z emevm K‡ib Zvn‡j Zv‡K ÔNiRvgvBÕ e‡j Zvgvkv Kiv nq| Gi A_© we‡qi ci bvix‡KB †h‡Z n‡e cyiæ‡li N‡i- cyiæl Avm‡Z cvi‡ebv bvixi N‡i|

Z‡e †Kvb †Kvb gymwjg mgvR e¨e¯’vq ¯’vbxq cÖ_v Abymv‡i cyiæl‡K bvixi N‡i ¯’vqxfv‡e emevm Ki‡Z nq| we‡q‡Z cyiælivB A_©‰bwZKfv‡e jvfevb nb cÖPzi †hŠZzK cÖvwßi ga¨ w`‡q| bvix n‡q hvb Avw_©K cÖvwßi Drm gvÎ|

†kªYx m¤úK©

wewfbœ †kªYxi g‡a¨ we‡qi m¤úK© I ai‡b cv_©K¨ cwijw¶Z nq| mvaviYfv‡e MÖv‡g †g‡q‡`i Aí eq‡m we‡q †`qvi †iIqvR Av‡Q| Z‡e MÖvgxY `wi`ª †kªYx A_©‰bwZK Pv‡c I mvgvwRK wbivcËvi Afv‡e Aí eq‡m we‡q w`‡q _v‡K| eZ©gv‡b Mv‡g©›Um KviLvbvi PvKzixi my‡hvM nIqvq eû AweevwnZ †g‡q Kv‡Ri my‡hvM †c‡q‡Q| Bmjvg a‡g© wjwLZ I †gŠwLK fv‡e we‡q m¤úbœ Kivi weavb i‡q‡Q| †gŠwLKfv‡e we‡q m¤úv`‡bi my‡hvM wb‡q ¯^v_©‡š^wl cyiæl KL‡bv KL‡bv G e¨e¯’vi Ace¨envi K‡i| d‡j wjwLZ fv‡e weevn m¤úv`‡bi Dci evsjv‡`‡k ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc Kiv nq Ges we‡qi wbeÜxKiY Avek¨Kxq Kiv n‡q‡Q| weevn GKwU mvgvwRK Pzw³ ZvB Ab¨vb¨ Pzw³i b¨vq GwUI wjwLZfv‡e m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ Bmjv‡g wb‡`©k i‡q‡Q| ZeyI evsjv‡`‡k gymwjg mgv‡R `wi`ª‡`i g‡a¨ †gŠwLK we‡qi ixwZ cÖPwjZ| ÁvwZ

†Mvôx I mgvR‡K `vIqvZ K‡i LvIqv‡bvi mvg_© Zv‡`i †bB| A‡bK mgq LiP evuPv‡bvi Rb¨ †g‡q‡K

†Q‡j evox‡Z wb‡q †mLv‡b K‡jgv c‡o we‡q †`qv nq| G‡K Ô†Zvjv weqvÕ ejv n‡q _v‡K| `wi`ª †kªYxi we‡q‡ZI †hŠZz‡Ki Pvc co‡Q| †hŠZz‡Ki `vex‡Z weevn we‡”Q`I NU‡Q| Z‡e †gŠwLK we‡q‡Z AvBbx RwUjZv Kg _vKvq weevn we‡”Q` mnR g‡b Kiv nq| `wi`ª †kªYx‡Z †g‡q‡`i cybwe©evn Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e mnR| weaev we‡q‡ZI mgm¨v Kg| kn‡i ew¯Íevmx‡`i g‡a¨ GKwU Rix‡ci djvd‡j

†`Lv hvq †h 40% Gi †Kvb Kvwebbvgv †bB, 29% Kvwebbvgv Ki‡jI m‡½ iv‡Lb bv, 20% Rv‡b bv Kvwebbvgv w`‡q wK n‡e (gvbœvb 1985)² | ew¯Íevmx‡`i g‡a¨ eû weev‡ni cÖPjbI †ekx|

kn‡ii wkw¶Z ga¨weË †kªYxi †KD †KD `wi`ª †kªYxi we‡q‡K mwVK we‡q e‡j g‡b K‡i bv| Zv‡`i aviYv `wi`ª †kªYxi Òwe‡qi †Kvb wbqg †bBÓ, Òwe‡q wVKgZ cov‡bv nqbvÓ, ÒZv‡`i †hŠb PP©vq AbvPvi fivÓ, ÒPwiÎnxbÓ, ÒA‰bwZKÓ BZ¨vw`| kn‡ii wkw¶Z ga¨weË †kªYx‡Z GK cwZ cZœx we‡qi gZv`k©

cÖwZwôZ| †hŠ_ cwiev‡ii cwie‡Z© GKK cwievi MV‡bi cÖeYZv GB †kªYx‡ZB †ekx| GKK cwievi MV‡bi g~j Drm wn‡m‡e we‡q ZvB Zv‡`i Kv‡Q AwaK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© n‡q DV‡Q| we‡qi mKj wbqgKvbyb cvjb, AvbyôvwbKZv, †hŠZzK Ges weevn evwl©Kx cvjb BZ¨vw` wkw¶Z I kû‡i ga¨weË †kªYxi g‡a¨B me©vwaK|

2 Mannan MA, A Study of Marriage, Divorce and Separation Among Slum Dwelling Women in Dhaka City, Bangladesh Society for the Enforcement of Human Rights, Dhaka, 1985.

mvivsk

we‡q mvgvwRK Rxe‡b me©vwaK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖwZôvb wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…Z| evsjv‡`‡ki mgv‡R we‡q‡K esk i¶vi Rb¨ AZ¨vek¨K fvev nq| we‡q cwievi MV‡bi g~j Drm| Avi cwievi n‡”Q mgv‡Ri g~j GKK| we‡q‡Z mgZv cÖwZôvi w`‡K j¶¨ ivLv nq| mvaviYZ `yB ag©, †Mvôx I c`gh©v`vi g‡a¨

hv‡`i Ae¯’vb GKB iK‡gi Zv‡`i g‡a¨ ˆeevwnK m¤úK© ¯’vwcZ nq| Z‡e Gi e¨wZµg Av‡Q|

Av‡qvwRZ we‡qi msL¨vB †ekx| Z‡e †cÖ‡gi we‡q‡KI kû‡i ga¨weˇ`i g‡a¨ ¸iæZ¡ †`qv nq|

ˆeevwnK m¤úK© ¯’vc‡bi mgq AvZ¥xqZv I m¤úK© we¯Í…Z Kivi Rb¨ wbKUvZ¥xq‡`i g‡a¨ we‡q‡K AMÖvwaKvi †`qv nq bv| ¶gZv I m¤ú` e„w×i gva¨g wn‡m‡e we‡q KvR K‡i| †Kvb †Kvb †¶‡Î we‡q‡Z †Q‡j c¶ †g‡q c‡¶i KvQ †_‡K †hŠZzK Av`vq K‡ib| Bmjvwg weav‡b we‡qi Pzw³, Zvjv‡Ki AwaKvi, mšÍv‡bi AwffveKZ¡, cybwe©evn, mewKQy‡Z bvix cyiæ‡li mg I b¨vh¨ AwaKvi _vKv m‡Z¨I Zv h_vh_ cvwjZ bv nIqvq ev¯Íe †¶‡Î A‡bK mgq bvixi AwaKvi Le© nq| we‡q m‡e©vcwi GKwU mvgvwRK cÖwZôvb nIqvq we‡qi AvPvi Abyôv‡b mvgvwRKZv‡K cÖvavb¨ †`qv nq| `wi`ª †kªYx‡Z mvaviYZ †gŠwLKfv‡e we‡q m¤úbœ nq| G Kvi‡Y `wi`ª †kªYxi we‡qi †¶‡Î ZvjvK, bvixi cybwe©evn BZ¨vw` Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e mnR|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb

ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b - 1| c‡Yi we‡q wK?

