A graduation exercise submitted to the Department of Mechanical Engineering in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of. Mostofa Hossain, Head of the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sonargaon University. They support patients who cannot breathe and who can still induce a mechanical cycle through a spontaneous effort of inspiration1. Modern mechanical ventilators are complex machines, consisting of many specialized components and equipped with different ventilation modes.[1-3] The exponential growth of COVID-19 in 2020 placed ICUs around the world under unprecedented pressure.
In PCV mode, the ventilator controls the respiratory cycle time and regulates the pressure applied to the patient.
MEDICAL CONSIDERATION
OBJECTIVE
LIRERATURE REVIEW
INTRODUCTION
ABOUT BVM BOX (BAG VALVE MASK)
A clear plastic molded face mask, similar to the mask used in anesthesia, can be used to provide mouth-to-mask ventilation. Due to the difficulty of maintaining an airtight seal while the bag is being compressed, a single rescuer may wish to perform mouth-to-mask ventilation rather than using only the BVM as described in Circulation. The participants' physicians were asked to perform mask ventilation on a Resaca Anne for three minutes using a face mask and a two-liter self-inflating bag.
In most patients, bag-mask ventilation for a period of two minutes without cricoid pressure resulted in a noticeable accumulation of gases in the abdomen.
THEORY & WORKING PRINCIPLE
- WORK FLOW DIAGRAM
- BLOCK DIAGRAM
- CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
- PROJECT DESIGN
- WORKING PRINCIPLE
- METHODOLOGY
- COMPLETE PROJECT PROTOTYPE IMAGE
- COMPONENTS LIST
- ARDUINO NANO
Then two servo motors on both sides of the BVM box according to the design. Then connect the servo motors, LCD screen, control controller, switches and power supply to the ARDUINO NANO microcontroller. The microcontroller on the board is programmed with the Arduino programming language (based on Wiring) and the Arduino development environment (based on Processing).
The Nano has the breadboard capability of the Boarduino and the Mini+USB with a smaller footprint than both, so users have more board space. It has a layout that works well with the Mini or Basic Stamp (TX, RX, ATN, GND on one end, power and ground on the other).
SPECIFICATIONS
FEATURES
SWITCH MODE POWER SUPPLY (SMPS)
A switching power supply (switching power supply, switching power supply, switching power supply, SMPS, or switcher) is an electronic power supply that incorporates a switching regulator to efficiently convert electrical energy. A linear power supply, on the other hand, regulates the output voltage by continuously dissipating power in the pass transistor. Switching power supplies can also be significantly smaller and lighter than a linear power supply due to the reduced size and weight of the transformer.
Industrial Power Supply SMPS 12V 5A - 60W - Metal DC Power Supply - Good Quality - Waterproof with Aluminum Housing. Switching power supplies are classified according to the type of input and output voltage. Switching power supplies are used to power a wide variety of equipment, such as computers, sensitive electronics, battery-powered devices, and other equipment that requires high efficiency.
Linear voltage regulator ICs have been the basis of power supply design for many years, as they are very good at providing a constant fixed output voltage. Linear voltage regulators are generally much more efficient and easier to use than equivalent voltage regulator circuits made from discrete components such as a zener diode and resistor, or transistors and even operational amplifiers. By far the most popular types of linear and fixed output voltage regulators positive output voltage series and negative output voltage series. This allows us to create a whole range of different power rails and outputs, either single or dual powered, suitable for most electronic circuits and applications.
These typical power supply designs include a large mains transformer (which also provides isolation between the input and output) and a dissipative series regulator circuit. The advantage of a linear regulator is that the power supply circuit only needs an input capacitor, output capacitor and a few feedback resistors to set the output voltage.
RELAY
The regulator circuit can consist of a single zener diode or a three-terminal linear series regulator to produce the required output voltage. Magnetic latching relays require a pulse of coil power to move their contacts in one direction and another re-directed pulse to move them back. Magnetic latching relays are useful in applications where intermittent power must not be able to pass through the contacts.
On a single coil device, the relay operates in one direction when the current is turned on with one polarity, and resets when the polarity is reversed. In a dual coil device, the contacts will trip when polarized voltage is applied to the reset coil. The above circuit is called a low-side switch because the switch – our transistor – is on the low (ground) side of the circuit.
Alternatively, we can use a PNP transistor to create a high-side switch: similar to the NPN circuit, the base is our input and the emitter is tied to a constant voltage. NO (normally open): there is no contact between the common pin and the normally open pin. So when you trigger the relay it connects to the COM pin and supply is provided to a load NC (Normally Closed): there is contact between the common pin and the normally closed pin.