K. cvÎc‡¶i †P‡q cvÎx c‡¶i Av_©-mvgvwRK gh©v`v †ekx n‡j cvÎ AwaK A_© cÖ`vb K‡ib

L. cvÎ c‡¶i gh©v`v †ekx nIqvq cvÎx c¶ AwaK A_© cÖ`vb K‡ib M. cvÎ c¶ I cvÎx c¶ wnmve K‡i we‡qi LiP mgvb fvM K‡ib N. cvÎ c‡¶i ‡P‡q cvÎx c‡¶i gh©v`v †ekx nIqvq †Kvb †jb‡`b nq bv

2| Bmjvg ag© g‡Z AbywôZ we‡q‡Z ¯¿x KLb ¯^vgx‡K ZvjvK w`‡Z cv‡ib?

K. msmv‡i ewbebv bv n‡j ¯¿x hLb B”Qv ZvjvK w`‡Z cv‡ib L. †g‡qi evev-gv ivRx _vK‡j ZvjvK w`‡Z cv‡ib

M. ¯¿x ZvjvK w`‡Z cv‡ib bv, ¯^vgx ZvjvK w`‡Z cv‡ib

N. Kvwebbvgvq ¯^vgx ¯¿x‡K ZvjvK †`evi ¶gZv cÖZ¨c©b Ki‡j ¯¿x ZvjvK w`‡Z cv‡ib

3| MÖv‡g †Kb evj¨weevn nq?

K. †g‡q mvevwjKv n‡j we‡q †`qv agx©q KZ©e¨ e‡j g‡b Kiv nq L. es‡ki B¾Z i¶v Kivi Rb¨

M. MÖv‡g †g‡q‡`i wbivcËvi Afve N. Dc‡ii me¸wj

4| wbKv we‡q wK?

K. Amg `yB c‡¶i g‡a¨ we‡q L. †hŠZzK nxb we‡q

M. weaevi cybwe©evn

N. ¯¿xi evox‡Z ¯^vgx _v‡Kb †h we‡q‡Z

msw¶ß cÖkœ

1| we‡qi mvgvwRKZv wKfv‡e cvjb Kiv nq?

2| D”P‡kªYx I wb¤œ‡kªYxi we‡qi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wK ai‡bi?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ

1| we‡qi cÖwZôv‡b wKfv‡e wj½xq ˆelg¨ cÖwZwôZ nq Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

2| evsjv‡`‡k we‡qi aib wK iKg? Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

cwievi

Family

GB cvVwU c‡o Avcwb Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb -

 AYy cwiev‡ii aviYv cvðvZ¨ †Kw›`ªK

 cÖvK Jcwb‡ewkK Kv‡j cwiev‡ii aiY wQj GKvbœeZx© ev †hŠ_

 Jcwb‡ewkK kvmbvg‡j Dcgnv‡`‡k cvwievwiK KvVv‡gv‡Z cwieZ©b m~wPZ n‡q‡Q

 evsjv‡`‡k cwiev‡ii MVb wewfbœ ai‡bi

 evsjv‡`‡k cwievi KvVv‡gv †kªYx m¤ú‡K©i m‡½ hy³

cwiev‡ii aviYv

cvðvZ¨ mgv‡R cwiev‡ii GKwU mnR msÁv cÖ`vb Kiv nq| cvðv‡Z¨i mvgvwRK ev¯ÍeZvq ¯^vgx-

¯¿x I Zv‡`i AcÖvß eq®‹ mšÍvb‡`i GK‡Î GK M„‡n emevm Kiv ¯^vfvweK| A_©vr cwievi gv‡b ¯^vgx-

¯¿x Ges Zv‡`i mšÍvb| cwiev‡ii ˆewkó¨ wn‡m‡e wba©vwiZ nq ˆeevwnK m¤ú‡K©i g‡a¨ GKRb bvix I GKRb cyiæl A_©vr ¯^vgx-¯¿xi ˆea †hŠb m¤úK©, cÖRbb Ges A_©‰bwZK mn‡hvwMZv| Gi m‡½ hy³ nq cwiev‡ii mvaviY Avevm¯’j A_©vr M„n¯’vjx (household)| GmKj ˆewk‡ó¨i Av‡jv‡K cvðv‡Z¨i mgvR weÁvbxMY cwiev‡ii msÁv `vuo Kivb| cwievi n‡”Q we‡qi gva¨‡g m„ó Ggb GKwU mvgvwRK `j hviv GK‡Î emevm K‡i, mšÍvb Rb¥`vb K‡i Ges A_©‰bwZKfv‡e mn‡hvwMZv K‡i| G msÁv Abyhvqx cwievi gv‡b AYycwievi (nuclear family)| cvðv‡Z¨i mgvR weÁvbxMY AYycwiev‡ii aviYvi Av‡jv‡K cwievi‡K wek¦Rbxb cÖwZôvb wn‡m‡e aviYv K‡ib| Zv‡`i aviYv cvðvZ¨ I AcvðvZ¨ mKj mgv‡RB we‡qi gva¨‡g ˆea †hŠb m¤úK© cÖwZwôZ nq Ges i³ m¤ú‡K©i g‡a¨ wbKUZg A_©vr mšÍvb mš‘wZ‡`i m‡½ GK‡Î emevm K‡i|

cÖvK Jcwb‡ewkK Kv‡ji GKvbœeZx© cwievi

e„wUk kvm‡bi c~‡e© Dcgnv‡`‡k eû wcZ…cÖavb I gvZ…m~Îxq Ges `ywUi mswgkªbmn wewfbœ ai‡bi msNe× msMVb wQj| G¸wj bvbvwea mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK cwiw¯’wZi m‡½ AvšÍm¤ú‡K©i d‡j µgvMZ cwiewZ©Z nw”Qj| evsjv A‡j me©vwaK cÖPwjZ wQj Pvi-cvuP cÖR‡b¥i GKvbœeZx© cwievi|

GwU i³ m¤úwK©Z gvbylR‡bi †hŠ_ ev †RvUe× mvgvwRK cÖwZôvb| Gi cÖavb ˆewkó¨ wQj †hŠ_Zv ev h~_e×Zv| hw`I i³ m¤úK© h~_e×Zvq gyL¨ f‚wgKv cvjb Ki‡Zv, G‡Z hy³ n‡Zv ˆeevwnK m¤úK©, †cvl¨, AvZ¥xqZv I eÜzZ¡| GB mKj cÖwZôvb‡K A‡b‡K †hŠ_ cwievi e‡j _v‡Kb|

g~j m¤úK© cÖwZwôZ n‡Zv ˆiwLK ÁvwZ (lineal kin) m~‡Î †hgb, `v`v-evev-‡Q‡j-bvwZ Ges cvwk¦©K ÁvwZm~‡Î (collateral kin) †hgb, `v`vi fvB, evevi fvB, PvPv‡Zv fvB| †hŠ_ cwiev‡ii AZ¨vek¨K ˆewkó¨ wQj m¤úwËi †hŠ_ Askx`vwiZ¡ (coparcenary)| m¤úwËi ZË¡veav‡bi `vwqZ¡

e‡qv‡R¨ô e¨w³i Kv‡Q _vK‡jI mKj cyiæl †m m¤úwËi mn-DËivwaKvix wQ‡jb| †hŠ_ cwiev‡ii m`m¨MY GK‡Î emevm Ki‡Zb, LvIqv `vIqv Ki‡Zb, agx©q I cvwievwiK Drme GK‡Î D`hvcb Ki‡Zb, mK‡ji Avq mvaviY m¤úwˇZ wewb‡qvM Ki‡Zb| Zviv gybvdv GK‡Î †fvM Ki‡Zb I mvaviY m¤úwË †_‡K mKj ai‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxq e¨q Ki‡Zb| K…wl wfwËK A_©bxwZ‡Z kª‡gi Pvwn`v

cvV - 2

cvðv‡Z¨ cwievi gv‡b AÜ cwievi| †mLv‡b ¯^vgx-¯¿x Zv‡`i AweevwnZ mšÍvb‡`i wb‡q GK‡Î evm K‡ib|

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cwiev‡ii m¤ú` w`‡qB Kiv n‡Zv| †hŠ_ cwiev‡ii m`m¨MY wk¶vMÖnY wKsev PvKzixi Rb¨ kn‡i Ae¯’vb Ki‡jI Zv‡`i m`m¨c` LvwiR n‡Zv bv| †Kvb Kvi‡Y we‡iv‡ai d‡j †hŠ_ cwievi †f‡½

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`wi`ª †kªYxiI j¶¨ wQj G ai‡bi cwievi MVb| wKš‘ cÖavbZ RbmsL¨vMZ I A_©‰bwZK Kvi‡Y

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Jcwb‡ewkK Avg‡j m~wPZ cwieZ©b

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†f‡½ cvðv‡Z¨i Av‡jv‡K cyYM©wVZ K‡i| A_©‰bwZK †¶‡Î cuywRev` (capitalism), gZv`wk©K

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n‡q Pzw³e× n‡eb bv| cvðv‡Z¨i MYZvwš¿K bxwZ wk¶v †`q †h GKRb e¨w³ KZ©„c‡¶i †bqv wm×všÍ webv cÖ‡kœ †g‡b †b‡eb bv| wm×v‡šÍi cÖwZ hw` e¨w³i mg_©b _v‡K Zvn‡jB KZ©„c¶ wm×všÍ MÖnY Ki‡Z cvi‡e| D`viZvev‡`i Av‡iKwU w`K n‡”Q hyw³ev` (rationalism)| cvðv‡Z¨i hyw³ev`

wk¶v †`q †h mbvZb cÖwZôvb I cÖ_v MÖnY‡hvM¨ n‡e bv hw` †m¸wj hyw³MÖvn¨ bv nq| cvðv‡Z¨i gZv`k© GB wk¶v †`q †h †Kvb wKQy cweÎ e‡j Aj•NYxq fveevi †Kvb hyw³ †bB| Awbevh©fv‡eB hyw³MÖvn¨ bv n‡j †h †Kvb cweÎ e‡j we‡ewPZ cÖwZôvb hyw³nxb nIqvi Kvi‡Y aŸsm Ki‡Z n‡e|

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cÖvK Jcwb‡ewkK Kv‡j evsjv A‡j me©vwaK cÖPwjZ wQj Pvi-cuvP cÖR‡b¥i GKvbœeZ©x †hŠ_

cwievi| Gi Ab¨Zg ˆewkó¨ wQj m¤úwËi †hŠ_

Askx`vwiZ¡|

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cwiev‡i I cyiæl ewnR©vMwZK †hgb ivR‰bwZK, A_©‰bwZK I mvs¯‹…wZK mKj Kv‡Ri Rb¨

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`vuo Kiv‡bv nq|

Jcwb‡ewkK Avg‡j m„ó iƒcvšÍ‡ii aviv evsjv‡`‡kI Pjgvb| †hme LwÛZ †hŠ_ cwievi GL‡bv wU‡K Av‡Q †m¸wj‡Z A_©‰bwZK wel‡q Ø›Ø m„wó nq| †hŠ_ cwiev‡ii A_©‰bwZK `vq `vwq‡Z¡i welq¸wj AvaywbKZvi cÖfv‡e cÖ‡kœi m¤§yLxb nq| gZv`wk©K †¶‡Î Ø›Ø cÖKU AvKvi aviY K‡i| †hŠ_

cwiev‡ii gZv`k© n‡”Q mn‡hvwMZvi| GB †hŠ_Zv wU‡K _v‡K †hŠ_ cwiev‡i †R¨ôZvi wfwˇZ KZ©„Z¡

†g‡b †bqvi Dci| †hŠ_ cwiev‡ii GB KZ©„Z¡ civqbZv e¨w³ ¯^vZš¿‡ev‡a D¾xweZ m`m¨‡`i g‡b we‡iv‡ai g‡bvfve Rb¥ †`q| AvaywbK wk¶v, A_©‰bwZK ¯^vaxbZv I MYZvwš¿K g~j¨‡eva aviY Kivi d‡j †hŠ_ cwiev‡ii Da©Zb-Aa¯Íb m¤úK©‡K A‡b‡KB †g‡b wb‡Z bvivR|

D‡jøL¨ †h cvðv‡Z¨i cwiev‡ii b¨vq kû‡i ga¨weË †kªYx †h AYycwievi MVb K‡i Zv‡ZI KZ©„Z¡civqb m¤úK© wU‡K _v‡K| GB me AYycwiev‡i cyiæl KZ©v GKbvqKmyjf AvPiY K‡ib I

¶gZv PP©v K‡ib| GmKj cwiev‡iI eq‡mi wfwˇZ gh©v`vi ¯ÍixKiY Kiv nq| mšÍvb‡`i g‡a¨I eq‡mi wfwˇZ gh©v`vi c„_KxKi‡Yi mvgvwRKxKiY Kiv nq| cvðv‡Z¨i mgZvi bxwZi cÖm½ Uvbv nq wVKB| wKš‘ AYy cwiev‡i bvix cyiæl m¤ú‡K© mgZv cÖwZwôZ nq bv| Zvi gv‡b cvðv‡Z¨i ey‡R©vqv e¨w³Zvwš¿K ˆbwZKZv cÖwZôvi bv‡g mbvZb ˆbwZKZvi iƒcvšÍi N‡U| wKš‘ GB iƒcvšÍwiZ ˆbwZKZv ˆelg¨g~jK|

evsjv‡`‡k cwiev‡ii MVb

evsjv‡`‡k mgv‡Ri ¶z`ª GKK wn‡m‡e cwievi I M„n¯’vjxi wbw`©ó aib wbY©q Kiv mgm¨vRbK|