There is always connection between the COM and NC pins, even when the relay is turned off. When you activate the relay, the circuit opens and no power is supplied to any load.
SERVO MOTOR
This kg/cm tells you how much weight your servo motor can lift at a certain distance. For example: A 6kg/cm Servo motor should be able to lift 6kg if the load is hung 1cm away from the motor shaft, the greater the distance, the less the weight carrying capacity. The position of a servo motor is determined by electrical pulse and its circuit is placed next to the motor.[13].
The servo motor is controlled by PWM (Pulse with Modulation), which is supplied by the control wires. The servo motor expects to see a pulse every 20 milliseconds (ms), and the length of the pulse determines how far the motor turns. For example, a pulse of 1.5 ms causes the motor to rotate to the 90° position, like a pulse.
Servomotor works on the PWM (Pulse width Modulation) principle, which means that its rotation angle is controlled by the duration of the applied pulse on its Control PIN. Basically, servo motor consists of DC motor controlled by a variable resistor (potentiometer) and some gears. Potentiometer is connected to the output shaft of the Servo, to calculate the angle and stop the DC motor at the desired angle.
The servo motor can rotate from 0 to 180 degrees, but can go up to 210 degrees, depending on the make. This rotation rate can be controlled by applying an Electrical Pulse of the appropriate width to its control pin.
BVM BOX
Compressing the bag once every 5 to 6 seconds in an adult or once every 3 seconds in an infant or child ensures an adequate rate of breathing. Professional rescuers are trained to ensure that the BVM mask portion is properly sealed around the patient's face (ie, to ensure a proper "mask seal"); otherwise, the pressure required to forcefully inflate the lungs is released into the environment. This is difficult when a single rescuer is trying to maintain a face mask seal with one hand while squeezing the bag with the other.
Therefore, common protocol uses two rescuers: one rescuer to hold the mask with both hands against the patient's face and focus entirely on maintaining a leak-proof mask seal, while the other rescuer compresses the bag and on breath (or tidal volume ) focus and timing. An endotracheal tube (ET) can be inserted by an advanced practitioner and can replace the mask portion of the manual resuscitator. This provides safer passage of air between the resuscitator and the patient, as the ET tube is sealed with an inflatable cuff within the trachea (or windpipe), so any regurgitation is less likely to enter the lungs, and so that forced inflation pressure can only go into the lungs and does not accidentally go to the stomach (see . "complications", below).
The ET tube also maintains an open and secure airway at all times, even during CPR compressions; unlike when using a manual resuscitator with a mask, when the face mask closure can be difficult to maintain during compressions.
LCD DISPLAY
ARDUINO IDE
The Arduino software includes a serial monitor that allows simple textual data to be sent to and from the Arduino board. The RX and TX LEDs on the board flash when data is being sent through the USB-to-serial chip and USB connection to the computer (but not for serial communication on pins 0 and 1). The Arduino IDE uses the GNU toolchain and AVR Lab to compile programs, and upload the programs it uses.
Since the Arduino platform uses Atmel microcontrollers, Atmel's development environment, AVR Studio or the newer Atmel Studio, can also be used to develop Arduino software. The Arduino Integrated Development Environment - or Arduino Software (IDE) - contains a text editor for writing code, a message area, a text console, a toolbar with buttons for common functions, and a series of menus. Connects to Arduino and Genuino hardware to load programs and communicate with them.
The console displays text output from the Arduino Software (IDE), including complete error messages and other information. The Arduino software (IDE) will display a message when the upload is complete, or display an error. When you upload a sketch, you are using the Arduino bootloader, a small program that is loaded into the microcontroller on your board.
This shows the serial sent from the Arduino or Genuino board via USB or serial connector. You can also talk to the board from Processing, Flash, MaxMSP, etc (see the interface page for details).
PROTEUS SOFTWARE
To send data to the board, enter text and click the "send" button or press enter. Select the baud rate from the drop-down list that matches the rate passed to Serial.begin in your sketch. Note that on Windows, Mac or Linux the board will reset (it will run your sketch again) when you connect with the serial monitor.
Note that the serial monitor does not handle control characters; if your sketch needs full management of serial communication with control characters, you can use an external terminal program and connect it to the COM port assigned to your Arduino board.
RESULT & DISCUSSION
RESULT
DISCUSSION
ADVANTAGE
APPLICATION
LIMITATION
CONCLUSION
CONCLUSION
FUTURE SCOPE
Appendix Micro-controller Code