KviY Gi iƒc wewfbœ ai‡bi Ges GwU AbeiZ cwieZ©bkxj| MÖv‡g mvgvwRK msMV‡bi me‡P‡q ¶z`ª GKK n‡”Q ÔNiÕ| GKwU N‡i mvaviYZ GKwU AYycwievi evm Ki‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ N‡ii cwiP‡q mewKQy AšÍ—fy©³ bq| M„n¯’vjx ej‡Z †evSvq ÔP‚jvÕ ev ÔLvbvÕ| GwU LvIqv `vIqvi GKK| GKwU Lvbvq A‡bK¸wj Ni hy³ _vK‡Z cv‡i| Lvbv n‡”Q Drcv`b I †fv‡Mi BDwbU| Lvbvi m`m¨MY Zv‡`i DcvR©b GKwÎZ K‡ib, Drcv`‡bi KvR GK‡Î K‡ib Ges wm×všÍ MÖnY K‡ib| GKwU Lvbvq GKwU AYycwievi, K‡qKwU AYycwievi Ges i³ m¤ú‡K©i I ˆeevwnK m¤ú‡K©i Ab¨vb¨ m`m¨MY _vK‡Z cv‡ib| K‡qKwU Ni I Lvbv wb‡q M‡o D‡V ÔevoxÕ| †fŠ‡MvwjK fv‡e Ni I Lvbv¸wj M‡o D‡V A‡bKUv e„ËvKvi fv‡e Ges ga¨¯’‡j dvuKv RvqMv ev Avw½bv †i‡L| me N‡ii evwm›`vMY GB Avw½bv mvaviYfv‡e e¨envi K‡ib| GKwU evoxi mKj M„n¯’vjx mvaviYZ i‡³i m¤ú‡K© m¤úwK©Z|

evoxi GB GKKwU‡K †Mvôx ejv nq| Z‡e †Mvôx Av‡iv eo n‡Z cv‡i Ges A‡bK¸wj G ai‡bi Jcwb‡ewkK kvm‡bi

cÖfv‡e Dcgnv‡`‡k gZv`wk©K iƒcvšÍi N‡U|

Gi cÖfv‡e †hŠ_ cwievi KvVv‡gv †f‡½ hvq|

MÖv‡g mvgvwRK msMV me‡P‡q ¶z`ª GKK n ÔNiÕ| wKš‘ N‡ii cwiP mewKQy AšÍf©y³ bq|

M„n¯’vjx ej‡Z †evSvq ÔP ev ÔLvbvÕ †hwU LvIqv

`vIqvi GKK|

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K‡i _v‡K| Lvbvi cÖavb e¨w³‡K KZ©v ev gvwjK ejv nq| evoxi cÖavb n‡”Qb ÔgyiæeŸxÕ| GB gyiæeŸx evoxi c¶ †_‡K evoxi evB‡i cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡ib| evoxi †fZ‡i m`m¨M‡Yi SMov I we‡iva cÖavbZ evox‡ZB wggvsmv Kivi D‡`¨vM MÖnY Kiv nq|

cyiælZvwš¿K mgvR e¨e¯’vi d‡j Lvbvi cÖavb cyiæl n‡q _v‡Kb| Z‡e weevn fv½b A_ev Aemvb,

¯^vgxi g„Zz¨ Ges ¯^vgx M„n Z¨vM Kivi Kvi‡Y bvix-cÖavb Lvbv m„wó n‡”Q| G¸wj AvBbZ bvix-cÖavb (dejure)| GQvov Awbw`©ó Kv‡ji Rb¨ cyiæl m`m¨ Abycw¯’Z _vKvq Kvh©Ki (defacto) bvix- cÖavb Lvbv m„wó n‡q _v‡K| evsjv‡`‡k cwimsL¨vb ey¨‡ivi wn‡m‡e †`Lv hvq †h 1996 m‡b evsjv‡`‡k bvix-cÖavb Lvbvi kZvsk me©‡gvU M„n¯’vjxi 3.48%| cÖK„Zc‡¶ bvix- cÖavb Lvbvi msL¨v Av‡iv †ekx n‡e| KviY cwimsL¨v‡b †Kvb Lvbvq ¯^vgx bv _vK‡jI cyÎ ev †Kvb cÖvß eq¯‹

cyiæl _vK‡j †m cyiæl‡KB Lvbv cÖavb we‡ePbv Kiv n‡q _v‡K| Avevi Ggb A‡bK Lvbv Av‡Q

†hLv‡b ¯^vgx Abycw¯’Z| eû weev‡ni Kvi‡Y ¯^vgx Ab¨Î emevm Ki‡Z cv‡ib| A‡b‡Ki ¯^vgx MÖv‡gi evB‡i ev kn‡i KvR K‡ib| Kvh©Z Gme Lvbv¸wjI bvix-cÖavb| ¯^vgx Dcw¯’Z _vK‡jI bvix cÖavb DcvR©bKvix wn‡m‡eI bvix-cÖavb Lvbv m„wó nq| A‡bK †¶‡Î ¯^vgx Amy¯’, A¶g, †eKvi nIqvi Kvi‡Y A‡_©vcvR©b Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv| Gme Lvbv¸wjI Kvh©Z bvix-cÖavb Lvbv| bvix-cÖavb M„n¯’vjxi g‡a¨ †h me bvix Rwgi gvwjK Zviv Zv‡`i wcZvi ev gvZvi es‡ki cyiæl AvZ¥xq‡K wb‡q Av‡mb Pvlvev` Z`viKx‡Z mvnvh¨ Kivi Rb¨| Z‡e AwaKvsk bvix-cÖavb Lvbv `vwi`ª I wbivcËvnxbZvi Kvi‡Y wecbœ Ae¯’vq c‡o| cÖPwjZ aviYvi wecix‡Z A_©vr cyiæl cÖavb bv nIqvq Gme cwievi‡K ÔwePz¨ZÕ a‡i wb‡q mgvR gZv`wk©K fv‡e †nq cÖwZcbœ K‡i|

A‡bK M‡elYvq †`Lv †M‡Q †h M„n¯’vjxi weKv‡ki GKwU Pµ Av‡Q (R¨vb‡mb 1987)<sup>1</sup> | GKwU Av`k© M„n¯’vjxi aib n‡”Q ewa©Z ev AvswkK †hŠ_ cwievi| GB ewa©Z cwiev‡i evev-gv Zv‡`i AweevwnZ Kb¨v I cyÎ, weevwnZ cyÎ Ges bvwZ-bvZbx‡`i wb‡q emevm K‡ib| ewa©Z cwiev‡ii KZ©vi g„Zz¨ n‡j aviYv Kiv nq †h †Q‡j‡`i g‡a¨ †R¨ô A_ev me‡P‡q eyw×gvb I DcvR©bKvix †Q‡j M„n¯’vjxi KZ©v n‡eb Ges ewa©Z cwieviwU wU‡K _vK‡e| †`Lv hvq †h AwaK Rwgi gvwjKvbv Av‡Q

†hme M„n¯’vjxi mvaviYZ †m¸wji MVb AwaK RwUj AvKvi aviY K‡i| mvaviYZ ewa©Z cwieviwUi

†Q‡jiv m¤úwË fvM K‡i K‡qKwU AYycwievi wKsev K‡qKwU RwUj MV‡bi cwiev‡i wef³ n‡q c‡o| AYy cwievi ¸wj Avevi m¤úÖmvwiZ nq Ges Av`k© M„n¯’vjxi Ae¯’vq †cuŠuQvq|

abx †kªYxi cwievi

MÖv‡g abx †kªYxi M„n¯’vjx¸wj ewa©Z I eo cwievi MV‡bi Dci †Rvi w`‡q _v‡K| GB ai‡bi AvswkK

†hŠ_ cwievi¸wj mvgvwRK gh©v`v jvf K‡i| G¸wji mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK wbivcËvI AwaK|

Gme K…lKMY †hŠ_ cwiev‡i _vKvi c¶cvZx| abx K…l‡Ki †hŠ_ cwievi `xN©w`b wU‡K _v‡K Rwg fvM bv Kivi Kvi‡Y| Rwg fvM bv nIqvq weevwnZ †Q‡jiv Zv‡`i mšÍvbmn AšÍZ wcZvi g„Zz¨ ch©šÍ

†hŠ_ cwiev‡i evm K‡ib| Pvlvev‡`i Kv‡R mn‡hvwMZvi Rb¨ abx K…lKMY‡K †cvl¨ cyÎ MÖnb Ki‡Z

†`Lv hvq| A‡bK mgq abx M„n¯’vjx‡Z ¯’vqx Kg©Pvix ivLv nq hviv †hŠ_ cwiev‡iB evm K‡ib| abx

1 Jansen E.G, Rural Bangladesh: Competition for Scarce Resources, UPL, Dhaka,1987.

lKMY †hŠ_ cwiev‡i _vKvi c¶cvZx| abx K…lK eo cwievi `xN©w`b wUwK‡q Z cv‡ib Rwg fvM bv K‡i|

GKwU Av`k© M„n¯’vjxi aib n‡”Q ewa©Z ev AvswkK

†hŠ_ cwievi|

K…lKMY `~ieZx© AvZ¥xq¯^R‡bi g‡a¨ `wi`ª AvZ¥xq‡`i‡KI Kv‡R mn‡hvwMZvi Rb¨ wb‡q Av‡mb|

weevn we‡”Q` wKsev weaev nIqvi Kvi‡Y A‡bK bvix Zv‡`i mšÍvbmn abx K…l‡Ki M„n¯’vjx‡Z GK‡Î emevm K‡ib| abxK…lKM‡Yi ewa©Z cwiev‡i A‡bK Abycw¯’Z m`m¨ _v‡Kb| wb‡R‡`i cÖfve, gh©v`v I ¶gZv e„w×i Rb¨ abx K…lKMY mšÍvb wKsev fvB‡`i kn‡i †jLvcov Kivi Rb¨ I PvKzixi Rb¨ †cÖiY K‡ib| kn‡i emevm Ki‡jI RwgRgv Awef³ _vKvq MÖv‡gi †hŠ_ cwiev‡i Zviv A_©

†cÖiY K‡ib I bvbvfv‡e mvnvh¨ mn‡hvwMZv cÖ`vb K‡ib| Gfv‡e †`Lv hvq †h Rwg †hŠ_ cwiev‡ii GKvZ¡Zvi cÖavb Drm|

mvaviYZ DËivwaKvi e›U‡bi d‡j Rwg fvM n‡q LwÛZ I ¶z`ª AvKvi aviY K‡i| wKš‘ abx K…l‡Ki

†¶‡Î †`Lv hvq †h Zv‡`i wewfbœ ai‡bi Av‡qi Drm Ges bM` A_© _vKvq Rwg LwÛZKiY †iva Ki‡Z cv‡ib Ges †mwU‡KB ¸iæZ¡ †`b| DËivwaKvi fvMvfvwM n‡q †M‡jI Zv †hŠ_Zv‡K bm¨vr K‡i bv| Zviv GKB evox‡Z cvkvcvwk evm K‡ib| fvMvfvwMi ev¯Íe A_© A‡bK mgq `vuovq N‡ii cv‡k bZzb ÔP‚jvÕ emv‡bv Ges LvIqv `vIqvi c„_K Av‡qvRb Kiv| A_©vr abx K…lKMY GKB Avw½bvq emevm, ci¯ú‡ii m‡½ Nwbó †hvMv‡hvM I m¤úK© i¶v, mvnvh¨ mn‡hvwMZv Kiv, Drme GK‡Î D`hvcb Kiv BZ¨vw` bvbvfv‡e †hŠ_ cwiev‡ii HK¨ i¶v K‡ib|

Z‡e Rwg AZ¨šÍ g~j¨evb nIqvq abx K…lK M„n¯’vjx‡Z msNl© cÖKU n‡q D‡V| Rwg e›Ub‡K †K›`ª K‡i m‡›`n I lohš¿ `vbv euv‡a| agx©q AvB‡b e›Ub ixwZ †eu‡a †`qv Av‡Q| Zey ‡`Lv hvq †h bvbvwea Dcv‡q Rwgi I m¤ú‡`i Amg e›Ub n‡q _v‡K| A‡b‡K e›U‡bi c~‡e©B Kv‡iv Kv‡iv bv‡g Rwg †iwRw÷ª K‡i †`b| A‡bK †Q‡j †hŠ_ cwiev‡i Zv‡`i Ae`vb †ekx `vex K‡i AwaK Rwg MÖnY K‡ib| A‡bK †¶‡Î abx †kªYxi KZ©v wb‡Ri B”Qv I cQ›`gZ Rwg e›U‡bi DBj Ki‡Z cv‡ib hv ˆelg¨g~jK n‡Z cv‡i| A‡bK mgq †hŠ_ cwiev‡ii KZ©vi g„Zz¨i ci Zvi ¯¿x RwgRgv GKwÎZ ivL‡Z AcviM nb| A‡bK mgq Rwgi cwigvY Kg n‡j fvM ev‡Uvqvivi ci e„× gv Zvi mšÍvb‡`i Øviv wbM„nxZ n‡q _v‡Kb| Avevi A‡bK mgq ga¨ eq¯‹ bvix Zvi ¯^vgxi g„Zz¨i ci †hŠ_ cwiev‡ii

†bZ…Z¡ †`b| cyiælZvwš¿K Pvc wKQyUv Kgvi d‡j Zviv ¯^vaxbZv †fvM K‡ib Ges MÖvgxY mgv‡R ¶gZv PP©v K‡ib|

`wi`ª K…lK cwievi

MÖv‡g f‚wgnxb `wi`ª K…lK‡`i M„n¯’vjxi MVb I weKv‡k f‚wg wKsev g~j¨evb m¤ú‡`i †Kvb f‚wgKv

†bB| GBme cwievi A‡bK mšÍvb Rb¥`vb Ki‡Z Pvb KviY mšÍvbMY wewfbœ fv‡e Avq DcvR©b K‡i cwiev‡i A‡_©i †hvMvb †`q Ges e„× eq‡m fib †cvlY K‡i| mšÍvbMYB A_©‰bwZKfv‡e g~j¨evb m¤ú`| †`Lv hvq Qq ermi †_‡KB †Q‡j‡g‡qiv msmv‡ii Avq †ivRMvi I M„nK‡g© mn‡hvwMZv K‡i M„n¯’vjx‡Z Ae`vb iv‡Lb| †Q‡jiv we‡qi ciI wKQyKvj evev gvi m‡½ _v‡Kb Ges A_©‰bwZK mn‡hvwMZv cÖ`vb K‡ib| wKš‘ `wi`ª cwiev‡i Avq †ivRMv‡i ˆelg¨ wb‡q Lye mn‡RB we‡iv‡ai m~ÎcvZ n‡Z cv‡i| GK‡Î emev‡mi Av`k© Zv‡`i g‡a¨ KvR K‡i wKš‘

Avw_©K m½wZ bv _vKvq Zv m¤¢e nq bv| Z‡e `wi`ª cwiev‡iI AYycwievi nIqvi m¤¢vebv ¶xY|

weevwnZ cyÎMY AwaKvsk mgq fvMvfvwM K‡i †QvU fvB‡evb I evev gv‡K A_©‰bwZK fv‡e mn‡hvwMZvi `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib| `wi`ª M„n¯’vjx‡Z Lye Nb Nb m`m¨‡`i AšÍf©yw³ cwiewZ©Z nq Zv‡`i Avw_©K Ae¯’vi m‡½ wgj †i‡L| †hgb erm‡i †h mgq Avw_©K Ae¯’v fv‡jv _v‡K †m mgq †h

†Q‡j me‡P‡q †ekx fv‡jv Ae¯’vq _v‡K †mB †Q‡j †ekx `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib| hLb Avw_©K Ae¯’v Lvivc _v‡K ZLb M„n¯’vjxi m`m¨MY Ab¨ M„n¯’vjx‡Z LvIqv `vIqv K‡ib A_ev wb‡RivB c„_K M„n¯’vjx ¯’vcb K‡i evuPvi msMÖvg Pvjvb|

kn‡i cwiev‡ii aib

evsjv‡`‡k kni¸wj GL‡bv MÖvg †_‡K cy‡ivcywi wew”Qbœ bq| ejv n‡q _v‡K †h kni DbœZ nIqvi Kvi‡Y Gi RbmsL¨v e„w× cvq wb eis MÖv‡gi Ae¯’v AZ¨waK Lvivc nIqvi Kvi‡Y `wi`ª gvbyl kn‡i Awfevmb K‡i‡Q| G‡K A‡b‡K kn‡ii K…lK mvgvwRKxKiY ev peasantization of cities I e‡j _v‡Kb| kn‡i wb¤œ ga¨weË I `wi`ª †kªYxi g‡a¨I ewa©Z M„n¯’vjx ev wgkª M„n¯’vjxi aib †`Lv hvq| MÖvg †_‡K kn‡i AwfevmbK…Z M„n¯’vjx¸wj‡K A‡bKUv AYycwiev‡ii b¨vq †`Lvq| wKš‘ j¶¨

Ki‡j †`Lv hvq †h GmKj cwiev‡ii wbweo m¤úK© weivR K‡i MÖv‡gi AvZ¥xq ¯^R‡bi m‡½ A_ev Zv‡`i g~j M„n¯’vjxi m‡½| G Kvi‡Y kn‡ii M„n¯’vjxi aib †evSvi Rb¨ Rxebhvcb c×wZ ev mode of living †`Lv Riæix| Zvi gv‡b †Kej GKB ¯’v‡b emevm (co-residence) I GKm‡½ LvIqv

`vIqv (common kitchen) Øviv M„n¯’vjxi †hŠ_Zv †evSv hvq bv| †hŠ_Zv A‡bK mgq cÖwZwôZ nq m¤úK© Øviv| Ges M„n¯’vjxi aib hvPvB Kiv hvq Gi Kvh©Kjvc Øviv functional unit wn‡m‡e|

XvKv kn‡i Ggb eû M„n¯’vjx Av‡Q hv‡Z GKRb cyiæl ev bvix m`m¨ KvR Kivi Rb¨ XvKvq _v‡Kb wKš‘ Zv‡`i AvZ¥xq ¯^Rb MÖv‡g evm K‡ib| MÖv‡gi g~j M„n¯’vjx‡Z Zviv A_© †cÖiY K‡ib, Amy¯’Zvq cv‡k _v‡Kb Ges wbqwgZ †hvMv‡hvM iv‡Lb| XvKvq emevmKv‡jI Zviv GKv evm K‡ib bv|

nq‡Zvev Zviv Ab¨ †Kvb AYycwiev‡ii m‡½ Ni fvM K‡i _v‡Kb A_ev K‡qKRb mnKgx© wg‡j GKm‡½ †g‡m _v‡Kb| GB ai‡bi M„n¯’vjx‡K AYy cwievi ejv hv‡e bv| kn‡i emevmKvix A‡bK

¯^vgx-¯¿x-mšÍvb cwiev‡i A_©‰bwZK mvnvh¨, M„nK‡g© mn‡hvwMZv, m¼U Kv‡j gvbwmK wbivcËv BZ¨vw`i Rb¨ MÖvg †_‡K AvZ¥xq ¯^Rb‡`i G‡b ivLv nq| †hme cwiev‡i bvix Kg©Rxex Av‡Qb

†mLv‡b †QvU mšÍvb‡`i h_vh_ †`Lv‡kvbv I gvbwmK weKv‡ki Rb¨ e„× evev-gv wKsev wbKUvZ¥xq‡`i wb‡q Avmv nq| kn‡i emevmKvix A‡b‡KB †QvU fvB †evb‡`i wk¶vi my‡hvM †`evi Rb¨ kn‡i wb‡q Av‡mb I GK‡Î emevm K‡ib| A‡bK ¯^vgx-¯¿x-mšÍvb cwievi kn‡i c„_K fv‡e emevm Ki‡jI MÖv‡gi evox I AvZ¥xq ¯^Rb‡`i m‡½ gvbwmK GKvZ¡Zv Abyfe K‡ib| Zviv AvZ¥xq‡`i cÖwZ `vwqZ¡

I KZ©e¨ cvjb K‡ib Ges QywU‡Z I Drme D`hvc‡bi Rb¨ MÖv‡gi evox‡Z hvb|

m‡e©vcwi ivóªxq D‡`¨v‡M mvgvwRK wbivcËv (security) e¨e¯’v Kg| †Kej wKQy PvKzixRxex †cbkvb cvb I e¨w³MZ D‡`¨v‡M A‡b‡K jvBd BÝy‡iÝ cwjwm MÖnY K‡ib| mvgvwRK wbivcËv e¨e¯’v e¨vcK bv nIqvq Amz¯’Zv, nVvr g„Zz¨, PvKzix‡Z QvuUvB, `yN©Ubv BZ¨vw` †gvKv‡ejvi Rb¨ †hŠ_ cwiev‡ii eÜb wkw_j n‡jI wUwK‡q ivLv e¨ZxZ weKí †bB| kn‡i PvKzixRxex‡`i Av‡qi cwigvY Kg nIqvq MÖv‡g emevmKvix cwiev‡ii m‡½ A‡b‡K †hŠ_fv‡e K…wl Drcv`b K‡ib| MÖv‡g Drcbœ K…wl cY¨

†hgb Pvj, Wvj, †cuqvR, imyb BZ¨vw` kn‡ii evmvq wb‡q Av‡mb| myZivs A_©‰bwZK Pv‡ci Kvi‡YI cvwievwiK †hŠ_Zv †_‡K wew”Qbœ nIqv m¤¢e bq|

`wi`ª cwiev‡iI GK‡Î emev‡mi Av`k© KvR K‡i|

wKšÍ Avw_©K m½wZ bv _vKvq Zv m¤¢e nq bv|

kn‡i wb¤œ ga¨weË I `wi`ª

†kªYxi g‡a¨I ewa©Z M„n¯’vjx ev wgkª M„n¯’vjxi aib †`Lv hvq|

mvivsk

GB cv‡Vi Av‡jvPbv †_‡K †`Lv hvq †h cvðv‡Z¨i AYy cwiev‡ii aviYv evsjv‡`‡k cy‡ivcywi Kvh©Ki bq| Jcwb‡ewkK kvmb Dcgnv‡`‡k mvgvwRK msMV‡b eo ai‡bi cwieZ©b NUvq| ejv hvq cyi‡bv msMVb¸wj‡K aŸsm K‡i bZzb iƒ‡c bZzbfv‡e MVb K‡i| cÖvK-Jcwb‡ewkK Kv‡j evsjv A‡j cÖPwjZ wQj Pvi cvuP cÖR‡b¥i GKvbœeZx© †hŠ_ cwievi| Jcwb‡ewkK Kv‡j cuywRev`, mgZv, hyw³ev`

I e¨w³¯^vZš¿ev‡`i gZv`k© GKvbœeZx© cwievi KvVv‡gv‡Z cwieZ©b Av‡b| GKvbœeZx© cwievi fv½‡Z ïiæ K‡i| evsjv‡`‡k kniv‡j AYy cwievi †`Lv hvq| MÖvgv‡j Av`k© M„n¯’vjxi aib n‡”Q ewa©Z ev AvswkK †hŠ_ cwievi| `wi`ª K…lK cwiev‡iI GK‡Î emev‡mi Av`k© KvR K‡i| wKš‘ Avw_©K m½wZ bv _vKvq `wi`ª cwievi wgkª ai‡bi n‡q _v‡K| kn‡i emevmKvix wb¤œwe‡Ëi cwievi¸wji m‡½ MÖvgv‡j emevmKvix AvZ¥xq ¯^R‡bi m¤úK© wbf©ikxjZvi|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb

ˆbe¨©w³K cÖkœ

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b - 1| AYy cwiev‡ii MVb †Kgb n‡q _v‡K?

K. evev-gv I Zv‡`i weevwnZ I AweevwnZ mšÍvb GK‡Î evm K‡ib L. evev-gv I Zv‡`i weevwnZ mšÍvb I Zv‡`i mšÍvb GK‡Î evm K‡ib M. ¯^vgx-¯¿x I Zv‡`i AweevwnZ mšÍvb GK‡Î evm K‡ib

N. weevwnZ fvB‡qiv GK‡Î evm K‡ib

2| Lvbv wK?

K. emev‡mi BDwbU

L. m¤úwË GK‡Î ivLvi BDwbU M. Nygv‡bvi BDwbU

N. Drcv`b I †fv‡Mi BDwbU

3| evsjv‡`‡ki AYy cwiev‡i m`m¨M‡Yi g‡a¨ m¤ú‡K©i aiY †Kgb?

K. eqm wbwe©‡k‡l mK‡j mgvb L. cyiæl KZ©v GKbvqKmyjf

M. cwiev‡i wm×všÍ MÖnY c×wZ MYZvwš¿K N. bvix-cyiæl m¤úK© mv‡g¨i Dci cÖwZwôZ

4| ˆiwLK ÁvwZm~Î wK ai‡Yi?

K. bvbv-gvgv-gvgv‡Zv fvB L. `v`v-`v`x-`v`xi fvB

M. `v`vi fvB-evevi fvB-PvPv‡Zv fvB N. `v`v-evev-‡Q‡j-bvwZ

msw¶ß cÖkœ

1| kn‡i cwiev‡ii aib wK MÖvgv‡ji cwiev‡ii b¨vq? Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

2| bvix-cÖavb Lvbvi aib †Kgb n‡q _v‡K?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ

1| evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvgv‡j cwievi I M„n¯’vjxi aib wKiƒc?

2| cÖvK-Jcwb‡ewkK GKvbœeZx© †hŠ_ cwiev‡ii MVb cÖYvjx Av‡jvPbv Kiæb| GB ai‡bi cwievi †Kb cwiewZ©Z nq?

ÁvwZ m¤úK©

Kinship Relation

GB cvVwU c‡o Avcwb Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb -

 ÁvwZ m¤ú‡K©i aib cwieZ©bxq

 evsjv‡`‡k ÁvwZ m¤ú‡K©i msMV‡b cyiæ‡li cÖvavb¨

 ÁvwZ `‡ji msnwZ ¯’vc‡b ixwZ bxwZ

 †Mvôxi †RvUe×Zv i¶v Kivi cÖwµqv

 †Mvôx I †kªYxm¤úK©

ÁvwZ m¤ú‡K©i aib

ÁvwZ m¤cK©‡K gvby‡li ˆRweK m¤ú‡K©i mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹…wZK wbg©vY wn‡m‡e msÁvwqZ Kiv nq|

mgvR weÁvbx‡`i g‡a¨ ÁvwZ‡Z¡i ˆRweK w`K‡K gyL¨ wn‡m‡e a‡i wb‡q Gi mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹…wZK w`K¸wj‡K †MŠY K‡i †djvi cÖeYZv Av‡Q| Gi d‡j ÁvwZ m¤úK© Aa¨q‡b we‡q, mšÍvb Rb¥`vb, cwievi MVb, g„Zz¨ BZ¨vw`‡K †K›`ª K‡i †h KvVv‡gv M‡o D‡V Zv cÖvavb¨ cvq| Z`ycwi ÁvwZ m¤úK© †Kw›`ªK msMVb wK ai‡bi mvgvwRK mvs¯‹…wZK f‚wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q Zv †`Lv nq| G‡Z ÁvwZ m¤úK© GKwU c„_K cwimi wn‡m‡e MY¨ n‡q hvq| wKš‘ ÁvwZ m¤úK© mgvR msMV‡bi c„_K †Kvb

†¶Î bq| we‡q I cybiærcv`b wew”Qbœfv‡e †Kej cwievi I ÁvwZ‡Mvôxi welq bq| G¸wj e„nËi mvgvwRK cÖwµqvi Ask| Gi m‡½ mvgvwRK wewfbœ cÖwZôvb hy³| myZivs ÁvwZ m¤úK©‡K ¯’vcb Kiv cÖ‡qvRb mvgwMÖK cwim‡i| ÁvwZ m¤ú‡K©i m‡½ hy³ wj½xq m¤úK©| A_©‰bwZK cÖwµqv †hgb f‚wg I m¤úwËi gvwjKvbv‡K ev` w`‡q ÁvwZ m¤úK© we‡kølY Kiv hvq bv| cuywRev`x e¨e¯’v mgv‡R †h

†kªYx c„_KxKiY NUvq †m iƒcvšÍ‡ii m‡½ ÁvwZ m¤ú‡K©iI iƒcvšÍi N‡U| agx©q I RvwZMZ wefvRb ÁvwZZ¡‡K wfbœfv‡e msMwVZ K‡i| mvgvwRK cwieZ©b ÁvwZ m¤ú‡K©i wfbœ A_© `vuo Kivq| mgv‡Ri wewfbœ Ae¯’v I kw³¸wji e`‡ji m‡½ m‡½ ÁvwZ m¤ú‡K©iI e`j N‡U|

evsjv‡`‡k ÁvwZ m¤ú‡K©i msMVb

evsjv‡`‡k ÁvwZ m¤úK© wcZ…m~Îxq (patrilineal), wcZ…¯’vwbK (patrilocal) I wcZ…Zvwš¿K (patriarchal)| ÁvwZ m¤úK© wbY©‡q GKwU eo cÖkœ n‡”Q †Kvb e¨w³ Zvi c~e©eZx© cÖRb¥ Ges cieZx©

cÖR‡b¥i m‡½ wKfv‡e m¤úK© msMwVZ Ki‡e| G m¤úK© ¯’vwcZ n‡Z cv‡i evev A_ev gvi gva¨‡g Ges cyÎ A_ev Kb¨vi gva¨‡g| Gfv‡e eskaviv (descent) wbY©‡qi †¶‡Î GKwU wj½xq m¤ú‡K©i cÖvavb¨ ¯’vwcZ nq| †mwU cyiæl| eskaviv wbYx©Z nq B‡Mvi (wb‡Ri) wcZv, `v`v I cyÎ mšÍv‡bi gva¨‡g| evsjv‡`‡ki ¶z`ª RvwZ †Mvôx gv›`vB‡`i g‡a¨ gvZ…m~Îxq esk avivi wbqg Av‡Q| gv‡qi gva¨‡g esk aviv m„wó n‡jI G mgv‡R cyiæl cÖvavb¨ weivR K‡i Ges m¤úwË e›Ub I ¶gZv PP©v K‡ib gv‡qi fvB| Zvi A_© wK wcZ…m~Îxq wK gvZ…m~Îxq `y‡Uv esk aviv‡ZB cyiæl AvwacZ¨ weivR K‡i| wcZ…¯’vwbK wbqg Abymv‡i †Kvb es‡ki cyiælMY wbR GjvKv‡ZB emevm Ki‡Z _v‡Kb Ges Zv‡`i ¯¿x‡`i evwni †_‡K wb‡q Avmv nq| GKB wbq‡g es‡ki †g‡q‡`i evB‡i Ab¨ es‡k we‡q

†`qv nq †hLv‡b Zviv emevm K‡ib|

cvV - 3

evsjv‡`‡k ÁvwZ m¤úK©©

wcZ…m~Îxq (patrilineal), wcZ…¯’vwbK (patrilocal) I wcZ…Zvwš¿K (patriarchal)|

gymjgvb m¤úÖ`v‡qi g‡a¨ mgvšÍivj we‡qi (†hgb PvPv‡Zv fvB †evb) AMÖvwaKvi _vK‡jI Zvi ev¯Íevqb Kg nq| Z‡e mgvšÍivj we‡qi †¶‡Î †g‡q wb‡Ri es‡ki evwm›`v‡`i KvQvKvwQ emevm Kivq Zv‡`i ˆeevwnK m¤ú‡K© Ae¯’vb ZZUv bvRyK bq| wKš‘ `~ieZx© ¯’vb †_‡K †h mKj bvix‡K we‡q K‡i Avbv nq Zv‡`i AcwiwPZ GjvKvq AcwiwPZ‡`i g‡a¨ evm Ki‡Z nq e‡j Ae¯’vb `ye©j n‡q c‡o| weev‡ni gva¨‡g bvixi esk cwiewZ©Z nq bv| bvixi esk wba©vwiZ nq Zvi evev, `v`v,

`v`vi evevi GK‰iwLK eskavivi gva¨‡g| bvix †Kvb esk m„wó K‡ib bv| KviY cyÎ mšÍvb Rb¥`v‡bi gva¨‡g wZwb Zvi ¯^vgxi esk aviv cÖevwnZ K‡ib|

evOvjx mgv‡R esk GKwU h~_e× ÁvwZ `j| Gi m‡½ hy³ e„nËi ÁvwZ `jwU n‡”Q †Mvôx| †Mvôxi AšÍfy©³ nb i³ m¤úwK©Z (consanguinal) Ges weevn m¤úwK©Z (affinal) AvZ¥xq-¯^Rb mK‡j|

Avevi es‡k GK‰iwLK (lineal kin) †hgb evev-`v`v-‡Q‡ji m¤úK©‡K ¸iæZ¡ cÖ`vb Kiv nq|

†Mvôx‡Z Gi m‡½ hy³ nq cvwk¦©K ÁvwZ (collateral kin) †hgb `v`vi fvB †evb I Zv‡`i mšÍvb, evevi fvB †evb I Zv‡`i mšÍvb, wb‡Ri fvB †evb I Zv‡`i mšÍvb BZ¨vw`|

K‡qK cÖR‡b¥i c~‡e© †Kvb c~e© cyiæl‡K †K›`ª K‡i Zvi m‡½ m¤úwK©Z mKj i³ m¤úwK©Z bvix cyiæl Ges Zv‡`i m‡½ ˆeevwnK m~‡Î m¤úwK©Z mKj bvix †Mvôxi m`m¨ wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ nb| Gi A_©

GKRb bvixi ˆØZ †Mvôx m`m¨c` _v‡K| we‡qi ciI bvixi wcZvi †Mvôxi m`m¨c` envj _v‡K Ges ¯^vgxi †MvôxiI AšÍfz©³ nb| c~e© cyiæ‡li m‡½ m¤úK©, HwZn¨, ÁvwZ e܇bi NbZ¡, ÁvwZ m¤ú‡K©i ˆbKU¨ I GK‡Î emev‡mi d‡j †Mvôx n‡q D‡V GKZve× I h~_e× (corporate) ÁvwZ

`j| †Kej ÁvwZZ¡ bq, †Mvôx A_©‰bwZK I ivR‰bwZK e¨e¯’vI| mgvR msMV‡bi kw³kvjx GKK wn‡m‡e †Mvôx Av_©-mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK I gZv`wk©K cÖwµqvq AšÍfy©³| †Mvôx e¨e¯’vq wcZ…m~Îxq m¤úK© K‡Vvifv‡e msnZ Kivi d‡j gvZ…m~Îxq m¤úK©¸wj cy‡ivcywi ev` c‡o bv| eis bvbv-bvbx, Lvjv I we‡klZ Ôgvgvi evoxiÕ m‡½ bvbvwea Av`vb cÖ`vb I wePzqv‡ji (AvPvi Abyôvb) gva¨‡g m¤úK© RxweZ _v‡K| wcZ…¯’vwbK e¨e¯’vq k¦ïi evox‡Z Pv‡ci g‡a¨ evm Kivq weevwnZ bvix me©`vB evevi evox‡Z ÔbvqiÕ hvIqvi Rb¨ D`MÖxe _v‡Kb|

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1 Arens Jand Beurden JV, Jhagrapur: Poor Peasents and Women in a Village in Bangladesh, Third World Publication, Birmingham, 1977.

2 Jahangir BK, “Social Organization Process and Change: Bangladesh”, Journal of Social Studies, No. 14 CSS, Dhaka University, 1981.

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